Trigonometric Functions Topic Notes B Basic Concepts of Angles @_Trigonometric Transformation Formulae — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEBASIC CONCEPTS OF ANGLES ij TOPIC1 ANGLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT Angle ‘An angle isthe figure formed by two rays sharing 0 common end-point. The two rays are called sides of the angle, ond the common end-point is colled vertex oftheangle “The word angle is oso used to designate the measure ofan angle of a rotation. Alsa. the sides of on angle re called intial sides ond terminel sides Antilodolee Verse tial Side Clockntee ‘Terminal Sie We have the following conventions: Positive Angle: If the direction of rotation ie ont cloconise, then the anglais taken as postive. Negative Angle: Ifthedirectionofretationisclacavise, then the angleis taken as negative Units for Measurement of Angles The two mast commonly used units for meosurement cof angles are the folowing Degree Measure Anongleis soid to be of 1 degree (denoted by 19 iftis. 1 As) pareote revolution (a) Ps : So, one revolution is of 360”. One advantage ofthis uit is thot mony angles common in simple geometry are ‘measured af a whole number of dagreee Fractions of ‘2 degree may be written in normal decimal natation (eg, 75° for seven ond a half degrees) but the ‘degree: rminute-second systems olsoin use Some of the common anglas ore shown below. 360" J La 8 so % 270 4 » a $ Minutes Each degree is divided into 60 equal ports called ‘minutes. A measure of an angle in minutes is denoted by asinole prime 0. 1-60 $0,7.$* canbe called 7 degrees ond 30 minutes, written os" Second Each minuteiefurther dividedinto 60 equal parts called seconds. A mesure of on angle in seconds is denoted by edouble prime (7) 1260" So, on angle of 2 degree 5 minutes 30 seconds is written 08 2° 5°30" ‘The division of degrees into minutes ond seconds of ‘ongleis anologous to the division of hours into rinutes ‘and seconds of tie. Radian Measure ‘An ongleis said tobe 1 radian (denoted by 1 rad) ifthe length ofarcis equal tothe radius ofthe cicle But the radian notation is frequently omitted. So, ny measure of angle without units means that the angle isin radian, ‘The ongles thot measures 1 radian (19) ond =1 radian (19 ore shown below Relation between Degree and Radian Consider o circle of radius. Then, the angle (n radian) subtended by the cicie at the cantreis given by, a Also, the ongle (n degrees) subtended by the circle at the centreis 360° which implies, 260° = 2nradion — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEWe now Ust some frequently used ongles in degrees ‘nd radians Degrees 0° 30° 45° | 60° 90° | 120"| 135° Se] = |e las | se Woden }0) =) 5) 5/5 || Degrees 150" 180° | 225° 270° 315° S|, | & | ae | 6 La | [4 &t important ~ Radlon meonsre = 755 + Degreemeasure Rodione = Degree measure = #22 « radon measue Conversion from Degree Measure to Radians ‘Step L Convert the seconds (f given) into minutes by Using tre relation taacond= 2 minaesorsr=(2 x 6, Step Ik Convert the totol minutes (given minutes + ‘minues obained in stp into degrees by using the relation second = 2 degree or i= (4) sowinde 3 aeqeeers« (2) Step ll Convert the total degrees (given degree + ‘degree obtained in step I) nto radians by using the relation Radian mesure = x Dagree measure Mlustration: Convert 240° inte radians. 240" = 4240 rad a0 4n = Brod Conversion from Radian Measure to Degree tor Catrina nag 2 son (Us =) Degree measure = 182 . radian mensure ‘Step Il Convert the fraction port (obained in Step 1) inca minutes by using the relation 1 = 60 or 1 degree = 60 min. Step IF fraction is again obtained in step ll then carwertitinta second by using the relation 1" = 60" and 1 min = 60 seconds Example 1.1: Find the radion measures corresponding to the following degree measures 47°30. INCERT] Ans. Aa we know that 180" = x radion Sa, s and 60 Given, - 47° 30" =~ (47° + 30) (22) =-(o4) e) rodian Find the radian measures corresponding to the following degree measures: 25° @ 240° © 520° INceRT] Ans. (A) We know that 180” = x radian v= 5 radion 25t= Ee = 25 ration = 2 radians 36 (@ We know that 180° =x radion PT rodion — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE240"= 5 240 radion Ter oAemad = $e radions (©) Weknow that 180° = xradian 1 FE radion sors 3B «820 = 285 radions Example 1.3: If in two die orcs of the same length subtend angles 60° and 75* at the centre, find the ratio of their