1

CS 103 Lecture 3 Slides

Control Structures

Mark Redekopp
 2

Announcements
• Lab 2 – Due Friday
 3

Review
• Write a program to ask the user to enter two integers
representing hours then minutes. Output the
equivalent number of seconds.
• To get started…
– Go to http://bytes.usc.edu/cs103/in-class-exercises
• printseconds
– We've started the program for you…look at the
• General template for a program with the #includes, using
namespace std; and int main() function which returns 0
– We've declared variables where you can store the input
and computation results
– Now you add code to
• Get input from the user
• And compute the answer and place it in the 'sec' variable
 4

If..else statements

MODULE 5: CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
 5

Comparison Operators
• Control structures like if, while, and for require conditions to
determine what code should execute
• To perform comparison of variables, constants, or expressions
in C/C++ we can use the basic 6 comparison operators
Operator(s) Meaning Example
== Equality if(x == y)

!= Inequality if(x != 7)

< Less-than if(x < 0)

> Greater-than if(y > x)

<= Less-than OR equal to if(x <= -3)

>= Greater-than OR equal to if(y >= 2)

 6

Logical AND, OR, NOT

• Often want to combine several conditions to make a decision
• Logical AND => x > 0 && y > 0
• Logical OR => x == 1 || x == 2
• Logical NOT => !(x < 0)
• Precedence (order of ops.) => ! then && then ||
– !cond1 || cond2 && !cond3
– ( ( !cond1 ) || (cond2 && ( !cond3 ) ) )

A B AND A B OR A NOT
False False False False False False False True
False True False False True True True False
True False False True False True
True True True True True True
 7

Exercise
• Which of the following is NOT a condition to check if
the integer x is in the range [-1 to 5]
• x >= -1 && x <= 5
• -1 <= x <= 5
• !( x < -1 || x > 5)
• x > -2 && x < 6
 8

bools, ints, and Conditions

• Loops & conditional statements require a condition to be
evaluated resulting in a true or false result.
• In C/C++…
– 0 means false / Non-Zero means true
– bool type available in C++ => ‘true’ and ‘false’ keywords can be used
but internally
• true = non-zero (usually 1) and
• false = 0
• Any place a condition would be used a bool or int type can be
used and will be interpreted as bool
int x = 100; bool done = false; int x=100, y=3, z=0;
if(x) while( ! done ) if( !x || (y && !z) )
{ x--; } { cin >> done; } { /* code */ }
• Example:
 9

Conditions and DeMorgans

• Write a condition that eats a sandwich if it has
neither tomato nor lettuce
– if ( !tomato && !lettuce) { eat_sandwich(); }
– if ( !(tomato || lettuce) ) { eat_sandwich(); }

• DeMorgan's theorem says there is always two

ways to express a logic condition
– !a && !b  !(a || b)
– !a || !b  !(a && b)

• More details in EE 109 and CS 170

 10

If..Else Flow Chart

if (condition1)
{
// executed if condition1 is true
True False }
condition else
{
// executed if condition1
// above is false
}

// following statements
If Block Else
Statements Block Statements

Following
statements
 11

If…Else If…Else
• Use to execute only if (condition1)
{
certain portions of code // executed if condition1 is true
}
• else if is optional else if (condition2)
{
– Can have any number of // executed if condition2 is true
// but condition1 was false
else if statements }
• else is optional else if (condition3)
{
// executed if condition3 is true
• { … } indicate code // but condition1 and condition2
associated with the if, }
// were false

else if, else block else

{
optional
// executed if neither condition
if else if else if else // above is true
}
 12

else if if (condition1)
{
// executed if condition1 is True
}
else if (condition2)
{
// executed if condition2 is True
True False
condition // but condition1 was False
}
1 else

These 2 are equivalent

{
True False // executed if neither condition
cond2
condition // above is True
}

if (condition1)
If Block Else
If BlockIf Else
Else {
Statements Block Statements // executed if condition1 is True
Statements Statements Statements
}
else
{
Following if (condition2){
statements // executed if condition2 is True
// but condition1 was False
}
else
Following {
// executed if neither condition
Statements // above is True
}
}
 13

