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Dictionary (Leonora)

Bachelor of Science in Social Work (Pangasinan State University)

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Ericka Grace S. Mendoza – Dictionary of Social Work (De Guzman)

DICTIONARY
OF SOCIAL
WORK
PHILIPPINE SETTING
Leonora Serafica De Guzman

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Ericka Grace S. Mendoza – Dictionary of Social Work (De Guzman)

Copyright © 1988 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

by Leonora Serafica-De Guzman
and New Day Publishers As in most of my writing endeavors this work was
facilitated by friends, and members of my family. Ely Albao,
Ninfa Franco, and Ching Marasigan kept me posted on the
All rights reserved. latest terms and con- ceptualizations introduced at the
Department of Social Welfare and Development where
they hold full-time jobs as social workers in various
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any capacities. Sagira Kuhutan of Centro Escolar University
manner or form without the permission by the author and went out of her way to explain to me terms commonly
publisher, except in the form of brief quotations embodied used in group work and community organization. Kate
in critical articles or reviews. Pamintuan pointed out those words which the beginning
social work student has difficulty in understanding. My
work as editor of the first and second issues of the
Published by Philippine Encyclopedia of Social Work, and of the few
NEW DAY PUBLISHERS books so far published by the Schools of the Social Work
11 Lands Street, VASRA, 1128 Quezon City Association of the Philippines helped me immensely in my
PO. Box 1167, 1100 Quezon City Philippines efforts to locate terms most commonly used in social work
Phone (632) 928 8046/927 5982 in the Philippines. Information about the pioneers included
Fax (632) 924 6544 in this book were culled from several sources: the
E-mail [email protected] (American) Encyclopedia of Social Work, the Philippine
Encyclopedia of Social Work, and for those still
unpublished, from their families and friends.
First Impression, 1988
Fourth Impression, 2002 Members of my family were also quite helpful.
Bing further clarified the meaning of terms from
psychology and psychiatry when these appeared dense to
ISBN 971-10-0662-6 (Np) me; Manny's involvement in lay formation provided me
with additional insights into the meaning of terms like
"theology of liberation" and "Basic Christian Com-
munities." The three of us together worked on the
meaning of "people power." Tita, as usual, helped edit the
To manuscript be- sides further clarifying some terms which,
all those who would reach out may have legal implications.
a helping hand
Last but not the least is Lodette Cabutin, the
hardworking secretary of SSWAP who did much of the
legwork so that this book may be published. To all these
and many more who have unknowingly helped me one
way or another, my deepest appreciation and thanks.

L. S. G.

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Ericka Grace S. Mendoza – Dictionary of Social Work (De Guzman)

PREFACE of the people and the environment in which they lived.

Conscienticized without meaning to, many young social
This dictionary is a compilation of terms workers became cause-oriented; some became full-
commonly used by social workers in the Philippines today. fledged activists. Hence, the inclusion of terms which they
It is designed to explain as clearly and accurately as need to understand clearly because as community
possible, the meaning of terms, derived from social work organization workers they may have to dialogue with
literature, both foreign and local. To ensure clear community workers and clients of a different persuasion.
understanding, definitions, wherever pertinent, are further So the "isms" are included here: socialism, communism,
illustrated with examples to give precise meanings. In feudalism, etc. which have become all-pervading issues.
some instances, especially with terms specific to the Anyone professing to work for social reform, social change,
Philippine experience and setting, a bit of historical social transformation, or who will need to use social action
background is added in order to ensure understanding of as a strategy will also need better understanding of such
how the term became a part of social work vocabulary. terms like "parliament of the streets, civil disobedience,
This book is intended to provide a common frame of people power", etc. which are models of social action.
reference for all social workers as well as for all those who The February revolution of 1986 erupted just
are interested in helping people in distress or are when the first draft of this book was about to be
concerned with their well-being. completed. New social problems and challenges and new
The social work terms included in this book types of clientele groups have since emerged to confront
constitute professional jargon which the social worker uses the social workers. As a result, terms which were used only
even when speaking in the regional languages or dialects. in whispers have been brought out in the open and
Thus far, no deliberate effort has been made to translate discussed publicly because it affected social work clients
these terms into Pilipino, hence, the need for simple, and concerns. And so it was that "political detainees",
understandable and meaningful definitions. Most of the "salvaging", and others are included here. Besides
terms are universally used by social workers; many of providing some basic knowledge of the present it hopes to
these originated in the United States where the profession provide some historical perspective to future generations
that started as charity work was developed and of local social workers. Social workers in other parts of the
conceptualized into what is now known as Social Work. As world, especially those under circumstances similar to ours,
each American writer defined the terms from his own may also gain some insights into the psyche of the Filipino
perspective in his own language we had to go through the social worker.
process of defining the terms more simply, in words and As an afterthought, the author included brief
expressions that can be easily understood even by the write-ups on a few American and Filipino pioneers in Social
average layman. Some of the terms are indigenous Work who are included in social work literature or whose
although coached in the English language: ex. baranganic works or theories are likely to be brought up now and then
approach multi-purpose worker. A few have become in professional discussions or gatherings. Each one of them
almost obsolete like public assistance, residual social has made a contribution which is easily identifiable and
welfare, etc. but we have included them as once in a while has helped shape the pattern of social work and the
they still appear in social work or welfare literature. Their structure of social welfare in the Philippines. More than
inclusion also provides better understanding of the present half of those included are Americans who have been
against the backdrop of the past. A number of terms from instrumental in the emergence of organized social welfare
related disciplines like psychology and psychiatry are as a function of good government and society and the
included as they are also used in social work practice and development of social work as a profession. American
literature. colonial administrators introduced the concept of public
Those who are familiar with Philippine history in welfare in the Philippines. American missionaries, religious
the last twenty years or so will readily understand why so and civic workers set up social agencies and procured
many terms not directly related to social work are included scholarships and fellowships which enabled Filipino
here. For the rest we have this to say: pioneers to obtain formal education and training in social
Work on this book started in earnest just when work and welfare abroad. However, a perusal of this book
the worsening socio-economic and political conditions, will show that despite the initial influences of a colonial
accompanied by rampant violations of human rights and existence, Philippine social work and social welfare have
social justice, and the smouldering social unrest in the come into their own without totally disregarding the past
countryside reached such proportions that social workers which holds the foundations.
could no longer ignore or remain indifferent to the plight The names of a few international agencies,
organizations and associations are also included here.
2

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Ericka Grace S. Mendoza – Dictionary of Social Work (De Guzman)

Some of them have a bearing on the profession while the CONTENTS

others are agencies whose sponsorship of welfare
programs have contributed much to the upliftment of Acknowledgments 1
many Filipino families and children and gained recognition
and acceptance in the Philippines. Preface 2
About a fourth of the contents of this book were
first published as glossary by the author in the second Dictionary of Social Work 4
(1977) issue of the Philip- pine Encyclopedia of Social Work.
In this book terms have been defined more simply, adding Pioneers in Social Work and Social Welfare 42
an example here, or a bit of historical information there, to
facilitate understanding, particularly by students. Local and International Social Work Agencies 47
Some of the terms given here may have additional
meanings in other contexts. As used in this dictionary they Legislations 49
have specific reference to social work.
Addendum 49
Leonora Serafica-de Guzman

Quezon City
February, 1987

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Ericka Grace S. Mendoza – Dictionary of Social Work (De Guzman)

ACTIVIST. Used in the Philippines, he is one who seeks basic

DICTIONARY OF SOCIAL WORK institutional and structural changes. Often, the objective
involves a change, transfer, or sharing of power and the
allocation of resources to a disadvantaged group. An activist
A
is concerned about social injustice, inequity and deprivation.
Tactics used often involve conflict, confrontation and
ABANDON. To forsake or desert as when a parent gives up
negotiation. Activists may come from various sectors of
responsibility for a child or when a man leaves his wife and
society: the middle class, the working class, and the poor;
children without intending to return to them.
churchmen as well as businessmen and professionals.

ABORTION. Induced (termination of pregnancy before the fetus

ADAPTATION. A change in the individual allowing him to cope
is capable of survival as an individual.
with the demands of the environment.

ABSOLUTE POVERTY. The inability of the individual or family to

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR. The individual's manner or act of making
sustain life without assistance from the government and/or
appropriate or suitable responses to the demands of his
community.
environment. For instance, a person with a rural background
coming to the city in search of work gradually learns how to
ACCEPTANCE. A guiding principle of the client-worker
make the most of whatever job opportunity may be available
relationship which is characterized by the worker's
to him or wait patiently when there is none at all.
recognition of the individual's worth as a human being with
It is called maladaptive behavior when his response is
strengths as well as weaknesses, his congenial and
negative or destructive as when he resorts to drinking to
uncongenial qualities. It does not include approval of
forget his worries.
antisocial attitudes and behavior.
ADDICTION. A behavioral pattern of compulsive drug use,
ACCOMMODATION. The act of compromising, reconciling,
characterized by overwhelming involvement in the use of a
adjusting and adapting to competition and conflict.
drug, the securing of its supply, and a high tendency to
relapse after withdrawal.
ACCOUNTABILITY. The obligation of social work agencies to
inform the public, explain or justify how the resources were
ADEQUACY OF PERFORMANCE. The measurement of
or are being used and the extent to which the services are
accomplishments of an agency relative to the total need of
effective.
the clientele system or community.

ACCREDITATION. The art of granting approval to an agency or

ADJUSTMENT. To fit one's self to circumstances as when a person
institution after it has been verified that it has met the
establishes a harmonious relationship with the physical and
standards set for its operation. The DSWD is the accrediting
social environment; e.g., he gets along with a new group in
body for public and private social work agencies in the
which he finds himself.
Philippines.
ADMINISTRATION. A process of defining and attaining the
ACHIEVEMENT. The present level of competence in performing a
objectives of an organization through a system of
particular task - e.g., high scholastic achievement.
coordinated and cooperative effort. (See management)

ACTING OUT. To carry into action repressed impulses which have

ADOLESCENCE. In human beings it is the period from puberty to
been brought out to a conscious level.
maturity, roughly the early teens to the early twenties. It is
usually characterized by a crisis in identity as when a young
ACTION RESEARCH. A program of research whose ends are
man wants to act like an adult and yet enjoy the privileges of
practical as opposed to theoretical-e.g., to evaluate the
a young child.
effectivity of the baranganic approach in working with
depressed communities.
ADOPTED CHILD. One who has been taken in as a child by a single
individual or a couple through legal means; He may be a
ACTION SYSTEM. The people, agencies, and/or organizations
relative or a total stranger to the adoptive parent/s.
with whom the social worker works in his efforts to
accomplish the tasks and achieve the goals of the change
ADOPTION. The social and legal process by which a parent-child
effort.
relationship is established between persons who are not
related by birth, resulting in the same mutual rights and
ACTIVITY. Doing something or performing tasks as opposed to
obligations that exist between children and their natural
talking about what to do and about feelings and ideas.
parents
Activities can enhance the social functioning of persons by
enabling their movements along the normal growth
ADOPTIVE PARENT. A person who becomes the parent of a child
processes.
through legal means
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ADOPTION SERVICE. A social service for children who cannot be ALIENATION. The feeling of being isolated from the general
reared by their natural parents and who need and can benefit community and from reference persons e.g., a recovered
from new and permanent family ties established through mental patient may feel alienated from his family.
adoption
ALTERNATIVE PROFESSIONAL. As used in the Philippines during
ADULT. One who has attained maturity or reached legal age the martial law years, it refers to professionals who work in
which may differ from country to country; e.g., a young adult settings or are involved in programs different from the
is 24-40 years old, middle age - 40-65 years, old age - 65 years traditional or conventional ones. For instance, a social worker
and above. may choose to work in the countryside with the oppressed
peasants rather than in an urban agency setting; or a young
ADVICE. Opinion from one not immediately concerned as to what doctor may choose to set up his clinic among the poor
could or should be done about a problem. It may be a instead of starting out in a big hospital.
professional or personal advice.
ALTRUISM. Concern for the welfare of others in contrast to
ADVOCATE. The social worker as a partisan who is exclusively consideration for one's self
serving the interest of a client or a citizens' group; Some of
the tasks involved are: providing leadership for collective AMBISEXUAL. Possessing traits belonging to both sexes
information, for arguing the correctness of the client's need
and request, and for challenging the institution's decision not AMBIVALENCE. The existence of mutually conflicting feelings or
to provide the service requested. thoughts about some person, object or idea; e.g., love-hate
pattern
ADVOCACY. The manner by which the worker serves exclusively
the interest of a client or a citizens' group; In doing so he calls AMNESIA. Partial or total loss of memory for past experiences;
the attention of the proper authorities to the clients' or Sometimes it can be cured depending on the extent of loss.
people's human needs and interest so that something can be
done about it. It may culminate in some kind of social action. ANALYSIS. The breaking up of a problem situation, or a collection
of data into its simplest or most elementary part so as to
AFTER CARE. Services extended to a client after his release from explore the content, the issues and relationships involved in
an institution; usually used in connection with juvenile order to gain insight and understanding of the problem. This
offenders. is a preliminary step to planning the solution.

AGEISM. The systematic stereotyping of and discrimination ANALYST. A practitioner of psychoanalysis; one who analyzes,
against people because they are old; They are regarded as e.g., a social welfare analyst.
senile, rigid in thought and manner, old fashioned in morality
and skills. ANCHOR PERSON. As used by DSWD it refers to residents and
indigenous workers found in almost every community who
AGENCY. The human service institution which employs social can be counted upon to assist in the speedy delivery of social
workers to help human beings who are experiencing some services.
difficulty in the management of their own affairs either as
individuals, groups or communities; It provides the resources ANDRAGOGY. The art and science of helping adults to learn
and services to meet certain types of problems like the need through practical ways.
for food, shelter, and clothing; e.g., Department of Social
Welfare and Development. ANOMIE. The disorganization of social and general values during
times of catastrophic stress.
AGGRESSION. Behavior intended to harm another person
through hostile means ANTHROPOLOGY. The science of man, including his physical
characteristics, his culture, his races.
AGING. A variant of aged; adults age 65 years and above. Aging
does not necessarily parallel economic, social, psychological ANXIETY. An unpleasant emotion similar to fear, marked by a
aging. For example, a man considered "old" in the job market vague feeling that something unpleasant is going to occur in
may in fact be vigorous. the future.

"ALALAYAN". A Pilipino term referring to a peer teaching- APATHY. A withdrawal from emotional threat usually as a
learning scheme; e.g., a client who has successfully gone consequence of frustration by retreating into a position of
through a self-employment assistance project may be not caring, although the unconscious feeling may be that of
assigned to teach a new client how to go through the process caring very much. Sometimes it is used as a defense
mechanism so as to avoid being emotionally or
ALCOHOLISM. Personality disorder characterized by compulsive psychologically hurt.
drinking
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APPROACH. The means used for coming nearer or closer to the

client or client system, e.g., baranganic approach.
B

APTITUDE. The potential to gain competence, assuming that BARANGAY. The smallest political unit in the Philippines.
training and experience are available, e.g., aptitude for
carpentry. BARANGANIC APPROACH. The application of the community
organization method using the barangay council or a similar
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. The thickening and broadening of arteries, structure as a point of entry for gaining access or coming
particularly in the brain. closer to the community.

ASEXUAL. Sexless, without sex organs. BASIC CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES (BCC). Groups of people acting
as small communities, striving for common goals and
ASOCIAL. Without social or communal values. concerns, whose inspiration, model, and center is Jesus Christ.
The concept originated in Latin America and has since spread
ASSESSMENT. The estimation of the value or worth of a social to other Christian countries of the Third World, including the
situation: whether the problem can be resolved or not and Philippines.
how, what resources would be needed, are available, and can
be used. In casework, it is to weigh and balance assets and BASIC NEED. A fundamental or primary need of a person which
liabilities, strengths and weaknesses, constructive and must be fulfilled or met in order for him to survive, e.g., food,
destructive courses of action. shelter, clothing.