radii. INCERT] ‘Ans. We know thot. = r0 ‘There ore 2 circles of different radiua. So, the radius be denoted by r, and r, Length of on ore of Length of an arc of circle 2 circle {tis given that arcs are of same length, Hence, Length of 1 are = length of 2 ore Hence, nir,25:4 S0,rato oftheir radii = 5:4 Example 1.4: Find the degree meosure of the congle subtended at the center of a circle of radius 100 em by on re of ength 22 em. (Use x = 22) INceRT] Ans. We know thot in o circle ofradius unit fan ore Cf length unt subtends on angle ragion atthe center, then L ast ‘Therefore. r= 100 cm, (= 22 em, we have n 0: & dearee ‘As we know thot 12 redion io" ‘radian = 180" 2 o= 22 degree io0 “** reo 22 radion= 2, TE degree 180x722 = “2x10 degree 3 = 122 dogree = 12°36" 2 degree = 12°36 = 604 ‘Thus, the required ongle ls 12° 367 Example 1.5: Find the angle in radian through which @ pendulum swings ifits radius is 75 em ond the tip describe an arc of length. @) tom ®@ 15cm © 21m INcERT] ‘Ans. We know that ino cirle of radive unit. fan ore of length {unit subtands and angle @ radian at the center, then t ont Itis given thot, r= 75am (A) Here, = 100m, 10 0 rodion = & rasions (Here, t= 15cm 0 33 radion= £ rodians (© Here.t= 226m = 2 radion= 2 radians 5 3s Example 1.6: A wheel makes 360 revolutions in fone minute. Through how many radians does it turn in one second? INCERT] ‘Ans. Number of revolutions made by the wheel in 1 minute = 360 — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEDEE EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EE EE EEE Number of revolutions made by the wheel in angle of 2x radian. | Hence in 6 complete revolutions. wll turn on ( Asean = 28° Su rertions eateseont one F< Dr radian ie 125 rion 0 Thus none escod the whee tums an ong of ( In one complete revolution, the wheel turns an 12nradan { OBJECTIVE Type Questions { ) [1 mark) { Multiple Choice Questions 5 { 4. A wheel rotates, making 18 revolutions per second. the radius of the wheel 49 cm, { what linear distance does 0 point of its rim ] travetin three minutes? (Toke x= 22/7) 3 180(60-2) _ 60 { (@ 997 km (990 km x60+d) x (©) 980 km (@) 9.85 km = | ‘Ans. (0) 997 kn = Explanation: Radu ofthe wheel = 49cm Hance the angles are 60 ~ 307 60% (60 + 207 ( CCreumference ofthe wheel i, 20%, 602 90% { =2n» 49em=308em 3. The large hand ofa clock fs 49 em ong. How Hence the tneordstnee tovelledbyapointof much distance docs its extremity move in 30 { the rim in one revolution = 308 cm. minutes? Number of revolutions mode by the whedlin 3 (@) 154 em (0) 80em { mines 180 eeon=1813+80=5260 6 25m one The ima dtancewovdled by 6 Pat OF ang) 154m { 08 3240, Explanation 97920 om = 997 i, The large hand ofthe cock moles @ complete ( ] 2. The angle of o triangle are in AP. and the revlon n 60 minutes. ( ratio of angle in degree of the least to the Angle rotated in 60 minutes = 360° ) angle in radians of the greatest is 60 : x, find Angle traced out by the lorge hand in 30 | the angles in degrees. minutes (oF tne) (©) 30,60, 20") 40% 60,90" 00x30 { (©) 30%, 30°, 120° 60 ] ‘ans (2) 30% 60% 90° e180 { Explanation: Let, the angles ofthe wiangle re a 0-4." ond 0 +a" = radon { Then.o-d+0+a+d= 180" Bees { ed o=6r Hence, the distance moved by the extremity of ] So. the angles ae (60 = (607 (60+ thelarge hand ( Here, (60 ~ of the least angle and (60 + dis teens | the greotest angle a ( Now greater ongle = (60 +0) 4oxna4ox 2 w154em | = {oor 5 3) ie rasa oes Ses we a ee { eee serene eae 15r em moles on angle of 2 radian atthe \ "° jumber of radians in the greatest angle centre is: ) oo @ 10 on (&) 20 co ( = © Eom (225 em (Diksha) (Ans. (b) 20cm 7. The angle between the minute and hour Explanation: Given, arc of length = 15x cm and hands of a clock at 8 : 30 ist ‘angle (@ 80° (b) 75° ts ow Bar piste im ob nina i ra ccanaai aus ma musreee ne idins Lenin fon are ofa igen by Se ease eee pee SE com peers ae" orang foal voce by the hur hon in @ hows 30 snes 2 ae ° - fan (a i 8 ru 1x4 We olso know that the minute hand of a clock an completes one rotation in 60 minutes. en Se en 60 Hence, the radiua of circle a 20 em. 5. The radius of the circle in which @ central congle of 30° intercepts an arc of length 2 22emis: Uren =F (@) 43cm (© 4tem © 42em (@ 400m Ans. (6) 420m Explanation: Here, |= 22 em ond We know that ength of on arc oF a crc ie given © 2 © 2x6 7 @ 22x6%7 ‘e “a2 a =42en 6. The angle in the radian through which pendulum swings its length is 80 cm and tip ascribes an arc of length 20 cm is: minutes Now, Angle traced by the minute hand in 30 minutes «(2s 180° Required angle between two honds of the clack = 255° - 180° = 75* Assertion Reason Questions x Direction: In the following questions, a statement of § Assertion ()isfollowed by a statement of Reason Choose the correct answer out of the following cholees. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (). Both (A) and (R) are true but (Ris not the correct ‘explanation of A) (is true but (is folse. (Ais False bur (Rs tru Assertion (A): The radius of the circle in which central angle of 60° Intercepts an are of length 44 emis 42 em. Reason (®}: Length of an arc of a circle is C219, where r is non-italic 1 2 onal Oo; © 35 ‘Ans. (9) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the cones explacon oF. a 4 Oa 3 Eplnaon: Hare. (= 44 cm ond 6Ot= E an 4 awe now thot Explanation: Given, length of pendulum = 20 em Radius () = length of pendulum = 80 em Length of arc () = 20em pater sias= | 201 ° radianCASE BASED Questions (CBQs) [4&5 mars] Reod the following possages ond onswer the ‘questions that follow: 9. Nitish is playing with © Pinwheel toy which the bought fiom 0 village for. He noticed that the pinwheel toy revolves as fast os he blows ‘it Consider the Pinwheel toy that makes 360 revolutions per minute. (A) Find the number of revolutions made by Pinwheel toy in 120 second. (®) Find the number of revolutions made by Pinwheel toy in 1 sec and angle made by Pinwheel toy (in degree) in 6 revolutions. (© Find the radius of the circle in which o central angle of 60° intercepts an arc of rth 74am Wins 2, ‘Ans. (A) Since the number of revolutions mode by Pinwheel tay in 1 minute = 360 ‘And 1 min = 60 seconds Sa, the number of revolution made by Pinwheel toy in 60 seconds = 360 ‘The number of revolution made by Pinwheel 360 toy in vacond = 380 Number of revolutions made by Pinwheel 360120 toy in 120 seconds = 0220-729 (©) The number of revolution mode by Pinwheel 360 toyin d seconds = 22 26 Since, angle made by Pinwheel toy in 1 revolutions = 360" Thus, ongle made by Pinwheel toy in 6 revolutions = 360" x 6 =2160" © Given, Length of the are= [= 37.4 em. 60% Cents angle = 0 = 60° = SPF radian = F rodions We know thot, 1 é -079-(3) er 2a 2387en ence er ofc 357 er 10. Consider oui ie wh carrer bony Cees eee Candae Ok oad Tat ofan ante Then sheteneh ofan caf Se ca ate eae eres pee acld Sea uscees ie one A eel saben on angle the cere whose radian meosure is 2x and its degree mecsure i 360" (A) The racion meosure of 240": ae 2 oF oF 5x x oF 0} ©) A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one ‘minute, Through how many radions does itteurn in one second? © 6 © 4 @x (@ 22" — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE(©) The degree measure of 1.2 radian is (© 68 () 68°43'97.8 (@ 684536" (@) $8*4627" (©) The radius of the circle in which a central angle of 45° intercepts an ore of 132 em, 2 Ueeg= > (@) 168.cm (6) SOc (© 160m —_(@) 148. cm © The minute hand of a watch is 35 em long. How far does it move in 9 minutes? (@) 15cm (©) 30cm (© 48cm @ 33cm an ‘Ans. (A) (o) Explanation: As we know thot 180° = g radian r= 7 radian Radian mesure of 240" = 240 x Teo" 4x 3 © @ 1x Explanation: Given tht o wheel makes 360 revolutions in 1 minute ie, @ wheel makes 360 revolutions in 60 seconds. 360 In 1 secand.na of revolutions = 22 = 6 revolutions In 1 revolution the angle made by the wheel =360" ‘Angle mode by the wheel in 6 revolutions =6x360° =2160° Radian made in 6 revolutions = r100% 5, =128 © ©) 58%43978" Explanation: As we know that, 180° = r radian radian = we ae(oe) 180 =12% 2 x7 687272 = 68° (0.7272 60) = 68° 430.63 « 60)" = 68" 43378" ©) @)168em Explanation: We have, 1 132emando-45%= 45 « = E Now a ere BRE seaem z © 33cm Explanation: The ongle made by minute hhand in 9 minutes = (9 « 6)° 2 54t= 54° oath 730" 70 ! oat ae 10°35 San zie “0 "2 21,2 t= 22x22 930m VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions (VSA) [1 mark] 44. Convert the following decimot-degree to degree minute second measures: 15.5757" ‘Ans. 155757° = 15*+05757* 5° + (05757 x 60) 19434542" 2154 34'4.0547" =15°4 34" + (0542 « 60)" Se 4 34° 3252" 5° 344 33" =15°34'93" — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEESHORT ANSWER Type-! Questions (SA-I) [2 marie } 412. Convert following radian measure into degree 43. Find the radius of the circle in which a central tangle of 30° intercepts on are of length 2 66cm Ueex= 