Single Statement Bodies

• The Rule: Place code for an if (x == 5)
y += 2;
if, else if, or else construct in else
curly braces { … } y -= 3;
• The Exception:
– An if or else construct with a if (x == 5)
single statement body does not y += 2;
require { … } else
if(x < 5)
– Another if counts as a single
y = 6;
statement else
• Prefer { … } even in single y = 0;
statement bodies so that
editing later does not
introduce bugs
 14

PROBLEM SOLVING IDIOMS

 15

Rule/Exception Idiom
• Name: Rule/Exception // Default action

• Description: Perform a default if( /* Exceptional Case */ )

{
action and then us an ‘if’ to // Code to apply to
// exceptional case
correct for exceptional cases }

• Structure: Default action code Structure

followed by if statement with
code to correct the exceptional bool primeMember = /* set somehow */;

case double shippingFee = 7.99;

if( primeMember == true )
• Example(s): {
shippingFee = 0;
– Shipping for "members" }

Example
 16

Look-up Table Idiom

• Name: Look-up Table (Parallel cases) if( /* Condition 1 */ )
{
– A table can describe the mapping of input // Case 1 code
to output }
else if( /* Condition 2 */ )
• Description: Break input into {
// Case 2 code
mutually exclusive cases, taking some }
else if( /* Condition 3 */ )
action or producing some output in {
each case }
// Case 3 code

• Structure: Single level else { /* Default */

// Default code
'if..else if..else' statement }
Score Grade Look-up Table Structure
(input) (output)
if( weather == "hot" ) {
> 90 A clothing = "t-shirt";
Weather Dress
80-89 B }
Hot T-shirt else if( weather == "mild" ) {
70-79 C clothing = "long sleeves";
Mild Long Sleeves }
55-69 D else { /* Default */
Cold Sweater clothing = "sweater";
< 55 F }
 17

Decision Tree (Subcase) Idiom

• Name: Decision Tree (Subcase) if( /* Condition 1 */ )
{
• Description: The result of one // Case 1 code

condition determines which if( /* Subcondition 1a */ ) {

// Subcase 1a code
condition (subcase) to check next }
else {
• Structure: Nested 'if' statements // Subcase 1b code
}

}
else if( /* Condition 2 */ )
Customer Service Call Menu {
// Case 2 code

Top-level Account Hours of if( /* Subcondition 2a */ ) {

Cases: Issues Operation // Subcase 2a code
}
}
Sub-Cases: Balance Cancel
 18

Exercises
• Conditionals In-Class Exercises
– discount
– weekday
– nth
 19

The Right Style

• Is there a difference
int x;
between the following cin >> x;
two code snippets
if( x >= 0 ) { cout << "Positive"; }
• Both are equivalent but if( x < 0 ) { cout << "Negative"; }
– Two if statements implies
both can execute
– An if..else implies a int x;
cin >> x;
mutually exclusive
relationship where only 1 if( x >= 0 ) { cout << "Positive"; }
can execute else { cout << "Negative"; }

• For mutually exclusive

cases, use if..else for
clarity sake
 20

Find the bug

// What’s the problem below
• What's the problem with int x;
this code… cin >> x;
if (x = 1)
{ cout << "x is 1" << endl; }
else
• Common mistake is to { cout << "x is not 1" << endl; }
use assignment '=' rather
than equality
comparison '==' operator // What’s the problem below
int x;
• Assignment puts 1 into x cin >> x;
and then uses that value if (x = 1) // x == 1
of x as the "condition" { cout << "x is 1" << endl; }
else
– 1 = true so we will { cout << "x is not 1" << endl; }
always execute the if
portion
 21

Switch (Study on own)

• Again used to execute only
switch(expr) // expr must eval to an int
certain blocks of code {
• Cases must be a constant case 0:
// code executed when expr == 0
• Best used to select an action break;
case 1:
when an expression could be 1 // code executed when expr == 1
of a set of constant values break;
case 2:
• { … } around entire set of cases case 3:
case 4:
and not individual case // code executed when expr is
• Computer will execute code // 2, 3, or 4
break;
until a break statement is default:
// code executed when no other
encountered // case is executed
– Allows multiple cases to be break;
combined }