ASSUMPTION. A premise or supposition that something is true BASIC SKILLS. In education, this refers to the fundamentals of
for the purpose of theoretical development. reading, writing and arithmetic whose mastery is needed to
progress normally to higher levels.
ATTITUDE. An emotionally-toned idea towards or against In vocational training it refers to those simple manual
something; it is a predisposition or a tendency to think or feel skills where mastery is needed for certain specific jobs, e.g.,
in a certain way or through certain channels. It is susceptible basic skills in carpentry.
to change with new information.
"BAYANIHAN." A Pilipino term used to describe reciprocal
AUTISM. Extreme preoccupation with one's thoughts and assistance in an undertaking for the benefit of the community.
fantasies. It implies collaboration, cooperation and coordination, e.g.,
the construction of an irrigation ditch in a barrio using man-
AUTISTIC CHILD. An extremely withdrawn child. power and materials voluntarily donated by the beneficiaries
themselves.
AUTOCENTRIC. Self-centered.
BECOMING. The tendency and desire of a person to achieve.
AWARENESS. Being in touch with one's existence; consciousness growth and development, to move on towards self-
or recognition of something; it implies knowledge or realization and self-fulfillment.
understanding of one's environment or the internal situation.
BEHAVIOR. Anything that an individual does or says in response
to another individual, stimulus, or situation.

BEHAVIOR THERAPY. The process of modifying an individual's

maladaptive behavior through additional learning.

BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION. Usually used in group work to

shape, stabilize, modify or alter client's behavior with the use
of certain techniques such as reassurance, reinforcement, etc.

BELIEF. The emotional acceptance of an idea or statement on

what the individual considers as adequate grounds. He may
not have necessarily examined the bases for his beliefs but
has accepted them without evaluation; e.g., the social worker
believes in the inherent worth and dignity of the human
being.

BELONGING. To be a part of something; It refers mainly to an

emotional feeling or experience; e.g., among young people,

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each one usually wants to be part of a "barkada" or group of

one's peers.
C

BISEXUAL. The state of being equally attracted to both sexes CAPABILITY. The quality of being physically, mentally or morally
able
BLOCK. A barrier, either physical or psychological as when a
person cannot think rationally because of acute stress like CAPACITY. The ability to receive, hold, or absorb; It is dependent
temporary failure of memory; This state is sometimes known both on the native endowment and favorable environmental
as 'mental block'. conditions for its optimal development.

BORDERLINE INTELLIGENCE. An intellectual level between CAPITALISM. An economic system where the means of
feeblemindedness and normalcy - may be an I.Q. in the 70s production and distribution are largely in the hands of private
persons whether as individuals, groups or corporations, with
BORDERLINE PATHOLOGY. A situation wherein the individual minimum government intervention
may exhibit signs of pathology but is in touch with reality in
other areas of his functioning. The signs may include CASE. A client or a patient of a physician, psychiatrist, lawyer,
hysterical, phobic, obsessive and psychosomatic reactions, social worker; In social work it also refers to a situation in
acting out behavior, neurosis, character disorder, etc. The which the client finds himself, or a problem or question with
person may be unable to handle the realities of living. which he is confronted and for which he needs help.

BRAINSTORM. A new idea, a flash, originating in an existing CASE MANAGEMENT. As used by DSWD, the term refers to a set
moment of insight of procedures utilizing internal and external resources
designed to uplift a client to a level of self-sufficiency and
BRAINSTORMING. A group problem-solving situation where self- reliance.
members of the group contribute ideas which seem relevant It also refers to the way the social worker utilizes the
to them; The group operates under certain rules designed to client's own resources as well as those of the agency and
foster creative ideas. others to solve the client's problem or to meet a need.

BRAINWASHING. Inducing people to modify their attitudes and CASE METHOD. A teaching method in which the members of the
behavior in certain directions through various forms of social class are required to analyze the problem in a given case,
pressure and sometimes, also physical torture present it, and defend their analysis within the classroom; It
assumes that the students have adequate background for
BREAKING POINT. That point beyond which the person's coping understanding the problem.
ability cannot go further
CASE RECORDING. An account in writing of the progress of a
BROKEN FAMILY. A family in which one parent is absent because client or a case as it moves from the beginning of the
of abandonment, desertion, divorce, or separation problem-solving phase towards its eventual solution and
finally its ending or termination. It can be a process, a step-
BROKEN HOME: A variant for "broken family" by-step account, or a condensed or summary recording.

BROKER. Used in social work, he is the worker who seeks and CASEWORK. A social work method for helping individuals cope
secures resources that the client needs or matches the client with personal problems of social functioning (See social case-
with the resources. work)

CATALYST. The worker who induces change in the client's

attitude or behavior or in the environment without being
affected by the change himself

CATATONIA. A schizophrenic disorder in which the person

experiences a marked deviation of motor behavior such as
plastic immobility of the limbs, stupor, negativism and
mutism

CATHARSIS. The release of tensions and anxieties and

unburdening of those traumatic incidents which in the past,
were originally associated with the repression of emotions;
This may be through direct or indirect expression, particularly
verbal or fantasy expression.

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CAUSE-ORIENTED. Individuals and groups who support and work on growth, rate of change, and social interaction in the family
for environmental, institutional and structural reforms; e.g., and among peers
human rights.
CHILD EXPLOITATION. The utilization of a child for a selfish
CENTER. A place of concentrated activity such as a day care purpose as in the use of child labor to ensure more profit for
center for pre-school children the capitalist; e.g., the use of small children to beg on the
streets under the direction of an adult-a familiar sight in
CHANGE. In an organization, any substantive modification or Metro Manila.
alteration of its essential aspects such as its structure, its
activities, or its input/output components. Change in one CHILD GUIDANCE. The act or instance of guiding a child's
component, part or unit may necessitate changes in varying behavior specifically those with behavior problems; such
degrees in others. Thus, change should always be viewed in services are available in child guidance clinics some of which
its total, system-wide context. may be found in schools.
In a social unit like the family, change in the attitude,
behavior, or role of a member of the family may require CHILDHOOD. From 0 year to the age of puberty.
corresponding responses from the rest of the family or some
problems may arise as a result of the change. CHILD-PLACING AGENCY. An institution or person assuming the
care, custody, protection and maintenance of children for
CHANGE AGENT. The worker who introduces planned change, i.e., placement in any child-caring institution or home under the
change which has been adopted as a matter of policy; e.g., care of any person or persons for purposes of adoption,
the introduction of family planning so as to reduce the rate of guardianship, or foster care
population growth
CHILD PLACEMENT SERVICES. Arrangements whereby minors
CHARACTER. Consistent or enduring property or quality by who are neglected, abandoned, abused, orphaned or
means of which a person, object, or even an event can be destitute are provided substitute home placement and
justified from the point of view of the ethical, or the moral as parental care. These services are: adoption, guardianship,
in the case of honesty foster home care, and residential (institutional) care.

CHARACTER DISORDER. A moral or ethical weakness in the CHILD WELFARE. A complex of programs and services which
person, consisting of ingrained, habitual, or rigid patterns of secure and protect the well-being of the child when such is
behavior or character that severely limit the individual's threatened as when the parents are unable to fulfill their
adaptive potential; The individual may not see his behavior as child. rearing responsibilities or when the community fails to
maladaptive although society does; also known as provide the resources and the protection that children and
'personality disorder.' families require.

CHARITY. The provision of help or relief to the poor; almsgiving CHILD WELFARE NETWORK. A group of child caring, child
placement, and other types of child welfare organizations
CHAUVINIST (MALE). Prejudiced belief in the superiority of the duly licensed by the government, sharing the management of
male over the female cases of children within a cluster (geographical) region

CHILD ABUSE. The state in which a child suffers from serious CHILD WELFARE SERVICES. May be classified into at least five
physical injury inflicted upon him by other than accidental categories: adoption and services to unmarried parents,
means; or he may suffer harm by reason of neglect, foster care, residential care, support in the child's own home,
malnutrition or sexual abuse. He may be without necessary and protective services.
and basic physical care, or is growing up under conditions
which threaten his physical and emotional survival. CHRONICALLY ILL. Person whose illness is of long duration,
continuing and constant, prolonged or lingering.
CHILD CARE WORKERS. Persons who provide a major portion of
round-the-clock care, supervision, and resources for children CITIZEN PARTICIPATION. As used in the United States it is the
or youths in a group-life situation, e.g., house parents; They active and direct involvement of the citizens in specific. tasks
are the ones most directly involved in children's lives, in the related to the provision of social welfare services. It also
latter's continuous encounters with everyday issues as well as refers to the structured interaction between a local citizens'
the variations created by the particular group situation. group and a branch of government operating a specific
program to: (1) influence policy decisions and the allocation
CHILD-CARING INSTITUTION. One that provides 24-hour of resources, and (2) share in the design, implementation,
residential group care of children and monitoring of specific programs. (Peggy Wiseman, 1977).
(See "people's participation").
CHILD DEVELOPMENT: A study of the child from the
developmental point of view in which the emphasis is placed
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CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY. The belief that people do have the innate beneficiaries of these services, and have a working
capacity and capability to improve their conditions and, agreement with the worker.
therefore, should do something about it
CLIENT-WORKER RELATIONSHIP. The professional relationship
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. An act whereby a citizen, after much which the worker establishes with the client for the purpose
reflection and introspection, decides deliberately, openly, of helping resolve or manage the latter's problem. (See
peacefully and publicly not to comply with a law he considers "helping relationship".)
to be unjust, and dramatizes the law's unfairness in hopes
that it may be repealed or modified. His bigger goal could be CLINICIAN. Also known as clinical worker, he is the worker who
a change in policy or a change of regime. seeks to restore, maintain or enhance the client's adaptive
The act does not offer immunity for law violation and capacity and facilitates the optimal adjustment to current
those who participate in the movement must be prepared to social reality. He uses a variety of techniques in order to
pay the penalty or price imposed by society, e.g., refusal to diagnose the cause of the disorder so as to be able to plan
pay real estate taxes considered excessive and unjust; or the treatment.
refusal to pay income taxes on time in order to put the
government in dire straits to force it to make some CLOSED GROUP. That in which persons begin their experiences as
concessions. composed and convened by the worker, move through their
experiences together, and end their experiences together.
CIVIL LIBERTIES. The rights of citizens to probe, fashion, and alter
government and the conditions of society. CODE OF ETHICS. The rules of conduct for a particular class or
profession, e.g., Code of Ethics for Social Workers.
CIVIL RIGHTS. Rights granted by the state to its citizens to protect
them from the abuses of the government; Among these are COLLABORATION. Several social service providers serving a
liberty and security of the person, freedom from arbitrary common client work together on a common undertaking or
arrest, detention or exile, right to a fair and public hearing by project towards a common goal.
an independent and impartial tribunal, freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, and freedom of peaceful assembly COMMITMENT. A promise to bind one's self to the pursuit of an
and association, e.g., right not to be detained longer than 24 objective, a duty, or an ideal.
hours without any formal charges.
The concepts of civil rights and civil liberties are closely COMMITTED. To pledge oneself to a position on some issue; e.g.,
related. Both are concerned with protecting the individual committed to equal rights for women.
from arbitrary, discriminatory and oppressive actions of the
state or fellow citizens. The civil rights principle has been COMMITTEE. A group of people officially delegated to perform a
described as a shield that stands between the citizen and the function, or act on a matter; e.g., program committee.
state to assure that the government deals fairly, justly, and
equitably with the individual. The civil liberties principle on COMMON HUMAN NEEDS. According to Charlotte Towle these
the other hand, has been depicted as a sword with which the needs are for physical welfare, food, shelter and health care,
citizen can probe, fashion, or alter government, and the opportunities for emotional growth and the development of
conditions of society. Both the shield and the sword are the intellectual capacity, satisfying relationship with others,
essential for maintaining the power balance between the and provision for spiritual needs.
citizen and the state, and for providing social order, with
freedom and dignity for the individual. (Oliver C. Schroeder, Jr. COMMON-LAW MARRIAGE. A couple living together as man and
1977). wife without benefit of marriage either in church or in a civil
ceremony it is more stable and of longer duration than the
CLAUSTROPHOBIA. Fear of closed spaces. live-in' arrangement. There are children, usually, and to all
intents and purposes constitute a family.
CLIENT. A person, group or community who finds himself or is
forced to be in need of help in some aspect of his/its social- COMMUNICATION. The sending and receiving of messages
emotional living and is provided professional assistance by a between two or more forces; the process by which an idea is
social worker. transferred from a source to a receiver with the intent to
change the latter's behavior as between worker and client.
CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY. Psychotherapy designed to let the Usually, the former wants to alter the latter's behavior or
client learn to take responsibility for his own actions and to attitude or motivate him to take a certain stand or step in
use his own resourcefulness in solving his problems. order to alleviate his own condition or situation.
In the same manner the client makes known to the
CLIENT SYSTEM. Covers all entities, persons, family, group, worker his feelings, desires or wishes. Communication in
organization or community, acting as units in one collective social work is both verbal or non-verbal; the latter may be
utility. They act interrelatedly and interdependently with facial expression. gestures, body language or even silence.
each other, ask for the worker's services, are the expected
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COMMUNISM. A theory advocating elimination of private example in the Philippines is the Council of Welfare Agencies
ownership and capital. Everything belongs to the state in Foundation of the Philippines (CWAFPI).
contrast to capitalism which is characterized by private
ownership. It is a classless society where there is absolute COMMUNITY WORKER. One who works in a community as an
equality. aide, assistant, or auxiliary to a professional social worker
engaged in community organization work
COMMUNITY. An aggregation of families and individuals, settled
in a fairly compact and contiguous area, with a significant COMPETENT. To be properly qualified and capable for the
element of common life as shown by values, manners, practice of the social work profession
customs and traditions, and modes of speech; In social work
it refers to the immediate environment of the client that is COMPETITION. Rivalry for the same goal
manifest as a social system.
COMPROMISE. A settlement of differences in which each side
COMMUNITY CENTER. A physical and social facility in a makes concessions, e.g., a parent will permit a teenaged
community where the people can or may obtain the social daughter to go to a party provided she comes home at
service or help needed midnight.