7) ‘Ans. Given that. length of ore, (= 66 em and central angle, = 30° Angie (= (30% 55) raion oe = E racion We know thot l ret (where Bi in radian) 86%6 _66%6x7 SHORT ANSWER Type-!! Questions (SA-II) [3 marks } 22127277 =126em 44. The circular measures of two angles of o triongle ore + and +, find the third angle in a Now 08 we know that sum ofall the angle con 28.66 + 1910+x=180 the degree measure. Ans. As v0 angles are given as 4 and & radian so, (Let the third angles be») 23x 90 2 rason = (2280) = (2282.07 J =2866 3 Pe 2 x= 19218126" LONG ANSWER Type Questions (LA) [4&5 mars} 415. The moon's distance from the eorth is 360,000 Ans. Let AB be the diameter of the moon ond let E be the eye of the observer. Since the distance between the eorth and the moon is quite large. 20 we tole diameter AB ore arc AB, Let d be the em and ite diameter eubtends on angle of 31" ft the eye of the observer. Find the diameter of the moon. diameter of the moon Then, d = arc AB, — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEWe have, fond -= 360000 kms on ae Todius Ya at, = 50” 180" 360000 > te (Ba dpetn) E = 3247.62 kme atk y BacE) cae donate neon — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEETRIGONOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE 2 TOPIC1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS In cartier classes, we hove studied vigonometri ratios (for oeute ongles) o8 the ratio of sides of right-ongled twiongle. To recall, there ore six tvigonometic ratios defined 08 follows: 0 sino= = @ coco # (@ cxo= (i) seco @ tono= I> ev ol zim (a cro= 8 Where 8 is the acute angle, P is the perpendicular, is the bose ond H is the hypotenuse of the right- ongled triangle. We will now extend the defrition of Cosine Function onoted by cos) os cos = x- coordinates of point P. From figure, itis cleor that the coordinates ofthe point AB.Cond D ore (1.0), (0.), (1.0) and 0-1) We observe the flowing: sin 0 = y- coordinate of point A =0 co80 =x- coordinate of point A = 1 sin © = y~coordnate of point = 1 cos = = x~coordinate of point 8 = z dinate of point = 0 ~ coordinates of point C: = coordinate of pointe = ~ coordinate of point D ==1 an cos 3% =x-coordinated ofpoint D=0 We observe that. y- coordinates ofthe points A and C twiganometric ratios to any ongle in terms of radian Gre ‘meature and study them as triganometrie functions. Consider 0 system of coordinate axes with origin at. Alaa, consider 0 unit cirle with centre at ©. For each reol number 0, let P(o,b) be the point onthe circle such that OP mokes on angle @ (measured anticlockwise) with the postive direction oF x ox, 08 ahownin igure y le Pia.) eto] a We define Sine Function (oncted by sirjos sin =y~ coordinate of point P So, Sin@=0. for0=0,2,4 28,235 le, sind =0, when 8's an integral multiple of x Algo, we observe that. x ~ coordinates of the points B cond D ore 0, Se aa £05 0=0, ford=4 > $0, cos0=0. foro=s 3 la, 200+ 0,whend le anoddmatilot & = tntn sD whee 2 We now define other trigonometric functions in terms. of sine and cosine functions: Cosecant Function (denoted by cosad) defined os 1 1 “nd” y-coordinates of point * Where,020 x form © Z) coseco= — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEESecant Function (denoted by sec) ie defined as 1 1 cos0 x-coordinateof point ” Where.0# (2n+ 1) © (form «2. Tangent Function (Genoted by tan) ie defined os sind _ y-coordinates of point P tono= ‘e080 ” x-coordinates of paint ” vine.oetanesy E fame Cotangent Function (@enoted by cot is defined os coordinatesof point oordinatesof point Where.0 «x (form e 2) From above deftions. we can have the following toble: (0° 30° 45° | 60" 90*| 180° 270° 360° a de ela [2)1) 0 |-1] 0 Bala Be: (2/4[2]o]-s| | i =f eal o [na Bit|8 ° 5 corse nd) 2 | 2/1 | nd -2 | nd : we 1/5) | 2 ina 1 Bo nd 0 int Here.'nd meons thot the trigonometric functions nat defined at that value ‘We know tht, one camplete revolution subtends an “ongle of 2x radion at the centre of the circle. F we toke ‘one complete revolution from the point P, we again ‘come back tothe same point P. Thus, we observe thatif ‘increases (or decreases) by an integralmuttiple oF 2x, ‘the value of sine and cosine Functions do not change. Hence, sin(2ne +6) ‘And cos(2ne+ 0) By defrition of other four trigonometric functions, we ave co nd. Ba 1 1 cose One = ay ae score c22(2ne-+6) sin(an+e) Hence, we con summerige the results 08 folows: sin(a» 360° +0)= in fr alln e Z cos(n 360° +6) = cos for allne Z