• Default statement is like an else

statement
 22

Switch (Study on own)

• What if a break is switch(expr) // expr must eval to an int
{
forgotten? case 0:
// code executed when expr == 0
– All code underneath will be break;
case 1:
executed until another // code executed when expr == 1
break is encountered // what if break was commented
// break;
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
// code executed when expr is
// 3, 4 or 5
break;
default:
// code executed when no other
// case is executed
break;
}
 23

? Operator
• A simple if..else statement can be expressed with the
? operator
– int x = (y > z) ? 2 : 1;
– Same as:
if(y > z) x = 2;
else x = 1;
• Syntax: (condition) ? expr_if_true : expr_if_false;
• Meaning: the expression will result/return
expr_if_true if condition evaluates to true or
expr_if_false if condition evaluates to false
 24

Performing repetitive operations

MODULE 6: LOOPS (ITERATIVE

STATEMENTS)
 25

Need for Repetition

#include <iostream>

• We often want to repeat a using namespace std;

int main()
task but do so in a concise {
cout << 1 << endl;
way cout << 2 << endl;
...
– Print out all numbers 1-100 cout << 100 << endl;
return 0;
– Keep taking turns until a }
game is over #include <iostream> Assume this performs
• Imagine the game of 'war'…it using namespace std; code to "take a turn"
and thenproduces a
never ends!! int main()
true/false result
indicating if the game
{
• We could try to achieve bool gameOver;
is over

gameOver = take_turn();
these without loops, but… if( ! gameOver ){
gameOver = take_turn();
if( ! gameOver ) {
...
{
}
}
 26

4 Necessary Parts of a Loop

• Loops involve writing a task to be repeated
• Regardless of that task, there must be Initialization
4 parts to a make a loop work (e.g. i = 0)
• Initialization
– Initialization of the variable(s) that will Loop
control how many iterations (repetitions) Condition
the loop will executed (e.g. i < 1000)
• Condition
– Condition to decide whether to repeat the True
task or stop the loop Body

False
• Body (cout << i << endl;)
– Code to repeat for each iteration
Update Statement
• Update (e.g. i += 1)
– Modify the variable(s) related to the
condition Code after the loop
 27

Type 1: while Loops

• A while loop is essentially a repeating 'if' statement
initialization 1
while (condition1) 2 5 8 Initialization
{ T T F (e.g. i = 0)
3 6
// Body: if condition1 is true
4 7 Loop
} // go to top, eval cond1 again Condition
9 (e.g. i < 1000)
// following statements
// only gets here when cond1 is false True
int i=0; Loop task

False
while (i < 1000) (cout << i << endl;)
{
cout << i << endl;
i++; Update Statement
} (e.g. i += 1)
// following statements
Code after the loop
While loop printing 0 to 999
 28

while vs. do..while Loops

• while loops have two
// While:
variations: while and do..while while(condition)
{
• while // code to be repeated
// (should update condition)
– Cond is evaluated first }
– Body only executed if condition is
true (maybe 0 times)
// Do while:
• do..while do {
// code to be repeated
– Body is executed at least once // (should update condition)
– Cond is evaluated } while(condition);

– Body is repeated if cond is true

 29

while Loop
// guessing game
• One way to think of a while bool guessedCorrect = false;
if( !guessedCorrect )
loop is as a repeating 'if' {
guessedCorrect = guessAgain();
statement }
// want to repeat if cond. check again
• When you describe a if( !guessedCorrect )
{
problem/solution you use guessedCorrect = guessAgain();
} // want to repeat if cond. check again
the words 'until some
condition is true' that is the An if-statement will only execute once
same as saying 'while some
// guessing game
condition is not true' bool guessedCorrect = false;
– "Until they guess correctly" is while( !guessedCorrect )
{
the same as "while they do guessedCorrect = guessAgain();
NOT guess correctly" }