COMMUNITY CHEST. A joint fund-raising organization for CONCEPT. A general idea or thought derived from different
voluntary social welfare in a community; i.e., instead of each sources such as social work experiences and combined into a
agency undertaking its own fund-raising, a number of single notion
agencies band together in one common fund-raising activity
the proceeds of which are allocated proportionally among the CONCERN. Interest, regard for, and care about one's well-being
member agencies. as well as that of others; it may also refer to the feeling that.
something is not right.
COMMUNITY CONSCIOUSNESS. People's knowledge of the
existing conditions in their community, the contributory CONCERNED. To be troubled or disturbed by a situation or
factors, and what they can do about these. It may also refer certain conditions such as the social inequities or deprivation
to the people's growing awareness and recognition of suffered by the client to the point of the worker's taking such
themselves as a group that must move and take action action as bringing it to the attention of the proper authorities.
collectively on matters affecting them.
CONDENSED RECORDING. An abridged, compact version of
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. As a model of community previous or already existing records. It is used for reporting
organization work it is the process by which the physical acts of practical helpfulness, events, and most collateral visits
improvement of the community is brought about with the or conferences.
active participation of and largely upon the initiative of the
community, drawing as much as possible from their own CONFIDENTIALITY. The preservation of secret information
resources. concerning the client which is disclosed in the client-worker
relationship. This may not be divulged without the client's
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION. A social work method which seeks permission or that of pertinent authority and only for a
to assist communities in meeting their needs and/or specific purpose, for the benefit of the client.
improving their living conditions. It helps people recognize,
analyze and rank their needs and problems and help them CONFLICT. Disagreement of two opposite sides on the same issue.
solve these with indigenous or created resources as much as It is also a type of stress produced when a person is
possible. motivated by two or more needs in such a fashion that the
satisfaction of one may mean the dissatisfaction of another
COMMUNITY OUTREACH. The efforts of an agency, organization, need, or the satisfaction of one need is believed to involve
or institution to make available social services to a target unpleasant consequences.
population in the community who it believes can use some
assistance instead of waiting for the people to come to the CONFORMITY. A tendency to allow one's behavior to be
agency to ask for help influenced by prevailing attitudes and opinions

COMMUNITY PROCESSES. The methods, steps, manner by which CONFRONTATION. To come face to face with reality, with the
a community resolves its problems and meets its needs hard facts of the situation or condition

COMMUNITY WELFARE COUNCIL. An organization concerned CONGENITAL. A condition or characteristic which has its origin at
with the coordination of human service organizations in the the time of birth or during the fetal development
community, the planning of social welfare programs, and the
undertaking of service roles for other organizations. One

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CONJOINT FAMILY THERAPY. Involves working with two persons civilians brandishing arms the result might have been
particularly a couple, with emphasis on the interactional different.
problems between them
CONTRACT. The agreement, verbal or non-verbal between the
CONSCIENCE. That part of a person's faculty which distinguishes worker and the client on what goal to pursue and how best to
between right and wrong in regard to his own conduct reach it; It is also an agreement between and among people
or groups of people to conduct a particular task or achieve a
CONSCIENTIZATION. The arousing of man's positive self-concept specific objective and a decision on the conditions under
in relation to his environment and society through a which they will work on it, so they can smoothly and
liberating education which opens his eyes to the factors meaningfully develop a sense of belongingness and
inhibiting his further growth and development and the responsibility.
realization of his own capacities and capabilities to do
something about these. It is the process of enabling the CONTROLLING. Monitoring and measuring organizational
people to know what are their basic human rights, their activities and performance to ensure that they are consistent
responsibility to themselves and to others, to air their with organizational goals and objectives
grievances and work for change and reforms in a non-violent
manner. CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT. The worker's reaction
to the client's purposeful expression of feelings. He should be
CONSCIENTIZED. With reference to the social worker, it refers to sensitive, understanding and responding but should not over
his faculty to recognize the distinction between what is right identify with the client, e.g., the worker does not shed tears
or wrong in regard to human rights and social justice where as the client weeps when she pours out her woes and
the client is concerned (See "conscienticization"). troubles.

CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING. Another term for "conscienticization " CONTROVERSY. A dispute between two or more sides holding
opposite views on a specific issue or situation
CONSENSUS. General agreement or accord
CONVENE. To assemble or come together usually for an official or
CONSENSUS-SEEKING. A strategy that seeks the integration and public purpose and meet formally
involvement of the entire community. It seeks a collective
opinion or concern, a general agreement or accord; it is COOPERATION. The willingness among people to share
based on the assumption that if facts are presented and responsibilities and work towards a common goal
documented and issues clarified, people will understand the
need and value of the change being sought or the goal to be COORDINATION. Used in social welfare, it refers to the voluntary
pursued. working arrangements arrived at among autonomous
agencies involving an orderly arrangement of programs,
CONSULTANT. A person who gives expert and professional advice services and activities so that one does not impinge on the
other and yet the participants finally arrive at a
CONSULTATION. A professional method of problem-solving predetermined goal.
involving a time-limited, purposeful contractual relationship
between a knowledgeable expert, the consultant, and a less COPE. To contend with, strive or overcome difficulties presently
knowledgeable professional worker, the consultee. The encountered in the environment for the purpose of
purpose is to increase the consultee's ability to function in his accomplishing something
professional role. (Thomas Brigham, 1985)
CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION. An institution or prison for adult
CONSUMER. One who receives and uses a social service offenders; e.g., Correctional Institution for Women. The term
is seldom used nowadays.
CONTAGION. The spread of behavior patterns through a social
group as a consequence of suggestion (J.D. Chapline, 1979) COUNCIL. A body of people elected or appointed to serve in an
administrative, legislative, or advisory capacity; e.g., barangay
CONTEXT. The circumstances in which a particular event takes council
place; a situation
For example, the EDSA revolution was practically COUNSELING. A series of interviews carried on by the worker
bloodless due to several factors. One of these was that non- with the client/s for the purpose of helping resolve social and
confrontational means were used against the advancing personal problems through the process of developing a
military forces. Unarmed civilians, priests and nuns sought to client-worker relationship, examining the problem/s in depth,
befriend the soldiers with love and prayers, food and flowers, and exploring alternative solutions. These efforts may result
songs and smiles. This was the situation, the context in which in the reinforcement of the client's attitudes favorable to the
the revolution took place. Had the soldiers been met by angry maintenance of emotional equilibrium, to making
constructive decisions, and to growth and change.
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It may also refer to the giving of professional advice, cultures, and lifestyles; e.g., people of the Cordilleras,
opinions or instruction to direct the judgment or conduct of Muslims, etc.
another.
CULTURE. A way of life, a system of beliefs and values, an
COUNTER-TRANSFERENCE. The social worker projects on the accepted form of interaction and relating to one another.
client an earlier emotional experience; e.g., the worker treats
a young girl client as the daughter she had who died in early CULTURE OF POVERTY. A way of life that develops among the
childhood. poor as an adaptation to their deprived condition.

CREATIVE. Pertaining to productive mental application or CUSTODIAN. The person who has been designated as the
functioning, usually with the implication of employment of guardian of a person, minor or adult
information not derived from direct experience or learning
but from conceptual extension of such sources in the solution CUSTODY. The right granted by a court to a person who acts as
of problems or the development of artistic or mechanical the guardian of a minor
forms; e.g., a young woman creates rag dolls out of bits of
cloth and strings of woolen thread; a deaf mute. who paints.

CREDENTIALS. That which entitles one to confidence, credit or

D
authority; e.g., the certificate of registration serves as the
social worker's credentials as it shows that he has passed the DATA GATHERING. The collection of information pertinent to the
licensure examination. client and his problem which will provide adequate
knowledge and better understanding of the client and his
CREDIBLE. Capable of being believed; worthy of confidence; situation so that he can be helped.
reliable.
DAY CARE. Agencies which provide care during the day for. those
CRISIS. Any situation, development or event which poses an who cannot be left alone by themselves; e.g., pre-schoolers
obstacle to the person's important life goals that is for the or the elderly
first time being insurmountable although he may be using his
customary methods of problem solving. It may also be a DAY CARE CENTER. Provides supplemental food and
configuration involving a specific and identifiable stressful opportunities for the social development of pre-school
event which is viewed as both meaningful and threatening to children usually aged 3 to 5, whose mothers are at work
life, security and affectional ties and which produces during the day
disorganization or disequilibrium thus requiring an adaptive
solution as when the head of the family dies. It is assumed DAY CARE OF CHILDREN. Refers to a wide variety of organized
that the person has had a satisfactory level of functioning care, supervision, and developmental opportunities for
until the crisis has come to pass. children that supplements parental care and guidance for a
part of the day outside the home; Parents retain the primary
CRISIS INTERVENTION. The process of actively influencing the responsibility for the rearing of their children and the home
psychosocial functioning of a person during a period of and the family remains the central focus of the child's life.
disequilibrium. It goals are: (1) to reduce the immediate
harmful effects of the stressful events, and (2) to help DEAF MUTE. A person who cannot speak on account of deafness
mobilize the latent capacities and capabilities and the
external resources of those directly affected so that they can DECISION-MAKING. The act of reaching a conclusion or passing
cope more effectively with the effects of the crisis. judgment on an issue under consideration; In social work it is
It is premised on the belief that a person is most likely the process of choosing a particular course of action from
to change at this point when there is a crisis and therefore it among available alternatives to attain specific objectives. It is
is at this time that services are most needed and have the part of the helping process which starts with problem
highest probability of having a positive effect. identification, assessment and planning, and when the
decision has been made is followed by implementation and
CRISIS THEORY. The concept that a person upset by a crisis. evaluation. In actual practice decisions are often made in the
almost immediately tries to recover and operate an course of implementation, such as deciding on the next steps
equilibrium; Here the function of the worker is to help the to be taken once an intermediate objective has been
client with his immediate problem, regain his balance, and achieved.
function anew.
DEFENSE MECHANISM. An adjustment made, often
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES. Those sectors of the population who unconsciously, either through action or the avoidance of
are in the minority and who differ from the majority by virtue action in order to escape recognition by oneself of personal
of their social structures, religious beliefs, economic systems, qualities or motives that might lower self-esteem or heighten
anxiety; it protects the psyche from anxiety, shame, or guilt;
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e.g., rationalization or devising self-satisfying but incorrect private apartments or detention cells in complete violation of
reasons for one's behavior. their rights until they are released or finally eliminated.

DELEGATE. To assign responsibility to another and exact DESERT. To willfully abandon one's spouse or children, or both,
accountability for results without their consent and with the intention of forsaking all
legal obligations
DELINQUENCY. An offense or misdemeanor committed by a
person; the term is usually used with reference to a minor. DESERVING. When used with reference to clients, it refers to
those who merit or are eligible for assistance.
DEMOCRACY. A government by the people, of the people and for
the people, exercised directly or through their duly elected DETAINEE. A person who is being kept in custody or confinement
representatives pending further action. During the martial law years
thousands of individuals highly critical of government officials
DEMOGRAPHY. The study of the characteristics of the human and their actions or suspected of being or working against the
population as to size, growth, density, distribution and vital regime or rulers were detained in jail in violation of their civil
statistics rights. Some were kept for only a few weeks but many more
stayed for months and years. A few among these were social
DENIAL. A refusal to comply with an order, satisfy a request or to workers who were eventually released.
tell the truth; it could also be a rejection of a doctrine or
belief. DETENTION HOME/CENTER. Provides 24-hour or short-term
residential care for youthful offenders awaiting court
DEPENDENCY. A condition in which one individual must rely upon disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or
another, or upon society, for his maintenance in whole or in jurisdiction
part; it may also be the tendency to rely upon others in
making decisions. DEVELOPMENT. The progressive and continuous change in the
organism from birth to death (See Erickson theory); As used
DEPENDENT. One who is unable to exist or function satisfactorily by national development planners, the process whereby the
without the aid, care and support or use of another person or state deliberately fosters economic abundance and social
institution; e.g., dependent child equity through the orderly and wise utilization of resources in
order to attain a better life for all
DEPRESSED AREA/COMMUNITY. One which lacks physical
facilities and social amenities for a satisfactory life and is very DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH. Used in casework, it focuses on
low in economic productivity the growth and development of the individual's potentials
and capabilities.
DEPRESSION. In the normal individual, a state of dependency In group work it is concerned with building of strengths
characterized by feelings of inadequacy, lowered activity and rather than analyzing weaknesses, with ways of more
pessimism about the future; in another sense it is a effective coping rather than explanation of defenses.
prolonged, unresolved state of grief. Its symptoms include In community organization it refers to the development
any one or a combination of the following: painful subjective of the people's capabilities to attend to, develop and improve
feelings of hopelessness, despair, helplessness, worthlessness, their communities.
guilt and emptiness; also, headache, gastro-intestinal
discomfort, chest tightness, difficulty in breathing and urinary DEVELOPMENT PLAN. A body of organized programs, projects
problems; insomnia, fatigue, appetite loss, weepiness, and activities designed to foster increased efficiency,
retarded speech and anxiety. effectiveness and productivity of the organization.
It may consist essentially of policy statements, major
DEPRIVATION. A lack, loss, or removal of something which the goals and programs in response to the needs and problems of
individual needs, as when he is deprived of food, or shelter, a target population.
or clothing and such other common human needs as love
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING. Any action by the state to conceive,
"DESAPARECIDOS." Literally, "the disappeared" or involuntarily energize, and direct development towards economic growth
missing persons. The term originated in Latin America. In the and social equity
Philippines it refers to persons who have forcibly disappeared,
usually last seen to have been taken away by the military, its DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL WELFARE. Programs and services. which
civilian arm, or by government agents, or dissidents, for one directly contribute to the process of development specifically
reason or another, usually political. Some have simply by promoting human resource development, social change,
disappeared without anyone witnessing what happened. and people's participation in decision-making and nation-
Disappearances usually occur in times of serious building
political upheaval. With or without witnesses victims are
apprehended without arrest papers and then shut up in
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DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL WORK. The direct provision of social DISASTER. A catastrophic situation in which five or more families
assistance and services which leads to the optimum or households are rendered helpless or are deprived of the
development and fulfillment of the client's potential basic necessities of life; it may be natural as in the case of a
flood, or man-made as in problems of peace and order.
DEVELOPMENT TASKS. Skills, levels of achievement and social
adjustment which are considered important at certain ages DISASTER VICTIM. One who is harmed or suffers as a result of a
for the successful adjustment of the individual catastrophe

DEVIANT. Behavior which does not conform with prevailing DISCRIMINATION. The act of distinguishing one from the other
standards for acceptable behavior; e.g., homosexuality usually with bias or prejudice; e.g., in some countries, there is
discrimination against the colored races.
DIAGNOSIS. The determination of the nature of the problem; in
medicine, the disease or abnormality; in social work, the DISCUSSION. A type of verbal interaction, of "informed"
identification of the situation which prevents the individual conversation among a group of people; it is a type of
from socially functioning. It implies the collection and analysis communication in which each contributes his thinking and
of information, the fitting together of available facts so that participates in decision-making which is arrived at through a
they yield meaning. consensus.

DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT. To determine the nature of the DISPLACEMENT. The transference of an affection or emotional
problem, its causes, what can be done about it and the attachment from its proper object to a substitute; e.g., a
resources that can be tapped or mobilized to alleviate or wife's love for her husband may be displaced on the son
solve it. instead if the former dies.
In social casework it is the attempt to make as exact a
definition as possible of the situation and person of a human DISSIDENT. A person who disagrees with an opinion, or a belief
being in some social need-of his situation and personality, and dissociates himself or keeps apart from the majority. The
that is, in relation to the other human beings upon whom he term was first applied during the late 1940s and early 1950s
in any way depends or who depend upon him in relation to to the peasants and landless farmers who rose up against the
the social institutions of the community. (Mary Richmond) government and took to the hills to protest their exploitation.
Government social workers became involved in the
DIALOGUE. A prolonged exchange of ideas and opinions between rehabilitation of those dissidents who later on chose to lay
two or more people; not to be confused with "small talk" down their arms and were willing to be resettled in Mindanao
which is inconsequential conversation where they could occupy and gradually own public lands.
During the Marcos years the term was applied to
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. The process of distinguishing between virtually anyone in hiding or who took up arms against the
two similar problems by discovering a critical system or item government.
which is present in one but not in the other; hence, the
worker must suit his skills and techniques to each situation; DIVORCE. The dissolution of a marriage by law, or in primitive
e.g., two adolescents with behavior problems: one comes societies, by custom
from a poor family while the other comes from an affluent
but broken family DOCUMENT. A written or printed paper bearing the original, the
official, or legal form of something; it can be used to furnish
DIRECT. To bring about purposeful action towards desired decisive evidence or information; e.g., birth certificate
objectives
DOCUMENTATION. The accounting, i.e., recording and reporting
DIRECT PROVIDER OF RESOURCES. The worker who provides the to the supporting community or entity of the direct services
material aid or other tangible resources needed by the client rendered by the worker; also, a report on what he has
to eliminate or reduce situational deficiencies. learned from his experiences about the adequacy of program
design, its feasibility and functional relationship to articulated
DIRECT SERVICE. The tasks and activities of the social worker that policy goals, and the adequacy and implications of existing
touch the client directly problem conceptualization
It also refers to the supplying of documents or
DISABILITY. A medically diagnosed long term or chronic condition supporting references or records to interested parties.
involving a physiological, anatomical, mental or emotional
impairment resulting from a disease or illness, an inherited or DOCUMENTOR. One who prepares reports, records, case studies
congenital defect or a trauma or other insults (including and other official documents to account for services rendered
environmental) to mind or body. (Marquerite J. David 1983). for the general information of the supporting community or
The disability reduces the individual's personal coping public
and adaptive functions thus causing significant limitations in
over-all performance in day to day living; e.g., paraplegia.
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DOLE-OUT. The distribution of goods such as money, food, EGO PSYCHOLOGY. The assumption that it is the ego which
clothing, etc. as charity controls behavior as it can adjust behavior to a given situation
or any moment
DROPOUT. A child or youth of school age who leaves school
before finishing the elementary grades or completing high ELDERLY. A person approaching old age or one who has reached
school an influential position associated with age

DRUG ABUSE. Now also known as substance abuse, it is the ELIGIBILITY STUDY. The collection of information to ascertain
habitual use of drugs with psychological or physiological whether the client is qualified to receive the service that, he
dependence; a behavioral pattern of compulsive drug use, is requesting, usually material or cash assistance
characterized by overwhelming involvement in the use of a
drug, the securing of its supply, and a high tendency to ELIGIBLE. A client qualified for social services according to an
relapse after withdrawal agency's standards

DULL-NORMAL. A category for person whose IQs is between 70 ELITE. The best, most skilled member of a given social group
and 90
EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE. Material or cash assistance to
DYNAMIC. A condition implying change in which the change individuals and/or families who are in crisis or stressful
affecting one aspect of the client system may produce other situations such as fires, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, etc.
changes that may affect the initial change; e.g., a gradual self-
concept change, from submissive to moderately aggressive, EMOTIONAL DISORDER. A mental disorder in which chronic,
will lead to new experiences that in turn may affect the inappropriate emotional reactions predominate
direction of change in self-concept. The word implies energy,
force, or motion. EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE. The acting out of emotional
problems on others through behavioral disorders, usually
DYNAMICS. The psychological aspect or conduct of an characterized by impulsiveness, destructiveness, and
interpersonal relationship assaultiveness

EMOTIONAL STABILITY. The absence of wide variations or

alternations in mood
E
EMPATHY. The worker's ability to put himself in the shoes of the
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. As used by development planners, client so that he can understand what the latter is thinking of
expansion of a nation's capability to produce the goods and and feeling about her problem or situation
ser- vices its people need or want
ENABLER. The worker who makes change possible by supplying
ECONOMIC GROWTH. Increase in national income and its main the client with the means, the knowledge or the opportunity
indicator is the Gross National Product (GNP). to be or to do something

EFFECTIVITY. The extent to which the methods used have ENCOUNTER GROUP. A general term for various types of groups
produced the change desired and the goals and objectives in which people meet together to learn more about
have been achieved or realized themselves in relation to other people. Also known as
sensitivity group, T-group. (Hilgard and Atkinson)
EFFICACY. The power or capacity to produce the desired effect;
ability to produce results; e.g., in medicine, the power of a ENGAGEMENT. The period during which the worker begins to
certain medicine to kill the pain relate himself to the task at hand, involving himself in the
situation of the client, establishing communication and
EFFICIENCY. The manner in which the results were obtained, formulating preliminary hypothesis for the problem
whether or not they were produced with a minimum of waste
or unnecessary expense ENVIRONMENT. The totality of or any aspect of physical and
social phenomena which surrounds or affects an individual or
EGO. According to Sigmund Freud, that part of the mind which is part of the organism
the individual's perception of himself. Its chief function is to
test reality and mediate between the demands of the id and ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. A strategy used to bring
the superego which embody the critical and moral aspects of about a change in the client's environment to correct or
self. improve his situation in order to reduce the strain and the
pressure; e.g., taking a battered child away from home and
EGOISM. To be concerned with only oneself and one's own putting him in a residential institution until the home
interest in mind. situation improves or other provisions are made for his
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protection, care, and safety and all modifications of the living been paid to an adult so as to increase the profit for the
experience to offer opportunities for growth and change. employer or capitalist

EPILEPSY. Any of a group of nervous disorders characterized by EXPRESSED NEED. A felt need that is translated into a specific
focal or generalized convulsions demand for something

EQUALITY. That state where a man sees himself to be truly equal EXTENDED FAMILY. Families of two or three generations or of
of every man in his inherent worth and dignity although their the same generation living together under the same roof on a
socio-economic conditions may differ; e.g., the enjoyment of permanent basis
equal rights, whether political, economic, or social

EQUITABLE. A reasonable, fair and just sharing of goods and

services not to be confused with "equal" which means having
F
the same capability, quantity, or effect on another; e.g.,
equitable distribution of the national income and wealth. FACILITATOR. The person who helps remove the obstacles to the
exercise of rational thinking or learning by the use of non-
ERICKSON'S THEORY. Erick Erickson believed that there are eight formal adult teaching and learning methodologies and
stages in the psychosexual development of the human being strategies
and each stage is characterized by crisis that must be
resolved at each state before one can successfully move on to FACT-FINDING. The gathering and verification of specific
the next stage. These are: knowledge about a specific set of circumstances and persons
1. Oral-sensory stage trust vs. mistrust in order to determine the problem and what resources will be
2. Muscular-anal stage - autonomy vs. doubt required to deal with it
3. Locomotor-genital stage - initiation vs. guilt
4. Latency stage - industry vs. inferiority FAITH HEALING. Alleviation of physical and mental disorders
5. Puberty and adolescence - identity vs. role confusion through the person's belief in the part of divine intervention
6. Early adulthood - intimacy vs. isolation through direct prayer or the mediation of a Creator
7. Young and middle adulthood - generativity vs. self-
absorption FAMILY. A group of persons usually living together or constituting
8. Mature adulthood - integrity vs. despair. a single household, composed of the head and other persons
related to the head by blood, marriage or adoption, inter-
ETHICS. The science of moral duty; broadly, it concerns the acting and communicating with each other in their respective
science of ideal human character, and deals with moral roles of being husband and/or wife, mother and/or father,
principles, quality, or practice. It connotes self-righteousness. son and/or daughter, brother and/or sister, and creating and
Social work ethics refers to the conduct of the social worker maintaining a common culture. Excluded from this definition
as a professional. are those who are boarders, guests, or domestic help.
A person living alone is considered a separate family for
ETHNIC. A social group within the cultural, social system census purposes.
possessing certain characteristics like language, race, religion,
and physical traits different from the majority of the system FAMILY BREAKDOWN. The physical dissolution of family due to
of which it is a part. Filipinos living in the U.S. would desertion, separation (legal or informal), divorce and/or
constitute an ethnic group. In the Philippines the various annulment
tribal Filipinos are considered ethnic groups.
FAMILY CASEWORK. Work done by a social worker with or on
EVALUATION. The act of measuring or estimating the impact of behalf of the family and its members covering a wide range of
the social worker's intervention by comparing the conditions services that may include material assistance, problem-
obtaining prior to treatment or intervention and that at the solving, guidance, environmental intervention, advocacy or
end of the helping process, to find out whether or not the therapy and other types of services
goal has been achieved
FAMILY COUNSELING. Casework interviews in which the focus of
EXISTENTIALISM. A philosophy that is primarily concerned with the caseworker's assistance is to help the family deal with the
man's existence, his situation in the world, his freedom to problems it is experiencing and help the individual members
choose his goals and projects, and the meaning of his life. It change their behavior in order to improve family life. It is
emphasizes that man is responsible for his own existence and different from environmental manipulation or the provision
that subjective experience is sufficient criterion of truth. of tangible assistance.

EXPLOITATION. The utilization of another person for selfish ends; FAMILY DISORGANIZATION. A disturbed or non-harmonious
e.g., child exploitation - the use of child labor for certain functioning of the family, or temporary disruption of the
types of work for lesser wages than that which would have marriage relations occasioned by conflicts or tension
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between husband and wife; Outward manifestations of family FEUDALISM. A political and economic system wherein the land is
disorganization are: chronic failure to support, physical owned by a landlord for whom the peasants work under
violence, frequent and angry quarreling, consistent conditions of homage and service
unfaithfulness of one or both spouses, periodic desertion, etc.
FINANCIAL AID. Cash assistance to a client for the purchase of
FAMILY HEAD. The member of the family who carries the burden medicines, transportation ticket, or some other material need
of providing for its daily subsistence and who exercises some which is not available in the agency
degree of authority and control over the behavior of the rest
of the family FIXATION. In psychoanalysis it means arrested development as
when the person fails to pass beyond one of the earliest
FAMILY HELPER. As used today, it refers to a program of stages or change the objects of attachment; e.g., a male child
assistances and services extended to families in need of help fixates on the mother to the exclusion of other close
particularly in sending young children to school. attachments even when he is already an adult.

FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION. A service to enhance and facilitate the FOCUS. The worker's ability to concentrate both his and the
capacity for social functioning of the family and the individual, client's efforts on the significant aspect of the situation that
so as to improve interpersonal relationships. This is done requires work, and retaining that focus until some conclusion
through a process of group learning which enable the has been reached
members to move more confidently through the
maturational phases of the life cycle and to lead more FORMAL EDUCATION. Learning which is structured and takes
satisfying and fulfilling lives. place within the formal educational system; it consists of
three levels: elementary (grade school), secondary (high
FAMILY PLANNING. Deliberate efforts within the context of the school), and tertiary or higher education (certificate,
conventional family unit to limit or regulate the number of undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate)
children
The social worker's role in this area is to help the FOSTER CARE. A generic term applied to any kind of full-time
married couple arrive at decisions about its pattern of substitute care of children outside their own home by
reproduction in order to improve the quality of life for both persons other than their parents. It includes adoptive
the parents and the child and other members of the family. placement, institutional care, and boarding home care.

FAMILY THERAPY. This focuses on the family group as the FOSTER CHILD. A child under foster home care
treatment unit rather than the individual client. It is aimed at
helping families with interactional, behavioral and emotional FOSTER FAMILY CARE. A family provides residential facilities for a
problems such as parent-child interaction, marital conflicts child for 24 hours or more depending on the need. An
and conflicts with grandparents. The old term used was abandoned or orphaned child for instance may be placed
"family treatment." with a family who will take care of him until more suitable or
appropriate arrangements are made as when he is placed out
FAMILY TREATMENT. (See "family therapy") for adoption.
Foster family care is temporary and the placing agency,
FAMILY WELFARE. A program or composite of interventive usually a governmental one, pays for the services. The
measures or services focused on the prevention or resolution program is already operating in the Philippines but on a very
of problems of role functioning and relationships that limited scale.
threaten the stability of the family as a social unit
FOUNDATION. A nongovernmental, non-profit organization with
FEEBLEMINDEDNESS. Intellectual sub normality of any type funds and programs established to maintain or aid social,
educational, charitable, religious, or other activities: It may
FEEDBACK. A kind of return information from a source which is either be a trust or a corporation.
useful in regulating behavior; it is also a means by which the
sender evaluates the effectiveness of the message or the FREE ENTERPRISE. An economic system where anyone can
services rendered engage in the production and distribution of goods with only
a minimum of control by the government (See "capitalism")
FELT NEED. What people perceive to be their need; a conscious
need FREUDIAN THEORY. Sigmund Freud believed that personality has
three basic components: the id, the ego and the superego
FEMININE. The qualities suitable to or characteristic of women and that personality develops out of the conflicts between
these three basic structures with the ego as the problem-
FEMINIST. One who believes in, supports or participates in solving part of personality. (See "id", "ego", "superego")
movements to win political, social and economic equality for
women
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FUNCTION. The purpose or end product of an agency, GROUP DYNAMICS. The internal relationship among the group
organization, etc.; e.g., the function of a government agency members, and the external relationship to the environment
may be to ameliorate the living conditions of distressed and the task of the group
Filipinos.
GROUP HOMES. Residential facilities providing 24-hour-care in a
FUNCTIONAL APPROACH. In casework it refers to the delivery of group setting for 6 to 12 children or adolescents
the service as the focus of intervention (See "social service
delivery"). GROUP PROCESSES. The methods and steps by which the group
In social casework, it is a method for engaging the client resolves problems and meets objectives
through a relationship essentially one-to-one, in the use of a
social service toward his own and the general social welfare GROUP THERAPY. Any form of collective (several persons at a
(Ruth Smalley, 1977) time) therapeutic treatment usually with persons with special
needs and/or problems; e.g., drug addicts, alcoholics, etc. The
therapist uses principles of one-to-one intervention and
group dynamics to assist individuals in the group to achieve
G positive changes in attitudes and behavior.

GENERALIST. The social worker who provides services to clients GROUP WORK. (See "social group work")
with problems or in situations where expert or specialist
interventions are not needed. He has the capability to apply a GROWING PAINS. Metaphorically, any period of development
variety of change efforts to help people achieve the desired which involves some difficulty associated with growing up,
change. He does not have great depth in any one social especially those encountered in adolescence
problem area, know- ledge base or practice technique.
However, he must possess the capacity to spot a problem or GUIDANCE. As used by psychologists, the procedures used to
situation which will require the intervention of a specialist assist individuals to find maximum satisfaction in their
and make the necessary referral to the appropriate agency or educational or vocational careers
worker.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES. Major values, referring specifically to the
GENERIC. Having a wide application, it can apply to all members attitudes and behavior of the worker in the course of his
of a class (derived from 'general'). relationship with the client. These are acceptance, non-
judgmental attitude, individualization, purposeful expression
GENERIC SOCIAL WORK. Social work practice which incorporates of feelings, controlled emotional involvement, confidentiality
what is common in all three primary methods towards and self-determination.
creating a better environment and maximizing opportunities
for developing individual potential

GERIATRICS. The branch of medicine specializing in old age H

GOAL. The end result toward which the client and the worker are HALF-WAY HOME. A transitional residence for people with
striving or moving; it is related to the problem at hand. emotional illnesses who, while not in need of confinement in
an institution, are not yet ready to cope with family and
GOAL SETTING. The process by which decisions are made community life.
regarding the nature and extent of the change to be brought
about with the help of the social worker HAMLETTING. The word "hamlet" means a small village. It is a
military strategy which consists of keeping the villagers in a
GROUP. Two or more pe ns in relationship of psychic interaction small geographical area under tight security so that they
with one another acting as an entity. They have something in cannot communicate with, give aid to, or shelter rebels,
common and use face to face interaction to share that dissidents or members of the New People's Army, the military
commonality and work to fulfill needs and value common arm of the communist party. Sometimes the villagers cannot
problems, theirs or others. even leave the place to work on their farms or gather food.
This strategy was first used by the Americans in Vietnam.
GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS. The awareness that one individual in a
group has for other members or for the group as a whole HANDICAP. A generic term referring to a deficiency, especially
anatomical, physiological, or mental which prevents or
GROUP CONTAGION. The rapid spread of emotional reactions or restricts normal achievement or the fulfillment of a desired
behavior patterns through a group as a result of heightened role in life; Handicaps must be understood in the context of
suggestibility the individuals. environment or role; e.g., an individual born
with a stump instead of a right hand may be said to possess a
handicap if he is aspiring to be a painter.
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HANDICAPPED. Having less than normal ability or having an HUMANIZATION. As a concept of development, it is the process
anatomical or functional defect which makes it difficult for of keeping in balance the material and the spiritual aspects of
the individual to compete with his peers man.