cosecin = 360° + 8) = cosec Ofer alin eZ sec(n « 360° +6) = soe fr alln e Z ton(o 360° +6) ton Oferallne Z cot(n + 360° + 0)= cot feralline Z Periods of Trigonometric Functions We shall now understond the meaning of o periedic function. in simple words, @ periodic function is 0 function that repeats its vlues in regular intervols oF periods Periodic Function ‘A function f: D -» Ris said to be periodicif there exists ‘non-zero real number a auch that Fs + 0) = F (0) for all xe 0. cot nn +8) Period of a Periodic Function Let F: D > R be o periodic function. The least positive real number p such thot fe + 0) =F) forall xe Dis called period off From the discussion inthe previous subsection itisclear that oll vigonometsc funetions are periodic functions with period 2x. Signs of Trigonometric Functions Let us now find the signs ofthe trigonometvc functions for cfferent values of in their respective domains. We ‘observe thot the signs of these functions depend on the ‘quodrantin which 0 es. For example. in quadrant (.2.0.< 5) ond quadrant Ge. F <0 <2) the y-coordinate of point Ps positive So, by definition sin x is postive ain Waqintot(2 4<0.< 2) and W gute te. cocan yoann pasa So,by definition sin xis negative Similarly, we can find the signs of ether trigonometric: functions in different quadrants,‘Tne finol reauit hos been summarised inthe following ' W ny wv ‘Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant sino, coseco + * - - ton 0, ae] + + + - cos. seco | * - - * (One woy to remember which functions ore positive ‘ond which ore negative in the various quadonts is to remember o simple four-letter acronym, ASTC. Thi acranym can remind you thot All ore positive in the | quadrant, Since is postive in Il quadrant, Tangent is positive in li quadrant and cosine is positive in IV quodrant Thisacronymcouldetandfor After School TeCllage.or( ‘Add Sugor To Coffee) some other four-word expression that will help you remember the relationships. Example 2.1: Find the values of other five 2k ‘wigonometric finctions if sin x = 2, x ies in the second quadrant. INCERT] Ans. Since, x isin quadrant So, sin will be positive but cos ond tan will be negative s@| 40 Tay | co a Here, sine 2 We know that, sin? x4 e052 x= 1 (F) saexes % to xed aa [8 coor = 2/38 mee cosx=34 ‘As, x lies in the I? quadrant and cos x is negative in ™ quadrant. -4 coon 2 Example 2.2: Find the value of the trigonometric function cosec (- 14109) INceRT] Ans. Given, cosec(- 1410") As, sin (8) == sin So, cosec x) cosec (14109) =~ cosec (14107) o-owe (100-5) ax =~ cosee — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEe-em 985 --couc(ex-25} =v conte (42-22) Volues of casecx repeats after an interval of 2x wee (Es) send Sane) =~ cose (307) == (cosee307) = casec 30° Exam 22: Fd the elu ofthe bignemeic funcionton222 ince Ant Gren goa toni tn canbe rin 1 ston 65% =ton(6x+4r) =ton (312%) Volues of tan x repeota ofter on interval of 2x Henee,ignering 3 « 2x) weon(5} an (Ssa80} = ton 60" = (ctanb0r=J3} Example 2.4: Find the value of the trigonometric tnconsn(®). 7 (NceRr] Icon be rewritten 08 (As sing x) =~ sin 2] onsin tl a-sintl wean (12-32) Volues of sin x repeats after on interval of 25. Hence, ignoring 4 zie, 2 » (23) As sin(-2) =~ sind Example 25: Find the vie of other Se wrgonamevcnconstse= #2 tesinfourth quadrant. INcerry ‘Ans. Since, x Yes in the IV quadrant, cos will be postive. But gin and tan wil be negative We know that 1+ ton® = e0e? — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEBased on the above information answer the tonx = 22 following questions. (0) The volue of cos A+ sn Bist, 2 wane eS oz 2 Since, xi nV quodrant. 20 9 tonx is negative in IM" quadrant. oF oF fine? ® The value ofsin (A + 8) is: s 17 29 © BR o Se se 13 @ 8 @ 33 © 3s @ 7 (C) The value of cos (A +B) is: n 2 @ -i5 ©) EE 19 6s © “lr @ 4 (D) The value of sin(A - 8) is: sins 216 38 tone Se oF oF sinx=(Cans) x (co8») aad 0 oF OF a1) 5 = (© Thevalue of costa ~ Bie 6s @ ae oR OS rr n n 1-3 2B 2 cosecxs SS ° 6s © 6s Example 2.6: ota Bote na. Gin, snAnh cack In the schoo project Pankaj was asked to construct 0 triangle and name it as ABC. cosA= Vi1-sin?A Fe Aliesin 1st quadrant y HOG 5 sinB = \imeoe?B ([ Bliesin 1st quadrant) - (5) 4 s =P(S)--S Consider sin= 4 ond cosB= 5, where 0- somes | > cot Be cot 2x + cot Sx etx cot 2xcotx=1 eat xeot 2x cot 2xcot 3¢~cot 3x cotx= 1 LHS =RHS Example 2.23: Prove that: Atanx(1-tan? x) tondx=, 4-6 ton? xv ton?x ‘Ans. LHS = ton4x=ton2 (2x)=—222024_ I=tont 2x 2tan x Anton? x = Aton Gator? 