A 'while' loop acts as a repeating 'if'

statement
 30

Using Flow Charts to Find Loops

Do..While Loop
Accept Guess Draw out a flow chart of the
desired sequence and look
for the repetitive sequence
Correct
Here we check at the end
False to see if we should
repeat…perfect for a
Accept Guess
do..while loop

do
True Correct
{ accept_guess }
False while ( ! correct )
Accept Guess

Correct

False

Post-Loop
Code
 31

Finding the ‘while’ Structure

Accept Guess Draw out a flow chart of the
desired sequence and look
for the repetitive sequence
Correct Accept Guess
Here we check at the end
False to see if we should
repeat…perfect for a
Accept Guess False Not

While loop
do..while loop
Correct
while loop
Correct
do True
True { accept_guess }
False while ( ! correct ) Accept Guess
Accept Guess But a while loop
checks at the
beginning of the
Correct loop, so we must Post-Loop
accept one guess Code
False
before starting:

accept_guess
Post-Loop while( ! correct )
Code { accept_guess }
 32

Type 2: 'for' Loop

Condition: T T F
• 'for' loop 1 2 5 8
for( init; condition; update)
4 7

{
– performs initialization 3 6
// executed if condition is true
} // go to top, do update, eval cond. again
statement once
9 // following statements
– checks the condition // only gets here when cond. is false

each iteration before init

False
deciding to execute the condition
body or end the loop True
For Block
– performs the update Statements
statement after each Update
execution of the body Following
 33

for Loop
for(init stmt; cond; update stmt)
{
• Initialization stmt executed first // body of loop
}
• Cond is evaluated next
• Body only executed if cond. is true // Outputs 0 1 2 3 4 (on separate lines)
for(i=0; i < 5; i++){
• Update stmt executed }
cout << i << endl;

• Cond is re-evaluated and execution // Outputs 0 5 10 15 … 95 (on sep. lines)

continues until it is false for(i=0; i < 20; i++){
cout << 5*i << " is a multiple of 5";
• Multiple statements can be in the cout << endl;
}
init and update statements // Same output as previous for loop
– Separate with commas for(i=0; i < 100; i++){
if(i % 5 == 0){
cout << i << " is a multiple of 5";
cout << endl;
}
}

// compound init and update stmts.

for(i=0, j=0; i < 20; i++,j+=5){
cout << j << " is a multiple of 5";
cout << endl;
}
 34

for vs. while Loop Notice we

// guessing game cannot predict
• 'while' Rule of thumb: Use bool guessedCorrect = false;
while( !guessedCorrect )
how many
times this will
when exact number of {
guessedCorrect = guessAgain();
run.

iterations is unknown when }

loop is started (i.e. condition int x;

Though we
don't know x we
cin >> x;
updating inside the loop for(i=0; i < x; i++){ can say the loop
cout << 5*i << " "; will run exactly
body) } x times.
cout << endl;
• 'for' Rule of thumb: Use
when number of iterations is for(init stmt; cond; update stmt)
{
known when loop is started // body of loop
}
(independent of loop body) // Equivalent while structure

• Both can be converted to

the other…try it on the right
 35

LOOP IDIOMS & PRACTICE

 36

Map Idiom
• Name: Map for(/* loop thru each input */)
{
• Description: Convert (map) // Get next input, x
// Produce next output, f(x)
each value in a collection to }
another value
Structure
• Structure: Use a loop to
Output the first n odd integers
process a series of input values Input: 0, 1, 2, ..., n-1
and convert to the desired Output: 1, 3, 5, , 2(n-1)+1
output values Given a threshold of 70, indicate if
– Usually with a n-to-n input- students have passed a quiz
output relationship Input: 78, 61, 85, 93, 54
Output: T, F, T, T, F
• Example(s):
– See examples on the right Take the absolute value of each input
Input: -18, -13, 36, 2, -21
Output: 18, 13, 36, 2, 21
 37