HEDONISM. The psychological theory that the individual acts in HUMAN POWER. May refer to the capacity for knowing and
such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain loving, for reasoning and the exercise of free will

HELPING PROCESS. The progressive transaction between the HUMAN RELATIONS TRAINING. The generic term for leadership
worker and the client consisting of a series of problem-solving development, encounter groups, T-groups, awareness
operations so as to achieve a defined goal. It is carried on expansion, organizational development, etc. (Pfeiffer and
within a meaningful client-worker relationship. Jones, Vol. 1).

HELPING RELATIONSHIP. Also known as client-worker HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. The process of developing
relationship, it refers to the dynamic interaction between the the capacities and increasing the knowledge, skills and
two during which the worker helps the client to learn and capabilities of all the people in a given society and improving
solve his problem. their values and attitudes

HEREDITARY PREDISPOSITION. An inherited tendency towards a HUMAN RIGHTS. Basic rights intrinsic in man by virtue of his
certain disorder. Whether or not the disorder appears will be humanity, inherent worth and dignity, and as a person
determined by environmental conditions; e.g., high blood endowed with a reason and a free will; These rights are God-
pressure. given, natural, inalienable, and universal. Among these
human rights are the right to life, liberty and the security of
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. (See "Maslow's theory"). the person, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, of opinion and expression, of peaceful assembly and
HISTORICAL APPROACH. As used in counseling, it is the association, and the right to equal protection of the law.
recounting of events up to the onset of the problem. Other rights include the right to own property, to work, to get
an education and the right to a standard of living adequate
HOLISTIC APPROACH (HOLISM). The concept or theory that the for the health and well- being of himself and of his family. It
behavior of a living being can be explained only in terms of includes the right to acquire food, clothing, housing and
the behavior of all its parts instead of only one or a few of its medical care and other necessary social services, in cases of
parts. disability, widowhood, old age and other lack of livelihood
due to circumstances beyond control. (Source: UN Universal
HOMEMAKER SERVICE. A professionally supervised Declaration of Human Rights, December 20, 1948). The
paraprofessional home-help service designed to restore or citizen's civil rights and civil liberties emanate from his human
sustain family functioning and to prevent or reverse rights.
individual or family deterioration when the functioning of the
person who ordinarily takes care of himself or the family is HUMAN SERVICE ORGANIZATION. One who’s primary function is
impaired; e.g., help for the sick, the aged, etc. in their own to deal with problems that emanate from the conflict
homes between societal and personal interests; its aim is to define
or alter a person's behavior, attributes and social status in
HOMEOSTATIS. The balance or relatively stable state of order to maintain or enhance his well-being.
equilibrium between the different elements of an
organization or system HUMAN SEXUALITY. The individual and collective manifestation
of the person's sensuality, capacity for intimacy, his sexual
HOME VISIT. The worker's visiting the client in the latter's own identity, reproductive capability and interpersonal influence,
home to gather information necessary to help him or to give i.e., the use of sexual behavior to influence the feelings,
or deliver a tangible service attitudes, or behavior of others.

HOMOSEXUALITY. A behavior pattern characterized by a sexual HYPERKINETIC. Excessive mobility or restlessness

preference for or relations with members of the same sex,
usually male HYPOCHONDRIAC. An individual who exhibits excessive concern
about his health
HUMANISM. The philosophy which recognizes the value and
dignity of man and makes him the measure of all things, HYSTERIA. A complex form of neurosis which in general, is
including development characterized by emotional instability, repression,
dissociation, and suggestibility
HUMANITARIAN. One concerned with the needs of mankind and
the alleviation of human suffering; a philanthropist

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INDIGENOUS. That which is natural, intrinsic or innate to a given

I area

ID. That division of the mind or psyche from which arise the INDIGENOUS WORKER. One who works for a welfare agency and
animalistic, chaotic impulses which demand gratification; It is who is or was until recently a member of the very client
not in contact with the outside world, only with the body, population the agency serves. (Perry Levinson and Jeffrey
hence it tries to force the ego to accede to its wishes. (See Schiller, 1976).
"Freudian theory").
INDIGENT. One who does not have the means to subsist; a poor
IDENTIFY. To associate oneself closely with a person or a group or and needy person
a political or a social movement; e.g., to identify with a cause-
oriented group INDIVIDUAL. Of, or relating to a single human being

IDENTITY. The individual self INDIVIDUAL DEFICIENCY. Physical or mental handicaps; e.g.,
paraplegia, mental retardation, mental illness, etc.
IDEOLOGY. A reasonably coherent body of ideas concerning
practical means of how to change and reform society based INDIVIDUALISM: A strong attitude of personal independence
upon a more or less elaborate criticism of what is wrong with
the present or previous society INDIVIDUALIZATION. The recognition that each person is unique,
separate and distinct from the others and should be treated
IDIOCY. The lowest level of mental deficiency, usually with an IQ as such
of 0-20 which shows no significant degree of learning
INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. Persons who are either
ILLEGITIMATE. One born out of wedlock physically disabled or socially handicapped, or cannot take
care of themselves without help, e.g., the infirm or the aged
IMBECILE. An individual whose IQ is between 20 and 50
INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORK. As conceived in the Philippines, it is
IMMATURE. Characteristic of behavior which would be more social work practice in an industrial setting to help workers
appropriate to an earlier age resolve such problems as may prevent them from performing
their specific jobs satisfactorily.
IMMERSION. The act or manner by which the worker is In the United States it is sometimes called
profoundly absorbed in the affairs of the community, making "occupational social work" and has a broader interpretation.
it his place of residence so that he can get to know and It consists of programs and services under the auspices of
understand the people and their problems more and be in a labor and management, that utilize professional social
better position to help them workers to serve members or employees, and the legitimate
social welfare needs of the labor or industrial organization. It
IMPACT. The difference between the behavior and/or situation of also includes the use, by a voluntary or proprietary social
a person or persons before the social worker intervened, and agency, of trained social workers to provide social welfare
after intervention; the effect of a social welfare program services in consultation with a trade union or employing
upon the incidence of a social problem it is supposed to solve organization under a specific contractual agreement. (Paul A.
or alleviate Kurzman - 1983).

IMPAIRMENT. A deterioration in the individual's social INFERIORITY COMPLEX. Unconscious intensified feelings of being
functioning insignificant, insecure, or unable to cope with life

IMPERIALISM. In modern times it is characterized by a struggle INFLUENCE. Acts of the worker intended to make the client move
for the control of raw materials and world markets and by the or act in certain ways that will ultimately improve his social
attempts of a foreign power to subjugate and control foreign functioning
territories; the establishment of colonies, etc.
INFORMAL EDUCATION. Education acquired by the person in the
IMPLEMENTATION. The actual process or procedure taken to course of day to day living or daily transactions; it is
ensure the fulfillment of the goal of the helping process unstructured but experienced at home, on the street, on the
job, etc. Ex: good manners and right conduct
INCENTIVE. An external objective that tends to arouse
motivations and maintain goal-directed behavior. It may be INSECURITY. The state or feeling of being unable to cope; feeling
an intrinsic reward on the way to a main goal threatened or anxious

INDIGENIZATION. To originate, develop or produce naturally in a

particular land, region, or area in the environment
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IN-SERVICE TRAINING. Training conducted by the agency to by the worker to attain the objectives of the helping process.
improve and enhance the competence of its workers in their They are change-inducing and resource-providing actions
present positions. guided by the professional knowledge, values and skills of the
worker.
INSTITUTION. A permanent social fixture in the community; e.g.,
a village elder to whom people go for advice; it may be a INTERVIEWING. A face-to-face meeting usually between two
relationship or behavioral pattern of importance in the life of persons. In social work it is used to gather or give information,
the community or society; an organization, corporation or give therapy, resolve a disagreement, consider a joint under-
establishment whose purpose may be political, economic, taking, etc.
religious, educational, recreational, etc., e.g., the church.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS. These directly impart know- ledge
INSTITUTION BUILDING. The planning, organizing and guiding of to be taught. Textbooks, workbooks, (how to) manuals fall
new or reconstituted social structures so as to create new under this category.
values, social technologies, sources of support and action
patterns; e.g., the establishment of the barangay as the INTROVERT. A person whose thoughts and interests are directed
smallest political unit in the 1970s inward as opposed to the extrovert whose interests are
directed to others and to the environment.
INSTITUTIONAL CARE. Fulltime residential care
INVESTIGATION. The act or process of observing, inquiring, or
INSTITUTIONAL SOCIAL WELFARE. A conception of social welfare examining in detail the social situation of the client
consisting of provisions and measures designed to cushion
the impact of loss of income of the wage/salary earner due to INVOLVEMENT. To be part of a task, an activity or a movement
accident, illness, old age, death, etc.; e.g., social insurance,
workmen's compensation, retirement benefits, pensions, IRRATIONAL. A condition that results from loss of the usual or
medicare, etc. The individual prepares for it through his own normal clarity as from shock; to be incoherent
and his employer's contributions to the system.

INSURGENCY. Revolt against a recognized government which has

not sufficiently reached the proportions of an organized
J
revolutionary government
JOB ANALYSIS. An investigation of the ability requirements,
INTAKE. The process which begins when a person applies at a working conditions, pay, opportunities for promotion, etc.
social welfare agency for help; it is similar to the admission of which go with a particular job
a patient into a hospital.
JOB PLACEMENT. The assignment of an individual to a job on the
INTEGRATED METHOD (PRACTICE) OF SOCIAL WORK. See basis of his abilities, experiences, interests, and the
"generic social work." requirements for the position

INTEGRATED PERSONALITY. This results when the various trait JUVENILE AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS COURT. One where only
systems that constitute personality have been organized into matter concerning minors and/or their parents are attended
a harmonious whole resulting in effective adjustment. to. A few juvenile and domestic relations courts were to be
found in the Philippines in a few cities up to 1980 when the
INTEGRATION. The act or manner of combining an element with judiciary system was reorganized. These have since been
another so as to make it complete or whole; e.g., the absorbed by the regional trial courts.
integration of human rights concepts into the social work
curriculum JUVENILE OFFENDER. According to law, a young person below 15
years of age at the time of the commission of the crime
INTERACTION. The process of acting and reacting which takes
place between people meeting together in a small group

INTERNALIZE. To take external conditions, values or the like

inside oneself as part of one's own thinking

INTERVENE. To get into the affairs of the client so as to hinder

the escalation of his problem or situation or to modify his
situation or environment

INTERVENTION. The application of a helping repertoire which

consists of selected social work methods and processes used
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to meet his material needs should ultimately bring him closer

K to God
The concern of the Vatican over liberation theology
KLEPTOMANIA. An obsessive impulse or compulsion to steal appears to stem from the use by some exponents of concepts
borrowed from various currents of Marxist thought such as
KNOWLEDGE. Observations about the world and man which have the notion of "class struggle." This particular concept implies
been verified or are capable of verification. The social worker that violent conflict is not just inevitable, but necessary for
seeks specific knowledge to understand the nature of the the poor to achieve justice. In 1984 the Vatican issued a
problems he will face and the alternatives and consequences statement reiterating that the Church's mission is mainly
of his actions on the client. The knowledge base for spiritual although it now admits that the Christian Gospel
practitioners is human problem-solving rather than basic justifies the struggles of the poor for political freedom and
theory. control over their lives.

LICENSING. The provision of legal sanction (as differentiated from

L professional or community sanction) for qualified people to
conduct their practice under the title of "social worker" and
to restrict those who do not meet the qualifications from
LABOR FORCE. That segment of the population producing
using the title. In the Philippines a social worker must possess
marketable goods and services; as used in census and
a bachelor of science in social work degree as minimum
statistics, it includes those who have the capability to work or
educational requirement and must have passed the national
are looking for work.
licensing examination for social workers to be able to practice
as a social worker.
LEADER. One who guides, directs, or controls the action of others
For social work agencies it refers to the provision of a
legal permit to operate as such, after having met or complied
LEADERSHIP. The assumption of key roles by the individual; It is
with certain standards and requirements.
the ability to influence the behavior of others towards a
certain specific direction. It consists of interpersonal
'LIVE-IN' COUPLE. A man and a woman who live together in
influences, is exercised in a situation, is directed by means of
intimate relationship without being married in civil or
the communication process, and results in the attainment of
religious rites. The arrangement is usually casual and
a specific objective or set of objectives.
temporary.

LEARNING. A process that occurs whenever a relatively

LOGICAL DISCUSSION. A technique which utilizes ability to think
permanent change in behavior results from experience
and reason, to perceive and appraise reality factors, to see
possible alternatives, and to anticipate and evaluate con-
LEARNING THEORY. As developed by psychologists it refers to
sequences. (Naomi I. Brill, 1973)
the idea that people can give up or retain and develop certain
behaviors through the use of reward and punishment without
placing the burden of responsibility for change on the person.

LEVEL OF ASPIRATION. The degree of competence, learning,

achievement, etc. that the individual sets for himself and
anticipates attaining

LEVEL OF LIVING. The goods and services which can be bought

with income earned, rather than the standard of living

LEVELS OF POVERTY. As categorized by DSWD, it refers to the

groupings of the poor: survival, subsistence, and self-
sufficiency levels

LIBERATION. This denotes freedom from dependency, from both

internal and external obstacles to freedom, and from
sexploitative structures and institutions in order that man
may grow and realize his potentials, and attain self-fulfillment.

LIBERATION THEOLOGY. The belief of Christian church. workers,

religious as well as the laity that the Church should not be
concerned only with man's spiritual needs but also with the
temporal ones as these affect his spirituality and that efforts

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MARITAL COUNSELING. The process whereby the social worker

M assists couples to resolve problems, especially interpersonal
ones that exist after marriage, principally through interviews
MACHISMO. An exaggerated sense of masculinity stressing such and discussions
attributes as physical courage, virility, domination of women
and aggressiveness or virility (American Herigate Dictionary) MARRIAGE. The establishment of a conjugal relationship
between one man and one woman which is socially
MANAGEMENT. The process by which the objectives of a social recognized
welfare agency or organization are met and services are
rendered or delivered through the efficient utilization of man, MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION. Permanent disruption of marital
money, materials, machines, methods, time and space. (See relations and interactions by separation or death of one of
"administration"). the spouses
It is an organizational process that involves the
guidance or direction of people to maximally attain MARXISM. An economic theory which advocates class struggle as
organizational goals and objectives under existing conditions. a fundamental force for changing, or reforming society; It
entails a revolutionary seizure of power by the workers from
MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES. The technique of measuring the capitalist class and the establishment of a classless
efficiency by the extent to which the objectives are being met society.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS). The systematic MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. According to Abraham
process of gathering, recording, storing, processing, and Maslow man's needs may be classified in a hierarchical order:
retrieving data for management decisions 1) physiological (basic) needs - food, water, air, shelter;
2) safety needs - to know that his survival is not in
MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS. A severe mental disorder jeopardy;
characterized by cyclic changes in emotion or mood 3) belongingness and love need - to be accepted by others;
to be part of one's social environment;
MANIPULATION. To manage, move or divert events and 4) self-esteem needs - to feel significant, effectual, and
resources from their natural or logical course to achieve a competent; to have status and acceptance in one's
certain end. It is acceptable only when used as a tool to group;
provide constructive experience or to achieve a desirable goal. 5) self-actualization - to grow and expand one's personal
It is wrong when it is used to achieve personal ends at the horizons as an expression of one's potentialities and
expense of others. capabilities, and to strive for excellence in that which
one is good at.
MANPOWER. Refers to men available to a particular group or
required for a particular task; e.g., social work manpower MASS COMMUNICATION. The widespread dissemination of
information as by newspapers, radio, or television
MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT. In the Philippines, it refers to job
training for the 'hardcore' unemployed - to find, train, and MASS CONTAGION. The rapid spread of behavior patterns among
place them. groups of people not necessarily in direct contact
In the U.S. it is a means used to improve the
employability of young people, to enable workers to shift jobs MASS MEDIA. Print, broadcast, and audio-visual means of
and careers in response to changing economic circumstances disseminating information
and to improve the operation of the labor markets.
MASS MOVEMENT. A unified attempt on the part of a large
MARGINAL GROUP. In social work it refers to that sector of the number of people to effect social action such as demanding
population which needs assistance from the government or government reforms or civil rights
the community in order to survive, subsist, or attain self-
sufficiency; as defined by sociologists, it is a group which has MASS ORGANIZATION. The organization of relatively large
not yet been assimilated into a given culture. numbers of consumers or members of lower income groups
for the purpose of developing power and bringing pressure to
MARGINALITY. The state or situation in which some of the bear on institutions, groups and individuals in order to
population do not contribute to the development process. achieve the objectives of the organization
They do not enter into the decision-making process of their
communities, lead a precarious existence and are generally MATERIAL AID. Assistance given to a client in tangible form: food,
on the fringes of the development stream. medicine, materials for a self-help project, etc.