2}? Snton? x (=tan? x)= 4 tor? x 4tanx(1—ton? x) Teton x-2ton? x—4 ton? (_ Aton (tan?) 1-6 ton? ton’ x Hence, proved. Example 2.14: Prove that: cos 4e=1-8: ‘Ans. LHS. = coe 1-2 in? 2e = 1 - 26in 29)? fr cos 2¢=1-26in? 2x cos") 2(2 sin x 2083)? 8 in 2x cost = RHS fe sin d= 2in xc08) Hence, proved. Example 2.45: Prove that: cos 6x = 32 cos® x- 48 cost x4+ 18 cos? x-1 ‘Ans. LHS. = coe Gx = coe 2 (28) =2 cos? 3x-1=2 (cos 397-1 (cos 20= 2 cos*o-1) =2(4 cos? x-3.c082)?-1 (© c0830= 4.0093 cos) = 2(16 coat x + 9 co8? x24 cos!) -1 = 32 cos® x48 cast x + 18 cos 2x-1 =RHS. Hence proved Example 2.16: If x sin? 0 + y cos? 0 = sin 0 cos 0 ‘and x sin ©= y cos 0 then find the value of x + y?: ‘Ans. Given, xsin?04 yoo O=sindeos0 00 And, xsin 0 = y cos © ina PUnX 8 4 sine Putting in, xsi 0+ x 55. cos} 9=sin cos = xsin? 0+ sin 0 cos? B= sind cos © Xin 0 (ain? 0 + cas? 0) = in 0 cos 0 x(sin? 0+ cos? 8)=cos 8 [o> sin? 0 + cos? 0= 1} > x= e080 Putting the value of xin (we get yesino 3 Pe yta sin? O+eos? 0-1 Examplo 2.17: Find the volue of sec? 0 + cosec? 6. Ane. sec? os cosec?e=1_+_1_ core aio asi? orcoe?a sin cos? @ * Gin? coe? 6 = cosec? asec? — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEExomple 2.18:1F x sin cos? Z i ldenls) then find the value of see(Z)eoe (8) a 4 . ‘Ans. x sin 45*cos” 60" = S27 60" cosec 30" sec 4S* cot” 30° eda 24°23 = xa OBJECTIVE Type Questions [1 mark} Multiple Choice Questions 1. If sin 0+ cosec 0 = 2. then sin” 0 + cosec” Os ‘equel to: @1 4 @2 (@ None of these INCERT Exemplar} Ans. (6) 2 Explanation: According to the question, sin® + cosecO=2 neauerng both eden we get (ine + cosec 6) > sin? 0+ cosec” se teteect= 4 2? > in? 0 + cosee*o 42=4 = sin? 0+ cone! = 2 2. tans 4 ondion 3, san then of ®« wo oF INCERT Exemplar} Explanation: According to the question 1 1 ton8= 3 ond tano= 5 We know that, tond+ tang Ta tondtong ton(@+q) = (On putting the values. we get 1 5 g 6 ton (@+@)=1 3 ton (0+ 4) ston E [sen > Orees 3. Whotis the valu ofton 75+? @ $4 oy et a 9 ° Ba Ba {Pein Gow. 8 2022) But ans. ‘a N3-1 Explanation: ton 75" = tan(4$° + 30") Expond the above expression using ton AstonS ‘identity ton (A+) = SOO So, tan 7S*=tan(45* s+ 30°) n45*+-tanS0* Totan45"ton 30" ton7: a 4. Whatis the value ofcin 75°? Gas Baa 7 [3-1 ° 22 Gas Bes eo @ ae Bet [Delhi Gou. 8 2022) — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEVisa ( :) Ans. ond cosxecos( +2 ar] 3 Explanation: xecos® sin 75° = sin(45® + 30%) soexnenss sin (+4) =sinx cosy + cos xainy eG avede. Pasting x= 48° and y = 30° = sin 45° cos 30° + co0 45° sin 30° xe ot Bett So both isin 0 tonp=td Bis in quodeant. fe ton Bla -ve in quadrant) conacong_ (4) 2 ton (a+) = 2 Toten tonfh it (2 =) 9. Ising + cos @= 4, then the value of gin 20 is equal to 1 @1 os @o 2 [Dethi Gov. Q8 2022) ‘Ans. @) 0 Explanation: ivan no cag = 1 ind +c080)*= Ca)" sno. cos?0 + Dein Oco0 0=1 5 d+sin20=1, > sin20=1-1=0 410. if cos x+ V3 sin x=2, then the value of xis: x 2 oz oF of oF [Piksho} Ans. (0) 5 Explonation: Given, cos x-+ V3 sin x =2 1 coors Feosr+Zsnxet 0 This eqution is ofthe form acosx bsinx=e Where o=1.b= V3 onde=2 Let a= eos a and b= sin Now, ‘ond (On putting o= 1 =r cos a cond bef neq.) we got = reosxcosa +rsinxsina=2 = eos (xa) =2 ear) =2 forn=0, 414. The value of tan 75° ~ cot 75° is © 23 ©) a4v3 © 2-43 (@) 1 [NCERT Exemplar} Ans. (0) 2/3 Explanation: We have tan 75° — cot 75° = 2 cot 150° =-2cot (180° 30°) = 2 e0t 30° =~ — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE12. WasBaZ,then volueoF(l+tonadit +tonp) = sindesin E orsin(e- 3) @1 (o)2 @2 (@ Not defined [Delhi Gov. QB 2022) Ans. (b) 2 Explanation: tan(a +6)= ton ‘ ‘the third or fourth quadrant. > tonastonp 5 Tmtonatonfi Now sing a= 9S w-sin E > tona+tonf+tonatonp=1 (8 x 21 stona.tonptonaton p= 2 won (r+) orain (2-3) 3 stoma ston) =2 O= x4 or 2x = Assertion Reason Questions 3 3 Direction: inthe following questions, a statement of =u Sor SE, Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). 