Reduce Idiom
• Name: Reduce / Combine / // Declare reduction variable, r
// Set r to identity value
Aggregate
for(/* loop thru each input */)
• Description: Combine/reduce all {
elements of a collection to a // Get next input, x
// Update r using x
single value }
• Structure: Use a "reduction" Structure
variable and a loop to process a
series of input values, combining Average a series of 4 numbers
each of them to form a single (or Input: 2, 3, 1, 8
Average: 3.5
constant number of) output value double sum = 0;
in the reduction variable double x;
for(int i=0; i < 4; i++)
– An n-to-1 input-output relationship { cin >> x;
• Example(s): sum += x;
}
– See example on the right cout << sum / 4.0 << endl;
 38

Selection Idiom
• Name: Selection // declare/initialize any state variables
// needed to track the desired result
• Description: Select a subset // loop through each instance
(possibly one or none) of for( /* each input, i */ ) {
// Check if input meets the property
elements from a collection if(property is true for i) {
// Update state (variables) as needed
based on a particular property }
}
• Structure: Loop through each // Output the state variables
element and check whether it Structure
meets the desired property. If
so, perform a map, reduce, or Count Positive Integers
other other update operation. Input: 2, -3, -1, 8
Output: 2
• Example(s):
– Count all positive integers inputs
 39

Exercises
• In-class exercises:
– countodd
– liebnizapprox
– wallis
– revdigits
 40

Loop Practice
• Write a for loop to compute the first 10 terms of
the Liebniz approximation of π/4:
• π/4 = 1/1 – 1/3 + 1/5 – 1/7 + 1/9 …
• Tip: write a table of the loop counter variable vs. desired
value and then derive the general formula
• In-class exercise:
– liebnizapprox
Counter (i) Desired Pattern Counter (i) Desired Pattern
0 +1/1 for(i=0;i<10;i++) 1 +1/1 for(i=1; i<=19; i+=2)
1 -1/3 Fraction: 3 -1/3 Fraction:
2 +1/5 5 +1/5
… … +/- => … … +/- =>
9 -1/19 19 -1/19
 41

Loop Practice
• Write for loops to compute the first 10 terms of
the following approximations:
– ex: 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4! …
• Assume 1 is the 1st term and assume functions
– fact(int n) // returns n!
– pow(double x, double n) // returns xn
– Wallis:
• π/2 = 2/1 * 2/3 * 4/3 * 4/5 * 6/5 * 6/7 * 8/7 …
• In-class Exercise
– wallisapprox
 42

20-second Timeout: Chunking

• Right now you may feel overwhelmed with all the little details
(all the parts of a for loop, where do you need semicolons,
etc.)
• As you practice these
concepts they will
start to "chunk"
together where you can
just hear "for loop" and
will immediately know
the syntax and meaning
• Chunking occurs where
something more abstract
takes the place of many https://designbyben.wordpress.com/tag/chunking/

smaller pieces
 43

On your own time, practice tracing the following loops

TRACING EXECUTION 1
 44

Tracing Exercises (Individually)

• To understand a loop's execution int i;
make a table of relevant variable cout << "For 1: " << endl;
for(i=0; i < 5; i++){
values and show their values at cout << i << " ";
the time the condition is checked }
• If the condition is true perform cout << i+10 << endl;
the body code on your own (i.e.
perform specified actions), do
the update statement, & repeat
i (at condition check) Actions of body
0 "0 "
1 "1 "
2 "2 "
3 "3 "
4 "4 "
5 -
Done "0 1 2 3 4 15\n"
 45

Tracing Exercises (for 2-4)

• Perform hand tracing on the following loops to find
what will be printed:

int i; int i, j=1; int i, j=1;

cout << "For 2: " << endl; cout << "For 3: " << endl; cout << "For 4: " << endl;
for(i=0; i < 5; i++){ for(i=0; i < 20; i+=j){ for(i=10; i > 0; i--){
cout << 2*i+1 << " "; cout << i << " "; cout << i+j << " ";
} j++; i = i/2; j = j*2;
cout << endl; } }
cout << endl; cout << endl;

Answers at end of slide packet

 46

Tracing Exercises (for 5-6)