MARIJUANA (MARY JANE). A habit-forming drug derived from MATURATION. The process of completing or finishing growth and
the flower of a hemp plant development

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MATURITY. The state of having reached the full development of MIGRANT. A person who voluntarily moves from one region to
intelligence and emotional processes; It occurs inevitably in another in search of work, better opportunities to earn a
all normal human beings who have been provided with a living, or a better life
relatively suitable environment. No special learning is Before World War II most migrants were peasants or
required to reach maturity. small farmers from the north who migrated to the south, i.e.,
Mindanao, to cultivate and eventually own new farmlands.
MEDIATOR. The worker who seeks the enhancement of the Today, the push is from the rural areas to urban or industrial
client's social functioning through activity designed to secure centers for job opportunities other than those connected
some services or resources for persons with unmet needs with agriculture resulting in the proliferation of slums and
squatter areas and other social problems.
MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK. Social work practice in a hospital or
medical setting to help patients cope with or manage the MILIEU THERAPY. Involves the control, conditioning or
social, personal, or financial problems that may prevent them modification of the person's environment in such a way that
from enjoying the benefits of medical treatment it will have a beneficial effect on his treatment, the alleviation
of his deviant behavior, or his capacities to learn to become
MEDICARE. A hospital insurance plan financed through socialized; It is used mainly in mental hospitals, mental health
contributions paid while the individual is working; it provides centers and residential treatment centers for children.
some kind of protection against costs of in-patient hospital
services and post hospital care. MINOR OFFENDER. (See "juvenile offender")

MENDICANT. One who depends upon alms for a living MINORITIES. These are social, religious, political, or other groups
regarded as different from the larger group of which they are
MENTAL DEFICIENCY. Intellectual sub normality of any type. a part.
They are classified as:
borderline deficiency - IQ 70 - 80 MOBILIZATION. The assembling and energizing of existing groups,
moron - IQ 50 - 69 organizations, structures, and resources, or the creation of
imbecile - IQ 20 - 49 new ones so as to bring them to bear on a current, incipient
idiot - IQ below 20 problem; to assemble and prepare or put into operation for
an emergency or contingency
MENTAL DISORDER. Any serious mental maladjustment which is
disabling in its effects MODELING. A change in behavior as a result of the observation
of another's behavior or learning by vicarious experience or
MENTALLY HANDICAPPED. An educationally or vocationally imitation; e.g., a young girl may imitate or try to be like her
retarded individual due to subnormal mentality; the term teacher.
does not imply feeblemindedness or mental deficiency.
MODES OF INTERVENTION. Refers to the social work methods of
MENTAL HEALTH. A state of good adjustment with a subjective casework, group work, and community organization
state of well-being
MONGOLISM. A congenital defect characterized by deficiency in
MENTAL ILLNESS. Any behavioral disorder, whether functional or intelligence usually at the level of the imbecile, and physical
organic, with such a degree of severity as to require abnormalities which result in the individual's having a
professional help and (usually) hospitalization mongoloid appearance - slant eye, a relatively flat skull, and
stubby fingers.
MENTAL RETARDATION. A general terms referring to any degree
of mental deficiency MORALS. Generally accepted customs of conduct and right living
in a society, and the individual's practice in relation to these
METHOD. An established way of doing things, a conscious
procedure or means to achieve a goal; in social work it refers MOTIVATE. To incite to action towards a goal.
primarily to social casework, social group work, and
community organization. MOTIVATING. Directing or channeling behavior toward identified
goals
MIDDLE-AGED. Individuals between the ages of 40 and 65
MOTIVATION. The inner control of behavior as represented by
MIDDLE FORCES. In politics it refers to the intervening power physiological conditions, interests, attitudes and aspirations;
between two given points such as the radical left and the It provides the power or force to achieve specific social goals.
conservative right. In the Philippines it includes people from
the middle class, the professionals and business, labor unions, MOTIVE. An emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar
the moderates, etc. impulse; an emotion used as an incitement to attain some
goal or objective
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MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH. Here a case is handled e.g., child welfare network-groups and organizations
simultaneously by several professionals and/or auxiliaries concerned with the various aspects of child welfare.
from the human service professions or organizations, each
attending to a specific need or problem of the client. NEUROSIS. Any of the various functional disorders of the mind or
emotions without obvious organic lesion or change, involving
MULTI-PARENT FAMILY. Consists of husband and wife, one or anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal symptoms It is a form of
both of whom has/have been previously married and has maladjustment in which the individual is unable to cope with
children (natural or adoptive) by the former marriage(s) his anxieties and conflicts and develops abnormal symptoms
currently living with them in the same household. like phobia. The disturbance is slight and does not produce a
profound personality derangement. (Hilgard and Atkinson).
MULTI-PROBLEM FAMILY. Family which is impoverished and at
the same time betrays social maladjustment of its members NON-FORMAL EDUCATION. Any organized, systematic
as a result of family malfunctioning, disorganization or marital educational activity carried on outside the framework of the
dissolution. formal system; It aims to provide selected types of learning to
particular subgroups in the population, adults as well as
MULTI-PURPOSE WORKER. A term used to describe government children; e.g., leadership training.
social workers during the 1950s; At that time the Social
Welfare Administration (now DSWD) had on the average only NON-JUDGMENTAL ATTITUDE. The social worker refrains from
one social worker in every province and a few cities. This adopting a condemnatory attitude towards the client's
worker served simultaneously as head of office, supervisor of behavior, past or present although he may take note of it
paraprofessionals and direct service worker, delivering a professionally.
variety of social welfare services.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Communication expressed in
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. A pathological condition of the brain and signs or symbols such as facial expressions, gestures, body
spinal cord in which hardening of the tissues takes place with language; A client's expression may be different from what
consequent impairment of functioning. she is saying as when she says "Yes" to the worker's question
but her facial expression reveals just the opposite.

NORMS. Standards with which the performance of an individual

N can be compared

NARRATIVE RECORDING. The reporting of facts and events; It NUCLEAR FAMILY. Husband, wife and offspring acquired through
may be condensed, (summarized) or processed (reported procreation or adoption living together in a commonly shared
step by step). household apart from either set of parents of the couple; it
may be composed of father and mother and their unmarried
NEED. A condition or situation in which something necessary or children who reside in the same dwelling unit and share a
desirable is required or wanted so that the person may common food and sleeping arrangement.
function satisfactorily
NURSERY. A room or area set apart for the use of small children;
NEEDS. Requirements for the satisfaction of the human being and It emphasizes nurturing, protection and close association to
for his optimal adjustment to the environment; The basic the home.
needs are food, shelter, clothing, etc. Needs have varying
import at different ages under different circumstances. NURSING HOME. In the U.S. these are homes which provide long-
term care for the chronically ill with room, board and various
NEED ASSESSMENT. The task of determining what is required to levels of nursing and medical care. In some instances, they
ensure that a client is able to function at an acceptable level also provide post-hospital rehabilitation care following acute
in a specific domain of living illness.

NEGLECT. To fail to adequately provide or deliberately deny a NURTURE. The provision of food, love and care that enables an
person's basic needs; e.g., neglected child. individual to develop

NGO. Non-governmental organization

NEIGHBORHOOD. The physical, socio-cultural environment and

geographical area or vicinity in which the client lives

NETWORKING. A means of coordination among people, groups,

or organizations of various interests and orientation, working
together as in a chain so as to function in a specific manner;
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O P
OBJECTIVE. The specific, immediate end or the means towards PALSY. Paralysis accompanied by coarse tremor of the hands
which efforts are directed in order to attain the goal;
sometimes known as intermediate goal. Thus, the provision PARADIGM. A model, pattern, or example which demonstrate all
of vocational training for out-of-school youth as an objective the possible functions of what it represents
is a step towards employment and self-sufficiency, the end
goal. PARALYSIS. A partial or complete loss of function in the voluntary
musculature; e.g., paralysis of the legs
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY. The treatment of a client suffering
from personality maladjustment or mental disorder by giving PARANOID. A person afflicted with a non-degenerative, limited,
him useful work to do usually chronic psychosis characterized by delusions of
persecution or of grandeur characterized by measurable
OEDIPUS COMPLEX. The sexual attachment to the parent of the distrust, suspicion, or an exaggerated sense of one's own
opposite sex, originating as the normal culmination of the importance; e.g., a person may feel that someone is following
infantile period of development. him all the time. although this is not so.

ONE-PARENT FAMILY. A family with only one parent present and PARAPLEGIA. Paralysis of the lower body due to injuries of the
responsible for the care of minor children, the other parent spinal cord
being absent by abandonment, separation, desertion, death,
and in the present context, overseas employment, as PARAPROFESSIONAL. The person who works alongside or assists
thousands of men and women leave behind their families to the professional in direct service functions under the latter's
work abroad so as to be able to support them supervision; In social work he may be known as case aide,
social welfare aide, community worker, youth development
OPEN GROUP. The members enter and leave the group at their worker, indigenous worker, etc.
own pace of growth and change
"PARENS PATRIAE." A Latin' expression which means that every
ORGANIZATION. A number of persons or groups having specific child has the right to the care, assistance and protection of
responsibilities and united for some purpose or work; e.g., the State, particularly when his parents or guardians fail or
voluntary organization for social welfare; It may also refer to are unable to provide him with his fundamental needs for
the setting up of the framework or structure of the different growth, development, and improvement.
units of a system to carry out or perform distinct tasks for the
attainment of the goals of administration. PARENT EDUCATION. The use of programs and group activities to
help parents understand child behavior and to develop
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (O.D.). In a social work agency childrearing skills
it is a planned organization-wide program to enhance
organizational health and effectiveness through planned PARLIAMENT OF THE STREETS. Protest action by groups of
intervention in certain areas, of operations. It attempts of people by means of marches, demonstrations and rallies in
change beliefs, values and attitudes and even the structures the streets for lack of a proper venue. It is a forum for airing
to the organization so as to enable it to be more responsive the people's complaints and grievances, to seek redress, to
to new and emerging social realities and for its workers to discuss issues so as to bring them to the attention of the
more readily adapt new social work strategies and government or its high officials for appropriate action.
approaches. It is a long- term effort to enhance team It also serves as an education, information media for
problem-solving capability at all levels. concerned citizens; this has become a popular form of protest
in the Philippines.
ORGANIZING. Identifying and assigning activities and providing
authority to carry them out; It is concerned with establishing PAROLE. The release of a prisoner before his term has expired on
an organizational structure and intra-organizational condition of continued good behavior
relationships.
PARTIALIZATION. The assessment of the totality of a problem,
OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH. Youth of school age who are not in the breaking down into manageable units, and helping the
school client think about it and decide where to begin

PARTICIPATION. Man's involvement in the movements, activities,

and decisions which affect his own life and those he is
responsible for.

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PARTNERSHIP. The working association between the worker and PHYSICAL DISORDERS. Disorders which produce emotional and
client in which each understands the role and tasks of the psychological effects on the individual such as arthritis,
either, and together, they form a coherent whole moving blindness, burn injuries, cancer, cardiac disorders, cerebral
towards a common purpose palsy, cleft palate, anemia, stroke, and retardation, among
others
PATHOLOGY. A condition indicating the presence of disease
and/or disorder PLAN. Any method of thinking out acts and purposes before or
prior to implementation
PAUPERISM. As used by the English and the Americans it refers
to a way of life by which the poor are dependent on public or PLANNING. The process of determining "where to go" and
private relief identifying the requirements for getting there in the most
effective and efficient manner possible; It involves the
PEER GROUP. Is composed of young persons with equal standing collection and examination of information and ideas, and the
as in rank, class or age who associate with each other; e.g., a casting of programs or policies to guide future actions.
group of out-of-school youth aged 13 to 15 years It includes deciding what objectives to pursue within a
given time frame, what to do and what resources to use in
PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION. Voluntary involvement of people in order to attain these objectives.
self-determined change
PLAN OF ACTION. A structured design for carrying out planned
PEOPLE POWER. The capacity of people in groups or multitudes, change; It contains specific objectives and goals, strategies
moving as one, to influence the course of events or attain and approaches and specific statement of resources.
specific objectives for the good of the majority through non-
violent means. It involves critical actions; e.g., people PLAY THERAPY. The use of play as a method for relating to and
voluntarily flocking to the streets in masses to prevent the communicating with young children; It is a form of catharsis
passage of enemy forces in a time of crisis such as during the to enable the child to express feelings and emotions which, if
EDSA revolution. People power derives its power from its allowed to build up, could cause maladjustment.
moral suasion. For social workers it is a form of social action.
POLICY. A guide for a settled course of action composed or
PERFORMANCE AUDIT. The measurement of the results of effort consisting of all collective decisions directly concerned with.
or the output of the program promoting the well-being of all or parts of the population; for
social welfare it is a verbal, written, or implied expression of
PERMISSIVE. An attitude on the part of those in authority which agency. purpose that provides the guidelines for executive
gives the object of authority a wide latitude and freedom of action.
choice; e.g., a parent gives a young girl the discretion
whether or not she would attend a party. POLITICAL ACTION. The deliberate efforts of individuals and
groups to influence public policy decisions by participating in
PERSONAL IDENTITY. The persistence of the personality despite electoral politics, identifying problems that require
environmental and structural changes with time governmental attention, informing policymakers about
alternative courses of action and their likely consequences,
PERSONAL INADEQUACY. Lack of education, employment skills; influencing their choices in this regard, and advocating
e.g., the illiterate, the unskilled change (Rino J. Patti - 1983).