303 Chooee the correct answer out of the following choices. (@) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of) (b) Both (A) and Oe proteus is not the correct explanation of @uinbnuinwee, 35. Let sec 0+ tan 0 =m, where 0< m <1. is false but ®)is true. 2 ae ie Assertion (A): seco = 2 and 433, Assertion (A): Value of din 270). Reason (R): sin (180° + @) = - sine, ace a ‘Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and Ris the correct m+ ‘explanation of (A). Explanation: sin(- 270°) =~ sin (180° + 90") RSGRCT RE «5 Bee Irurehand eiaorate We know that Ans. () (A) is true but) see ‘sn (180° +0) =~ sin 0 Explanation: Given 6c + ton =m, = sin 909 =1 where, O a ton@=" — Oand tono <0 cose : Whensino= > =sin ° ° (Use in the fourth quadrant. — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEEcane) sPisayand 1B. WA +B + C= 180% then 5800 mPel/2m Also sin 0 =tan 0 caso = $208. cota Assertion(A): cos? 4 +cos* £ cos? a = rea Aeon an 416. Let a be a real number lying between 0 and eee eee Z ‘ond n be a positive integer. Reason (R): cos C+ cos D Assertion (Aj: ton a +2 tanda + 2* ton 2 a+ ene feo! we P ton? ae? cota =2.0s( eo S52 ae a Jee Reason (R): cote tana=2 cot 2a. ee Ce ae ee ene AB () Both (8) and ore tue and (Rf the correct explanation of (8) correct explanation of) Explanation: 1 tetonta Given cota—tona= 4 ~tona= Explonation: Given. coe 4 scos? 8 cos? S ona = rene gee 2 oof tater) cot 20 _ Micon 14088 14coe Tana 2 2 2 From here, we get tana = cot a~2 cot 2a a LHCosAtcosB-c0sC) _@ Making repeated use of this identify, we sholl > A obtain tona+2ton2a+2"ton2a+-+2™#tan 4 Now. cos A+ cos B-cosC as Peat a = (cta= 2 ot 2a) 4 ot 24 = 7 cot 2) + . (cot 2? a-2 cot 23a) +. +2" (cot 2” a2 = 208 4*8 cos(A=2) cos 2. cot a)s Pet Paz eta 2 17. Assertion (A): The value of sin (690%) cos coal 4 2c 300°) + cos (-750") sin (-240%) Soe a ee ‘Ans. (¢) (A) is true but (Ris folse Explanation: in (-690" 600" cl (ace) (e sin = 360° 309 - asin § fon 52) eS} -» =- in30) = <-1szinS feo 52 rm 4) Joou(*32} -ovinf}a(a() + From @) ond (i), we get 08 (300%) = cos 300*= cas (360° 60") LHS ofthe given identity fin 240") =~ ain 240° =~ ain (180° + 60°) cement seel slo Jol5) $6909 con (900) + 87509 an 2 Ra fall — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEECASE BASED Questions (CBQs) [4 & 5mars] Read the following possages ond answer the _(€) The valuecf sin 75*is: ‘questions thet follow: of 9s 39, Suir whe eo student of clase got Mathe ae WE essen fom hls toc okt oth ‘He did all the questions except a few: Ifthe value ae 2 3 2 “4 of sine=3 ond cosye-42, where x ond y ane.) 6) both ein the second quadrant, then help Sudhir In solving these questions. a Explanation: Given sin =? ‘Aa we know that cose = 1=sin"x (A) What will be the value of cos x? Tus, conxns 4 = Since «ie in second quadrant Os Oe cos xinegotve 4 3 4 oF @2 eosx= -E What willbe the value of sin y? 5 “ ¥ O05 s <12 o% oF Explanation: Given a2 -s 5 cosy= 2 oF os 7 (©) Which of the following options is correct? Aa : in xeos y+ eosx sin y ar asinosy bens oy s exsiny-sinxcosy pep in xeon y + cos siny Since, ys in second quadrant (8 singe-y)=cinxxciny ~cos.xcosy sin vis postive (0) The volue ofsin (e+ y) is: sgn sing a -s6 56 Os Os (© @sin (e+ y)=sinxcosy + 008 xin y Explonation: Trigonemetrie function of ss 55 oF oF compound angle singe +) = sin xeosy +.608.xsin y — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE-s6 ooe Explanotion: As we know thot sin c+ y)= sin cosy + cos xsiny mom BHCH-SHEI =o s oo. “3s” 14v3 eat Explanation: Given, sin 75% sin (20° + 459) = in 30° cos 45° + 008 30° sin 45° 4 s concider sin A= and cos8=5 where 20. Coneids 2 ona 5 wn oc aac’. 2 (A) Find the value of cos A + sin B (©) Find value of cos (A + 8). (©) Find the value of sin (A- 6). 4 k ‘Ans. (A) Given, snA=Z.0 sings (© sin (A=B) sin A cos B- coB A sin B 4,8 3,2 “3%i3 5" ia 20-36-16 65 VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions (VSA) [mark } 24. ocos0+ sind zm andquing-beot dn thon show that a? + b= NCERT Exemplor ‘Ans, Given, @c080 +b sin =m 0 ond osind-beosd=n @ (On squaring and adding of eqs @ ond (i), we get misn?= (0 cos0-+bsin0)?+ (osind-b cos 0)? = misntaa? costa 4+ bt sin? 0+ 2ab cos 0 sin 0 +0" sin? 0+ b? cos? 0- 20b sin O cos 0 => m+n? = a? (cos 8 + sin? @) + b? (ein? 8 + cos?) > msntactsb Hence, proved. 22, Find the value of sin(- 2409, ‘Ans, sin? (- 240%) =~ sin 240° = -sin (180° + 609) == (9in 60) = sino" ¥ 2 — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE23. Find the vale of tan 2" 30. 