• Perform hand tracing on the following loops to find what will
be printed:

int i = 3; double T = 8;
char c = 'a';
cout << "For 6: " << endl;
cout << "For 5: " << endl; for(i=0; i <= T; i++){
for( ; c <= 'j'; c+=i ){ // Force rounding to 3 decimal places
cout << c << " "; cout << fixed << setprecision(3);
} // Now print the number
cout << endl; cout << sin(2*M_PI*i/T) << endl;
}

Answers at end of slide packet

 47

Tracing Exercises (while 1-2)

• Perform hand tracing on the following loops to find
what will be printed:

int i=15, j=4; int i=1; j=1;

cout << "While loop 1: " << endl; cout << "While loop 2: " << endl;
while( i > 5 && j >= 1){ while( i || j ){
cout << i << " " << j << endl; if(i && j){
i = i-j; j = !j;
j--; }
} else if( !j ){
i = !i;
}
cout << i << " " << j << endl;
}

Answers at end of slide packet

 48

Tracing Exercises (while 3)

• Perform hand tracing cout << "While loop 3: " << endl;
on the following loops bool found = false;
int x = 7;
to find what will be while( !found ){
if( (x%4 == 3) &&
printed: (x%3 == 2) &&
(x%2 == 1) )
{
found = true;
}
else {
x++;
}
}
cout << "Found x = " << x << endl;

Answers at end of slide packet

 49

LOOP ODDS & ENDS

 50

break statement
• break
– Ends the current loop [not if statement] immediately and continues
execution after its last statement
• Consider two alternatives for stopping a loop if an
invalid (negative) guess is entered
bool done = false; bool done = false;
while ( done == false ) { while ( done == false ) {
cout << "Enter guess: " << endl; cout << "Enter guess: " << endl;
cin >> guess; cin >> guess;
if( guess < 0 ) if( guess < 0 )
done = true; break;
} }
else { // Process guess
// Process guess // If guess < 0 we would skip this
} }
}
 51

continue statement
• continue
– Ends the current loop [not if statement] immediately and
continues execution after its last statement
• Consider two alternatives for repeating a loop to get a
new guess if an invalid (negative) guess is entered
– Often continue can be eliminated by changing the if
condition
bool done = false; bool done = false;
while ( done == false ) { while( done == false) {
cout << "Enter guess: " << endl; cout << "Enter guess: " << endl;
cin >> guess; cin >> guess;
if( guess >= 0 ) { if(guess < 0){
// Process Guess continue;
} }
} // Process guess (only here if guess>=0)
}
 52

Single Statement Bodies

• An if, while, or for construct if (x == 5)
y += 2;
with a single statement body else
y -= 3;
does not require { … }
• Another if, while, or for for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
counts as a single statement sum += i;

while(sum > 0)
sum = sum/2;

for(i = 1 ; i <= 5; i++)

if(i % 2 == 0)
j++;
 53

The Loops That Keep On Giving

• There's a problem with the loops below
• We all write "infinite" loops at one time or another
• Infinite loops never quit
• When you do write such a program, just type "Ctrl-C" at the
terminal to halt the program
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ int val; {
bool again = true; int i=0;
while(again = true){ while( i < 10 ) {
cout << "Enter an int or -1 to quit"; cout << i << endl;
cin >> val; i + 1;
if( val == -1 ) { }
again = false; return 0;
} }
}
return 0;
}
http://blog.codinghorror.com/rubber-duck-problem-solving/
 54

The Loops That Keep On Giving

• There's a problem with the loop below
• We all write "infinite" loops at one time or another
• Infinite loops never quit
• When you do write such a program, just type "Ctrl-C" at the
terminal to halt the program
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ int val; {
bool again = true; int i=0;
while(again == true){ while( i < 10 ) {
cout << "Enter an int or -1to quit"; cout << i << endl;
cin >> val; i = i + 1;
if( val == -1 ) { }
again = false; return 0;
} }
}
return 0;
}
http://blog.codinghorror.com/rubber-duck-problem-solving/
 55

NESTED LOOPS
 56

What Can Go Inside?