PERSONALITY. An individual's patterns of behavior, or the POLITICAL DETAINEES. Persons who have been picked up by
characteristic expression of himself; It refers to the total military and detained in a designated detention center or jail
individual and includes needs, motives, methods of adjusting, for alleged political activities such as possession of subversive
temperament qualities, self-concept, role behaviors, attitudes, documents or hidden firearms, or being an activist or
values, and abilities. suspected communist, or simply writing or criticizing the
government or its officials;
PERSON IN-SITUATION. A point of view that focuses on the By and large, these are individuals who are accused of
interaction between the person and his social situation and working against the government although no formal charges
the effects on both may have been made or filed. A few social workers suffered
detention during the Marcos years.
PHILANTROPHY. The promotion of the welfare of mankind
through charitable aid or donations in large amounts POPULATION PLANNING. Efforts to attain the objectives of a
given population policy conceived to be in the general good
PHILOSOPHY. General discipline concerned with the ultimate rather than primarily as a means to enhancing individual and
nature of the world and of man family welfare

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POPULATION WELFARE. Programs and services designed to PRIMARY GROUP. One characterized by intimate face to face
achieve a balance between population growth and national association and cooperation; It is fundamental in forming the
resources in order to achieve a satisfying standard of life for social nature and ideals of the individual; e.g., family, work
all group, play group, neighborhood group. (Charles H. Cooley,
1966)
POTENTIAL. That which is capable of being but is not yet in
existence; possible but not yet realized; having latent ability PRIMARY METHODS. Social work methods that touch the client
to perform or behave in some way, particularly in a way directly: casework, group work, and community organization
involving talent or intelligence; e.g., having a potential for
leadership. PRIMARY SETTING. Social agencies whose programs and services
are the direct 'purview or scope of social work; e.g., DSWD,
POVERTY. A particular living condition primarily characterized by Hospicio de San Jose and others
deprivation of basic needs for decent and meaningful
existence; or it may be a condition that is said to exist when PRINCIPLE. A general fundamental truth which may be used to
people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs. guide conduct or practice; e.g., principle of self-
determination
POVERTY CYCLE. Intergenerational exposure to socio-economic
deprivation. PRIORITY. The situation or problem that takes precedence over
the others because of importance or urgency; it is a value
POVERTY LINE. Represents a level of survival income sufficient to judgment that serves to order choices.
buy bare necessities; It is usually measured according to in-
come and varies from country to country depending on its PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE. An individual who espouses an
state of economic growth and development. Towards the end ideology or political belief considered inimical or contrary to
of 1984 the poverty line in the Philippines was determined at the prevailing beliefs held by the political rulers as a result of
P3,500 monthly income. which he is detained or imprisoned for many years; Usually
the person has considerable influence through his writings or
PREMARITAL COUNSELING. A form of service in which the activities and hence is considered a threat to the present
worker assists couples in preparing themselves for marriage status quo. In the case of well-known individuals, national
or re-marriage or in resolving problems that may confront and international pressure groups work for their release and
them after marriage in a few cases have succeeded.

PRE-SCHOOL. A generic term referring to schools for children of PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION. Confidential information
pre-school age; Focus is made on socialization, enhancing acquired in the course of the client-worker relationship which
their socio-cultural as well as cognitive growth, and may not be disclosed by the social worker when called as a
stimulating their creative tendencies. witness in court

PRE-SCHOOL CHILD. A child 3 to 6 years, i.e., not yet 7 years, who PROBATION. The action of suspending the sentence of one
is deemed not yet ready or eligible to enter the formal convicted of a minor offense and granting him provisional
education system freedom on the promise of good behavior; e.g., adult
probation
PRESENTING PROBLEM. The problem causing the person's
difficulty at the time of his request for help PROBLEM. A situation or question that presents uncertainty,
perplexity, or difficulty; it arises when the client's need has
PREVENTIVE SOCIAL WELFARE. Programs and services intended not been met or there are obstacles to its fulfillment thus
to prevent social breakdown which accompanies creating an imbalance between the person and his
industrialization and urbanization, increased population, environment and consequently threatening his capability to
changing systems and situations; It prevents abnormal function satisfactorily.
behavior and helps create new patterns of social relations
and new social institutions; e.g., recreation and character- PROBLEM ANALYSIS. (See "analysis").
building activities for the youth
PROBLEM FORMULATION. Considers what need is not being
PREVENTIVE SOCIAL WORK. The early discovery, control, fulfilled, the block or blocks to the fulfillment of that need,
elimination, or prevention of predictable physical, and the factors contributing to its block
psychological, or social problems for individuals or sectors of
the population at risk; e.g., counseling and other social PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION. The process in which the worker
services for migrant, idle, unskilled youth from the rural areas identifies the actual problem or condition of the client, and
entering urban centers the extent to which this exist so that some alteration, change
or improvement can be achieved

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PROBLEM-SOLVING. The process involved in discovering the PROGRAMMING. The process of preparing or setting up selected
correct sequence of alternatives leading to a goal or to a services to achieve program purposes; It involves the
solution; In social work it consists of six steps: identification establishment of priorities, proper sequencing and timing,
of the problem, data-gathering, planning the solution, and specifying the type of services to be applied.
implementation, evaluation, and termination.
PROGRAM ACCOUNTANCY. The task of organizing information
PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH. Used in casework and about the program so as to reveal how much of agency's
conceptualized by Helen Perlman, it refers to problem-solving resources are being spent for each program
as the medium of treatment. It assumes that the person's
normal problem-solving capabilities or resources have broken PROGRAM ANALYSIS. A method of estimating the impact of a
down, have been impaired or are maladaptive in view of program in terms of costs and benefits
which he has turned to a social agency for material and/or
psychological help to cope with his present problem. PROGRAM EVALUATION. An assessment made to determine the
consequences or impact of organized intervention
PROCEDURE. Ways and means of accomplishing something
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT. The reiterative process of (1) setting
PROCESS. The manner in which change as a response is brought objectives and targets with respect to programs and services,
about in a particular direction through a sequence of change (2) directing the attainment or fulfillment of such objectives
in a given period; It is a forward movement consisting of a or targets, and (3) evaluating the results of implementing
series of actions, changes, or functions that bring about an such programs and services
end or result.
PROGRAM MONITORING. A periodic assessment of program
PROCESS GOALS. Are concerned with helping people in a information so that the administrator can make decisions
community or neighborhood or a particular constituency about adjustments in the program operations that may be
group develop further knowledge, attitudes and skills, and needed so as to plan more effectively for the future
strengthen their qualities of participation, self-direction, and
cooperation; The result is intangible and immeasurable. It is PROGRAM PRODUCT. A discreetly measurable output of the
carried on through the process of helping people in certain program
ways.
PROJECT. A plan, a design, a blue print to guide activities towards
PROCESS RECORDING. A detailed account of what took place, of a specific objective: physical, social, and/or economic it may
the client's progress or the conversation between the worker refer to the actual implementation of the plan.
and the client.
PROJECT PROPOSAL. A description of the work that can be
PROFESSIONAL AUTHORITY. The authority bestowed on the undertaken if proper support is provided.
social worker to use his knowledge and skills in helping
people in trouble by virtue of his possessing the basic PROMOTION. The efforts of the management and staff of an
education for social work and having passed the licensing agency to bring to the attention of the general public or
examination for social workers; He is then considered community the plight of certain sectors of the population,
professionally competent. particularly the underprivileged, the disadvantaged, the
exploited, or at a given time, the needs and interests of
PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP. One that is established between people who are suffering from some adverse condition or
the worker and the client by virtue of the former's situation. These promotional tasks and activities may include
professional authority as they work together to solve the public information, conferences and meetings, talk shows on
latter's problem radio and TV, publications, and the formulation and
promulgation of standards.
PROGNOSIS. A prediction of the probable course and outcome of
the problem whether there is likelihood of its being solved or PROSTITUTION. The act of soliciting and accepting payment for
not and to what extent. sexual intercourse

PROGRAM. A coordinated group of activities maintained over a PROTECTIVE SERVICES FOR ADULTS. These are provided for
period of time aimed at producing specific types of services those who are unable to protect their own interests and are
directed to the achievement of an objective or set of therefore in danger of neglect, abuse or exploitation. In the
objectives; e.g., family welfare program, self-employment U.S. two of the measures used are guardianship and
assistance program, etc. conservatorship and other forms of legal procedures.
In social group work it refers to any activity that the
group does to satisfy its interests and which is used by the PROTECTIVE SERVICES FOR CHILDREN. These involve programs
group worker to achieve group goals and ultimately its for neglected, abused and exploited children under the age of
members' growth and development. 18 years through reporting, assessment, and treatment
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PROTESTANT ETHIC. In the U.S. the belief that everyone (not just PSYCHOTHERAPY. A form of treatment for problems of
monks), ought to make his life a religious vocation, followed emotional nature in which a trained person deliberately
by hard work as a manifestation of that religiosity; It is also establishes a professional relationship with a patient with the
known as the "work ethic." purpose of removing or modifying existing symptoms, of
mediating disturbed patterns of behavior and/or promoting
PSYCHIATRY. The medical study, diagnosis, treatment, and positive personality growth and development
prevention of mental illness
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE. This is government-financed material
PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK. Social work practice in a assistance or cash grants to needy persons to help them meet
medical/clinical setting which deals with mental/behavioral their basic needs when their own resources are insufficient.
problems of patients; the social worker usually works in close
relationship with the psychiatrist and the clinical psychologist PUBLIC RELATIONS. A planned and sustained effort to establish
as a member of the treatment team. and maintain mutual understanding between a social welfare
organization and its public
PSYCHOANALYSIS. Practiced by psychiatrists, it is used to
discover the disturbing unconscious processes and bring PUBLIC WELFARE. The provision of welfare services to needy
them into the conscious part of the patient's mind so that the individuals by the government
unconscious emotion (or energy) can be expressed (and
thereby dissipated) and the disturbing unconscious ideas PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS. The client's telling of his
(now conscious) can be worked through or dealt with. story with feeling and the worker interposing questions
pertinent to the purpose of the interview.
PSYCHODRAMA. The spontaneous use of play acting or role
playing, or active therapy to overcome personal problems

PSYCHOLOGY. The science of mental processes and behavior

Q

PSYCHOPATH. A person with a personality disorder especially QUALITY. The extent of compliance with program or profession-
manifested in aggressively anti-social behavior. It is marked al standards
by impulsiveness, inability to abide by the customs of law and
society or guilt regarding behavior. Also known as anti-social
person R
PSYCHOSIS. A severe mental disorder characterized by
RACISM. The notion that one's own ethnic stock or race is
disorganization of the thought processes, disturbances in
superior to others; e.g., the whites looking down on the
emotionality, disorientation as to time, space, and person,
blacks
and in some cases, hallucinations and delusions
It may be with or without organic damage
RADICAL SOCIAL WORK. The term is specific to the United States
characterized by partial or complete withdrawal from reality;
although the concept is already operational in the Philippines.
e.g., a man who thinks he is the president of the country, or is
It is an ideology that sees the present social institutions
an emperor and acts accordingly.
and structures as inherently exploitative and oppressive for
the masses of the people and therefore seeks social change
PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH. Also called the "diagnostic"
through the people's own collective action. It envisions social
approach, it is concerned with both the inner psychological
workers as joining hands with other concerned sectors of the
realities of man and the social context in which he lives
population. in order to succeed in this endeavor. (Refer to
(Gordon Hamilton, 1941): The focus of the treatment is the
"Supplement" (American) Encyclopedia of Social Work 1983)
individual and his functionality.

RAPPORT. A comfortable, warm and close relationship between

PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDERS. These are affective (emotional)
the worker and the client ensuring their working together to
disorders manifested by anxiety, drugs and alcohol addictions,
solve the latter's problem
organic mental disorders, psychosexual problems and
schizophrenia.
RATION. Food doled out in fixed quantity especially in an
emergency such as those caused by a typhoon, an
PSYCHOSOMATIC. Pertain to processes that are both somatic
earthquake, etc.
(bodily) and psychic (mental) in nature

RATIONALITY. The state or condition of being able to exercise

PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER. A disorder which is caused by a
one's reasoning power
combination of organic and psychological factors.

REALITY. The state of what is actual, what is, and what is true

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REALITY THEORY. This emphasizes working in the here and now. REHABILITATION. The restoration to normal, or to as satisfactory
It negates the importance of past experience except in a status as possible, of an individual who has been injured or
understanding the present. (William Glasser) has suffered some social dislocation.

REALITY THERAPY. Conceptualized by William Glasser, it is REHABILITATION CENTER. An institution that receives and
treatment which emphasizes working in the here and now rehabilitates the physically disabled or socially handicapped
and uses knowledge of past experience only to understand such as the youthful offenders or drug addicts
the present.
REHABILITATIVE SOCIAL WELFARE. Programs and services to
REASSURANCE. Assuring the client that the situation with which restore to functionality and productivity individuals who find
he is struggling can be solved and that he has the capability to themselves faced with problems which hinder their ability to
deal with his problem resulting in a favorable outcome; It cope with the situation adequately
should be based on reality.
RELATIONSHIP. The dynamic interaction between two or more
REBEL RETURNEES. Former anti-government guerillas who have individuals; It has a cohesive quality.
left the insurgent movement and are now willing to resume
or return to normal life RELATIONSHIP GOALS. The goal is the changing of certain types
of social relationships, like decision-making patterns in a
RECEPTION AND STUDY CENTER. An institution that receives for community
study, diagnosis, and temporary treatment children who have
behavioral problems for the purpose of determining the RELATIVE POVERTY. Inequality in income distribution; Some
appropriate care for them or recommending their segments of the population are very poor while a few others
appropriate treatment and rehabilitation in a center are very rich; e.g., a man considered rich in a small town
becomes poor when compared to the wealthy in the big
RECONCILIATION. The reestablishment of a harmonious and towns or cities.
satisfactory relationship between or among individuals,
groups, or communities who may have divergent or RELOCATION. The forced transfer of people from their homes
conflicting views, values or beliefs so as to work for the and places of residence as in the case of urban squatters who
common good; For social workers it means the reintegration are relocated to less congested areas to make way for
of the afflicted, the depressed, the isolated and the alienated changes deemed to be in the interest of the public like urban
into the heart of family and community life and the renewal
mainstream of national progress and development.
REMEDIAL SOCIAL WELFARE. Programs and services provided by
RECORD. A written account of what transpired about a specific the government or non-governmental organizations which
event or topic substitute for the inadequate care provided by the family,
group, and/or community; e.g., residential care for orphaned
RECORDING. In a social situation, the reproduction, usually children
written, of what happened between the client and the
worker in the process of the former's seeking help and the RESEARCH. A scientific and scholarly inquiry, investigation or
latter's responding to the former's need study

REDISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL WEALTH AND INCOME. The RESETTLE. To establish residence in a new place on a more
reallocation of resources and power among different sectors permanent basis
of the population with priority towards those with the least
goods and power RESETTLEMENT. An empty area to which specific groups of
people, especially those belonging to the marginal group are
REFERRAL. The process of helping a client to move on to another transferred for various reasons such as urban renewal as in
agency or resource or make contact so as to acquire the help the case of urban squatters and slum dwellers; ethnic
or service that he needs; A letter or note of referral is usually Filipinos have also been known to be resettled to make way
made for the client to present to the other agency or for massive development projects such as a river dam.
resource. A brief note will do if there is an existing working
relationship between the two agencies or resources. RESIDENTIAL CARE. 24-hour day to day care for a client, be it a
child or an adult, in an institution when such is needed
REFUGEE. A person who flees to a place of safety to escape from
a natural calamity or man-made disaster, or from invasion (in RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT. A full range of services offered in a
time of war), oppression, or religious or political persecution, residential facility; e.g., therapeutic group home or treatment
or on account of race center to emotionally disturbed or troubled children and
their parents as well as adults with emotional and behavioral
problems; The children are those whose parents cannot cope
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with them or cannot be effectively treated in their own person could play different roles; e.g., husband, father,
homes, or in another family or in other less intensive worker, community leader, etc.
treatment-oriented facility.
ROLE PERFORMANCE. The actual behavior of a person occupying
RESIDUAL SOCIAL WELFARE. A conception by Harold Wilensky a specific position
and Charles Labeaux (1965) that when the normal sources of
supply such as the family and the market are unable to meet RURAL AREA. Sparsely populated and widely scattered areas as in
the person's basic needs in times of crisis or breakdown, an agricultural terrain; generally they lack the physical
social welfare programs and services should meet such needs. facilities and social amenities found in urban areas; e.g., the
These are temporary and are withdrawn when no longer roads are not asphalted or cemented and there is no potable
needed. water supply or electricity.