25. Prove that sin (n+ A}esin(n +2) + easln + 1) INCERT Exemplar) xceos(n + 2)x-= cos x. [Delhi Gov, SQP 2022) poate 22°20% Ana Lin 0 ann 2 ent + cosln + ye coax o=4s" = eoslin + 1)e~ (n+ 2d [rs C08 (A~ 8) = 08 A coe + sin A sin 5} seas net xm -2] = eos) =c08x = RHS. [i c08 (8) =co8 6] 26. Find the value of 2 sin 45° .cos 45°, ‘Ans, We have 2ain 45° cos 45" aa aie ail 27. if cos.x + sin x= V2 , then find the value of x. ns battens 1 caret = cordance Herc tn 22° 30°= VB=1 Zoe’ 24, Find the value of cos” 75° - cos” 15°. sin 45° cosx + cos 45° sin x= 1. ‘Ans. Given, cos* 75 - cos? 15 = sin (45° +x) =1 = (cos 75° + cos 15°). (cos 75° ~ cos 15°) ‘sin (45° + x) = sin 90° (2049728 6092 sn 9% 609 ei ness = SHORT ANSWER Typ Questions (SA-I) [2 mares] 28. Soe tan dea ~cot[x+ axe [x28] Ans. ‘tan 0 = cot [90° - 6] an weve] dewnnens 3S = ton[ Een] Wheren Z, ton r= tan[ 25] aeenn St — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE29. Prove thot 1+#iN@= 080 _ oq 2sin cos Taino e080" °"2 5 z z 7 Jeoe[ 22228) 2 2ean® 2 z Ans. sin @ = ——2- Aton? & sinC +8inD=2 sin +? cos 52 and| 2 2 +0 stor? sinC-sind =2 eos 222, ee ne = sinl0+a)-cosa_ men 2 c08(8+a)- mente at sb? Hence, proved 4A. Prove that: sin a + sin b+ sin e~sin (a+b +0) ow denSeb ante 828 2 ji 1B iva th Bind fos ch O+Einb +sinc-sin(a+b+o) pe (omelets least) z a rein +P) eng (@=8) epg (@etb+2e) = Pein 22D cog OP) cap! sin 2) ca Tam = 2sin wesw st Pa calostet = 2sin (o=beorbo) n=baanb-28 o{2g2)[rsntesantee of 232 hate a sal HSH LONG ANSWER Type Questions (LA) (4&5 maris] 42.1f ton 0 = ‘then show that sina cosas V2 cose. {NCERT Exemplar] Dividing by cos a ‘Ans. Given, ton@= tono= £080 cosa = tong = fnt=t wnat > tongs [tan sf4= 4] — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE= aati 44. tttan xe Sexe BE pnd the vole of LHS. =sina+ cosa sin X, cos ~ and tan ~ pondton 3 : z a 1 an(0+)scor(oe fine: Bren ce Fon 2c nmp (0-3}-(6-3) Foon » “ona venous?) fee be ger (ene sce) : {cosscoo—sinosi=) a ox 3k a ine beget {Second quodran) 2 como Lot : =[snefecoreE]o(eeee E-sine) There sn is postin in cond uations whereas cov * is negative Sianeg Now, = Fe Ilsin0 + e030) + (con 0-sin) see elvtont 2 s¥ = sates (2) + n = V2cos8 =RHS. =14 28 ia 43, Hfx=sec~ton § and y= cosec 6+ cot 4, then 144425 _ 169, show that xy += y+ aa 144 INCERT Exemplar} : a9 1¢ ~ tan p and y = cosec } + cot @ ae 2 teeyed = (6204 —tan 4) (cosec ¢+ cot) and coor 32 + (ec = tan @)= (cose ¢+ cot) +1 1 sing)(_1_, cose [As in third and second quadrant cos is negative] = as sing J Nov (4-2 (aoe ve cose cos6) (zing * sing 2sin? Sat cos x “)(s=z9)- ax coeg Il sing ein? Za| 1-sng) (irom), cose J (sno aunt X25 rb Lasingscose~tngcos — wes \ ; 338 sings? 9~cong cor? gingcond A aingcane onke se _ tet cost Qn second quodant sine posive) coutene Dens Lat veonx aes ontat aoe = RHS Boi — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE[ coeds vost] [ On rationatisng) Hence, 4 * cos *tan 4 «Find sin Z, cos , tan £, when tan x = 4, x ror yeny 3 a sings. sin= is positive] ‘Ans. Here, x isin quadrant ie Bexee OAT? 2 Therefor ah Soe Zoned ten Thus the respective velue of sin ¥, cos X ond nin etre 58 “ tan Xare 285, YS. and 2 ‘ eles iaghenttionce-f cretetnts contin traces [Dethi Gou. SQP 2022} ‘Ans. LHS = cos 20° cos 40° cos 80° Macon sojcnto 3 coun td 1 = Ecos (20° + 40% + cos (20"- 40 ‘Aa xisin quadrant cos xis negative me 20" 00) 00 P= 409 cos 80° a 1 Thus, cosxe = F1c0s60"+cos(-20"}c0880° Now conen2cor?£ = ccrocr| Sicen 3 4eonaor[ 10.20] Boat @ tues = bcos 0r4} con gorcos 20° = bcon80°+L[2co080°c0e 20% aera = Neostor+}feoxigor420% zones s-cosa0" = 209 — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE= Lcora0°+}e0s100°+ cos 8. Given, cos(ae+)=4 and sin(a —| cos 80°+ 3 co 100"+c0560"] ‘Ans, Given, cos(a-+B)= = ond sin = Aeos 0's | es > sinfarpy=1-38 = |2 223 = Acos00" [costa 20") 4] (a+P=/ | 3 ait Uegting” sin(er+ B)=2 = Jeos 80" cosaors ; [+ cos (180° - 809 =~ cos 80") = Loris a 47. Prove that cosdcos’—cos30cos 2 = 2 2 Now, tan(ac+ p)= Sn(e*B) ocack e cos (a+B) | 4 sin 70 sin 8. INCERT Exemplor] ® ~ ‘Ans. LHS = cos@cosS~cos30c05 s sin(o-8) 73. S ‘cos(a=P) ® fofos) fg oof. tonanctoter bee 2 2 2 o(»-2] tan (a+B)+ton(a~B) 7 Tonle +Beone=B) br 208 A con B= cos (A + 8) +008 (4-H) 3,5 (36+20) And ton(a-B)= 2 coe? recs” coe oe = alone g temeg ene ED 7 = fsn( #2258) ag =280 wn" 2 2 Ans. [> eose-cosoa-26n@tPanE0] sind «Den xeon sina = 2s aco? <= fen gon 79) gee sin 80 sin 70 fy sin 0) =~sing} sin? + cose = 2 RES. 2 |rcos?( 2] = : we(S}oo(3) Hance proved i ane 4 5 40.17 con(af)=4 ond an(af) 5, where w(t JG 323 4.9 Ue beowen 0 ond, then nd the vue = of tan 2a. INCERT Exemplor] — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE68) an ton +ton& ant aesine _| 2ngt"er3 eee Fain6 ~| stan tan® conanint ] of [ ton(Ava)= ona tons E I a Eas-[™( is = tort ( ) Hence, proved. — eee ee ee EE EE EE EE EEE