• What kind of code can we put in the body of a loop?
• ANYTHING…even other loops
while (condition) for( init; condition; update)
{ {
// What can go here? // What can go here?
} }

False init
condition False
condition
True What code can we put True
while Block in the body of a For Block
loop?
Statements Statements
Following Update
statements
Following
 57

Nested Loop Sequencing

• Key Idea: The inner loop runs in its entirety for each
iteration of the outer loop

Cond1: T T F False
cond1
while (cond1) { 1 9 15

// code1 2 10 True
Cond2: T T F
while(cond2) { 3 5 7 11 13 code1
Cond2: T F // code 2 12
4 6 False
}
// code3 8 14 cond2
} True
16 code2
code3
Following
statements
 58

Nested Loops Example 1

• When you write loops int main()
{
consider what the body int secret, guess;
char again = 'y';
of each loop means in // outer loop
while(again == 'y')
an abstract sense { // Choose secret num. 0-19
secret = rand() % 20;
– The body of the outer guess = -1;
// inner loop
loop represents 1 game while(guess != secret)

1 game
(and we repeat that {

1 turn
cout << "Enter guess: ";
over and over) cin >> guess;
}
– The body of the inner cout << "Win!" << endl;
cout << "Play again (y/n): ";
loop represents 1 turn cin >> again;
(and we repeat turn }
return 0;
after turn) }
 59

Nested Loops
• Inner loops execute fully (go through every iteration before the
next iteration of the outer loop starts)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
for(int i=0; i < 2; i++){ Output:
for(int j=0; j < 3; j++){

cout << i << " " << j << endl;

}
}
return 0;
}
 60

Nested Loops
• Write a program using nested
#include <iostream>
loops to print a multiplication
table of 1..12 using namespace std;

• Tip: Decide what abstract int main()

{
"thing" your iterating through for(int r=1; r <= 12; r++){
for(int c=1; c <= 12; c++){
and read the for loop as cout << r*c;
}
"for each thing" … }
– For each row… return 0;
}
• For each column…
print the product
This code will print some not so
1 2 3 nice output:
1 1 2 3
___________________________
2 2 4 6
3 3 6 9
 61

Nested Loops
• Tip: Decide what abstract "thing"
#include <iostream>
your iterating through and read
the for loop as "for each thing" … using namespace std;

– For each row … int main()

{
• For each column… for(int r=1; r <= 12; r++){
print the product followed by a space for(int c=1; c <= 12; c++){
• Print a newline cout << " " << r*c;
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

This code will still print some not

1 2 3 so nice output:
1 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 2 4 6
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
3 3 6 9
 62

Nested Loops
• Use the setw I/O manipulator
#include <iostream>
to beautify the output #include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
for(int r=1; r <= 12; r++){
for(int c=1; c <= 12; c++){
cout << setw(4) << r*c;
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

1 2 3
1 1 2 3
2 2 4 6
3 3 6 9
 63

break and continue (Nested Loops)

bool flag = false;
• Break and continue apply only to while( more_lines == true ){
// get line of text from user
the inner most loop (not all loops length = get_line_length(...);
being nested)
for(j=0; j < length; j++){
– Break ends the current (inner-most) if(text[j] == '!'){
loop immediately flag = true;
– Continue starts next iteration of inner- break; // only quits the for loop
most loop immediately }
}
• Consider problem of checking if a }
'!' exists anywhere in some lines of bool flag = false;
text while( more_lines == true && ! flag ){
– Use a while loop to iterate through // get line of text from user
length = get_line_length(...);
each line
– Use a for loop to iterate through each for(j=0; j < length; j++){
character on a particular line if(text[j] == '!'){
– Once we find first '!' we can stop flag = true;
break; // only quits the for loop
}
}
}
 64

Nested Loop Practice

• In class exercises: checkerboard and flag
• In class exercise: 5PerLineA
– Try to print out the integers from 100 to 200, five per line,
as in:
100 101 102 103 104
105 106 107 108 109
...
195 196 197 198 199
200
• In class exercise: 5PerLineB and 5PerLineC each have
an error. W ee what they print and determine the
error.
 65

MODULE 7: C LIBRARIES & RAND()

 66

Preprocessor & Directives

• Somewhat unique to C/C++
• Compiler will scan through C code looking for directives (e.g.
#include, #define, anything else that starts with '#' )
• Performs textual changes, substitutions, insertions, etc.
• #include <filename> or #include "filename"
– Inserts the entire contents of "filename" into the given C text file
• #define find_pattern replace_pattern
– Replaces any occurrence of find_pattern with replace_pattern
– #define PI 3.14159
Now in your code:
x = PI;
is replaced by the preprocessor with
x = 3.14159;
 67

#include Directive
• Common usage: To include “header files” that allow us to
access functions defined in a separate file or library
• For pure C compilers, we include a C header file with its
filename: #include <stdlib.h>
• For C++ compilers, we include a C header file without the .h
extension and prepend a ‘c’: #include <cstdlib>
C Description C++ Description
stdio.h C Input/Output/File access (printf, iostream I/O and File streams (cin, cout, cerr)
cstdio fopen, snprintf, etc.)

stdlib.h rand(), Memory allocation, etc. fstream File I/O (ifstream, ofstream)
cstdlib
string.h C-string library functions that operate string C++ string class that defines the ‘string’
cstring on character arrays object

math.h Math functions: sin(), pow(), etc. vector Array-like container class
cmath
 68

rand() and RAND_MAX

• (Pseudo)random number generation in C is accomplished with
the rand() function declared/prototyped in cstdlib
• rand() returns an integer between 0 and RAND_MAX
– RAND_MAX is an integer constant defined in <cstdlib>
• How could you generate a flip of a coin [i.e. 0 or 1 w/ equal prob.]?
int r;
r = rand();
if(r < RAND_MAX/2){ cout << "Heads"; }
• How could you generate a decimal with uniform probability of being
between [0,1]
double r;
r = staic_cast<double>(rand()) / RAND_MAX;
 69

Seeding Random # Generator

• Re-running a program that calls rand() will generate the same sequence of
random numbers (i.e. each run will be exactly the same)
• If we want each execution of the program to be different then we need to
seed the RNG with a different value
• srand(int seed) is a function in <cstdlib> to seed the RNG with the value of
seed
– Unless seed changes from execution to execution, we’ll still have the same
problem
• Solution: Seed it with the day and time [returned by the time() function
defined in ctime]
– srand( time(0) ); // only do this once at the start of the program

– int r = rand(); // now call rand() as many times as you want

– int r2 = rand(); // another random number
– // sequence of random #’s will be different for each execution of program
Only call srand() ONCE at the start of the program, not each Approximate rand() function:
time you want to call rand()!!! val = ((val * 1103515245) + 12345) % RAND_MAX;
 70

SOLUTIONS
 71

Loop Practice
• Write a for loop to compute the first 10 terms of
the Liebniz approximation of π/4:
• π/4 = 1/1 – 1/3 + 1/5 – 1/7 + 1/9 …
• Tip: write a table of the loop counter variable vs. desired
value and then derive the general formula

Counter (i) Desired Pattern Counter (i) Desired Pattern

0 +1/1 for(i=0; i <10; i++) 1 +1/1 for(i=1; i <=19; i+=2)
1 -1/3 Fraction: 3 -1/3 Fraction:
1/(2*i+1) 1/i
2 +1/5 5 +1/5
… … +/- => … … +/- =>
9 -1/19 pow(-1,i) 19 -1/19 if(i%4==3)
if(i is odd) neg.
neg.
 72

Tracing Answers
For 1: While loop 1:
0 1 2 3 4 15 15 4
11 3
For 2: 8 2
1 3 5 7 9 6 1

For 3: While loop 2:

0 2 5 9 14 1 0
0 0
For 4:
11 6 5 While loop 3:
Found x = 11
For 5:
a d g j

For 6:
0.000
0.707
1.000
0.707
0.000
-0.707
-1.000
-0.707
-0.000