RESOURCE. In social work it is anything that is used to achieve RURAL DEVELOPMENT. The process by which human productivity
goals, solve problems, alleviate distress, accomplish life tasks, is increased in the rural area and social institutions and
or realize aspirations and values; resources may be tangibles structures are built up for the benefit of the rural people
such as food, clothing, and shelter; or intangible like
knowledge, skills, courage, hope, love, status. RURAL SOCIAL WORK. The application of social work methods of
intervention to the needs and problems of people living in
RESPONSIBILITY. State of being legally or ethically accountable rural areas who are mostly dependent on agriculture as the
for the care or welfare of another; e.g., a parent is primary source of livelihood
responsible for the upbringing of his/her child.

RESTORATIVE SOCIAL WORK. The restoration of impaired

functioning to the optimum level such as in the case of a drug
S
addict; It includes treatment and rehabilitation.
SALVAGE. According to the dictionary this word means to save
RETARDATION. The slowing down of an individual's mental something (like a ship or its cargo) from loss or destruction.
development However, as used during the martial law years in the
Philippines it means summary execution. It refers to the
RETIREMENT. The formal act of leaving a career or an occupation; arbitrary killing of an individual by a person or persons known
In the Philippines the average age for retirement is 65 years or suspected to be representative/s of or belonging to the
although it may be earlier depending on the agency or government, military or civilian, on suspicion of subversive or
employer's policy. dissident activities or for acts considered inimical to the state.
The word became familiar to social workers when it
RETURNEE. In the Philippines, an individual who left a town, became evident during the latter part of the 1970s and early
barrio or barangay due to poor economic and social 1980s that social workers working in depressed communities
conditions or for political reasons but has now returned to or barangays ran the risk of being salvaged. There are at least
start life anew two social workers said to have been salvaged on account of
their com- munity organization work. One was cited by the
REWARD AND PUNISHMENT. A technique used to modify PASW during its biennial conference in 1985; further details
behavior by rewarding good behavior and punishing a bad are still needed to fully document the second case which was
one; e.g., a school child may be allowed to join other children first reported on the occasion of a SSWAP workshop in 1983.
in a class outing or picnic depending on whether or not he
has passing grades. SCHIZOPHRENIA. Any of a group of psychotic reactions
characterized by withdrawal from reality with highly variable
RICE WAGE FORMULA. Formulated after the war, it served as the behavior accompanying affective, behavioral, and intellectual
basis for computing the amount of assistance to be given to a disturbance
family of five. It was premised on the theory that the price of
a ganta of rice at a given time determined what the family SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK. Social work practice in a school setting
budget should be to meet its basic needs. It was then which endeavors to give attention to pupils' individual,
estimated that a family needed the equivalent of the price of intellectual, social and emotional needs and problems which
145 gantas of rice a month to meet the cost of day-to-day interfere with their school functioning and achievement
living including health and education. As constituted, the
formula was the price of a ganta of rice multiplied by 145 SECONDARY METHODS. These are administration, supervision,
gantas. (See Irene Ellis Murphy) and research; Used in social work, these methods facilitate an
agency's operation and service without touching or reaching
ROLE. The behavior expected of an individual which he assumes the client directly but require for their discharge social work
in a specific situation in his relationship with others - thus one knowledge, attitudes, and skills.

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SECONDARY SETTINGS. Agencies, institutions and organizations SELF-HELP GROUP. Voluntary, small group structure for mutual
whose primary function is to provide services other than aid to satisfy a common need, overcoming a common
social welfare but which employ social workers to support, handicap or a life-disrupting problem, and bringing about
strengthen, or complement their own services; e.g., hospitals, desired social and/or personal change; it is a group in which
schools, housing agencies, regional trial courts which include the members with common problems help each other, e.g.,
a social service unit in their set-up mother's group; youth group.

SECTARIAN AGENCY. A welfare agency operated by a religious SELF-KNOWLEDGE. The old term for self-awareness.
organization; e.g., Catholic Charities
SELF-REALIZATION. The complete development of the
SECURITY. The state of being safe from risk or danger; with individual's potentials; the actualization of aptitudes, talents,
regards to the emotions it means to be free from doubt, etc.
anxiety and fear; e.g., one who has emotional security is sure
of being loved by parents and by those who matter most to SELF-RELIANCE. The ability to do things by one's self instead of
him. depending on others

SEGREGATION. The practice or policy of imposing the separation SELF-SUFFICIENCY LEVEL. A state in which the individual or family
of races as in schools, housing or industry as in discrimination has enough resources to take care of or meet his/its basic
against nonwhites in a predominantly white society; e.g., in needs.
some communities abroad blacks are not allowed to buy
houses in a predominantly white section of the community. SENSITIVITY. The worker's awareness and understanding of the
client's functioning level and his responding in an appropriate
SELECTIVE EMPLOYMENT. The process of placing the disabled in fashion; it may refer to the worker's ability to see and listen
employment or kind of work suited to his capability; to the feelings of the client; i.e., "to listen feelingly".
Employment is of three types: open employment in
competitive industry, self-employment, and sheltered SENSITIVITY GROUPS. Groups who seek to foster increased
employment for those who are severely disabled or are personal and interpersonal awareness and then to develop
psychologically handicapped. more effectively interaction patterns through the use of
structured experiences and group activities
SELF. All the qualities that constitute the individual which
distinguishes him from another; it is the individual's SEPARATION. An agreement or court decree terminating the
conscious- ness of himself as a being or identity. conjugal relationship of a husband and wife

SELF-ACTUALIZATION. The process of making the most out of SEPARATION ANXIETY. Fear of losing someone to whom a person
one's capabilities leading to excellence. has become closely attached; e.g., an infant's fear of losing
his mother
SELF-AWARENESS. Insight into the reasons for one's own
behavior; self-understanding; e.g., a worker may be aware of SERVICE. Specific activities performed to, for, or in behalf of the
why he is unable to establish a working relationship with the client as part of the helping process; It touches the client
client. directly; e.g., it can be concrete and practical like financial aid
or intangible like family counseling.
SELF-CONCEPT. A composite of ideas, feelings, and attitudes that
a person has about himself; the similarity between self and SERVICE DELIVERY. The act or manner of extending one or
self-concept varies from person to person. several services to a client

SELF-DETERMINATION. The regulation of one's behavior by SETTLEMENTS. Having originated in England, it was a movement
inner-directed controls rather than as a result of social where socially concerned groups of middle and upper-class
pressures; the person makes his own decision after critical individuals settled in poor working class communities to
thinking and exploration, and examination of the different provide concrete, practical services and advice to those who
courses of action open to him; It is the making of decisions lived around them. These became the prototype of today's
after rational thinking. community centers.

SELF-FULFILLMENT. The state of having carried out or achieved SEXISM. Discrimination against the female sex as in matters of
one's objectives or goals to his own personal satisfaction. employment where women although qualified are barred
from occupying high positions or where women receive less
SELF-HELP. Ordinarily refers to the provision of aid to one's self; it pay than the men although their work may be equal
implies that the resources are available and within reach of
the person. SIBLING. A brother or sister

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SIBLING RIVALRY. Jealousy between siblings (brother and brother, infrastructure and finance. The organization responsible for it
sister and sister, or brother and sister) often based on their was called the "President's Action Committee on Social
competition for parental affection Amelioration" (PACSA). The PACSA chairman was a social
worker, Asuncion A. Perez who also headed the then Social
SIGNIFICANT OTHERS. Persons in the individual's social network Welfare Administration, now DSWD.
who may influence or have an impact on the client or system
being worked with; e.g., a child's teacher SOCIAL ASSISTANCE. Material aid provided by voluntary or non-
governmental organization
SIMULATION GAMES. Activities that range broadly from role play
to case studies, etc. so as to provide opportunities for the SOCIAL CASEWORK. An individualized forms of helping people
discussion of alternative approaches to problem analysis and cope with personal problems, usually involving an
solutions and in the process develop and release particular impairment or breakdown of social functioning
skills
SOCIAL CHANGE. The process which alters the structure of social
SINGLE PARENT FAMILY. A married parent with pre-school and relationships in society; e.g., the land less peasants becoming
minor children or an unwed parent with a family farm owners thus joining the middle class

SKILL. Proficiency in an activity developed through learning and SOCIAL CONFLICT. Conflict of ideas, values, beliefs or even
repetition and directed towards a particular objective or goal; ideologies generated by diverse groups strong enough to
According to Roy Lubas (1957) the social worker's unique skill break up the social functioning of a community or society,
is his ability to base treatment upon the expert collection or thereby posing a threat to its peace, order, and stability, and
interpretation of social evidence. resulting in its disorganization; e.g., regional autonomy vis-a-
vis centralized government.
SLUM. A highly populated urban area characterized by poor
housing and squalor SOCIAL CONSCIENCE. An internal recognition by the individual of
standards of right and wrong with which he judges the
SMALL GROUP. Consists of three or more persons who have conduct or situation of his environment; e.g., a person with a
something in common, and act in a face-to-face interaction to social conscience can be concerned over the injustice
share that commonality and work to fulfill needs and solve accorded industrial workers in some factories and may call
common problems attention to it for redress

SMALL TALK. Inconsequential conversation usually used at the SOCIAL CONTROL. The influence exerted by family, relatives, the
beginning of an interview to put both the worker and the neighborhood and small community to regulate a member's
client at ease; e.g., "Did it rain heavily in your place last behavior; Such control can still be seen in small communities
night?" It should not be used when there is tension or and among ethnic groups.
pressure. With reference to social work it refers to the worker's
efforts to regulate the behavior of clients with problems of
SOCIAL ACTION. Encompasses individual or group activity behavior such as the juvenile offenders and drug abusers.
designed to influence a change in policy. It is usually aimed at
the individual or organization responsible for policy SOCIAL DARWINISM. According to the early American social
legislation or its administration. At present it refers to the workers, this is the belief that in day to day living only the fit
involvement of the disadvantaged segments of the survive or overcome their problems - thus the term refers to
population in efforts to bring about changes and reforms in the "survival of the fittest" in everyday life; social work is
institutions and social structures. concerned with those who are unable to do so.

SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION. The administration of a social SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. As a process it refers to the rise in the
welfare/social work agency (See "administration") levels of living, a more equitable distribution of income and
wealth, a better system of socio-economic stratification, and
SOCIAL AGENCY. An organization, public, private or quasi- public greater social mobility.
which provides programs and services to promote the well- As a field of practice for human service professions it
being of individuals, groups, and communities who are includes health, education, welfare, housing, community
experiencing some difficulty in the management of their own development, and manpower development, among others.
affairs
SOCIAL DYSFUNCTIONING. This is an imbalance between the
SOCIAL AMELIORATION. Used during the late 1940s and early individual's needs, aspirations, and functional capacities on
1950s, it referred to government efforts to improve the the one hand and situational expectations, opportunities and
situation of the masses, particularly the landless peasants resources on the other.
through the provision of services in the fields of health,
education, welfare, agriculture, public highways and
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SOCIAL ENGINEERING. The systematic application of scientific who administers the means of production and controls the
principles, processes, procedures, and resources to attain distribution of goods.
social ends, and social change
SOCIALIZATION. The shaping function of the individual's
SOCIAL FUNCTIONING. The expression of the interaction characteristics and behavior through the training that the
between man and his environment; the individual's manner social environment provides; It is learning group ways and
of coping with the demands of his environment acquiring a specific culture. (Hilgard & Atkinson)

SOCIAL GROUP. A collection of individuals who have some SOCIALLY FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR. Consists of three. elements:
characteristics in common or who are pursuing a common effectiveness in task performance, responsibility to others,
goal and satisfaction of self

SOCIAL GROUP WORK. A process and a method through which SOCIAL JUSTICE. The equitable distribution of national wealth
individuals in groups are helped by a worker to relate and income and the equality of access to opportunities for
themselves to other people and to experience growth the full development of every citizen as a human being; the
opportunities in consonance with their needs and capacities humanization of laws and the equalization of social and
economic forces by the state so that justice in its rational
SOCIAL HISTORY. An account of the background or life-history as meaning and objective secular conception may at least be
well as the present state of the client related to the personal approximated
or social problem faced by him so as to better understand the
person in his situation (See "case study"). SOCIAL NEEDS. From the social work point of view, it is the need
for satisfying relationship with others.
SOCIAL INDICATORS. Derived summary of data or quantitative
measures which portray the state and trends in social SOCIAL PLANNER. The worker whose main function is to
conditions that are, or are likely to become the subject of integrate social aims and projects into development plans at
public concern and/or action whichever level micro, meso, macro in order to achieve the
It may also refer to measures that help evaluate the improvement of the community and the well-being of clients
social aspects of a nation's life, including such areas as health, and other persons.
education, population growth. Crime rate, incidence of
mental disorders, unemployment, literacy rate, are examples. SOCIAL PLANNING. At the macro level, it is the development of
Social indicators serve as indexes to socially important strategies for manipulating social systems for human welfare.
conditions in society. As a social work method it is one wherein the worker helps a
community to deal with its problems by helping the people
SOCIAL INSTITUTION. The continuing mechanism through which identify the problem areas, analyze causes, formulate plans,
policy is put into effect; e.g., a social welfare agency develop strategies, and mobilize the resources necessary to
effect action.
SOCIAL INSURANCE. Cash benefits for the individual himself or
his dependents or survivors to which he has contributed SOCIAL POLICY. A statement of intentions to guide action in
while gainfully employed. Ex: old age or retirement benefits, meeting a perceived need or problem; it may consist of
survivor benefits. principles and procedures related to individual and aggregate
Also, the social security program which is financed relationships in society which are used to intervene in and
mainly by contributions from the employees and their regulate an otherwise random social system.
employers who will be eventually benefited. Ex:
hospitalization and medical care benefits SOCIAL PROBLEM. A condition of people or their environment
that is deemed undesirable; With respect to the community,
SOCIAL INTEGRATION. It is the balanced and harmonious it is a set of conditions affecting a significant number of
blending of different views, practices, values, and courses to people in ways that are harmful and undesirable and
promote stability; also, the process by which the individual therefore something should be done through collective
fits into a social group. action to alleviate, correct or prevent them; e.g., drug
addiction.
SOCIAL INTERACTION. The interpersonal processes which take The nature of social problems may differ from period to
place between two or more individuals resulting in a period depending on the economic, political and social
modification of the attitudes and behavior of the participants climate.
(Helen Northern, 1969)
SOCIAL PROCESS. The interaction between two or more
SOCIALISM. A social system in which private ownership is individuals
permitted but the state; i.e., the political power, regards the
major industries as public utilities and it is the government SOCIAL PROVISIONS. The means by which social policies are
implemented by making available needed resources for the
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purpose of maximum health and social functioning and SOCIAL SITUATION. An environment consisting of other persons
development of target groups; They substitute for, who may influence the individual
supplement, or replace the market allocation for income,
medical care, housing and other resources. Among these are SOCIAL STRUCTURE. An interactive system which ensures that
public assistance, social insurance, public housing and the necessary work of the society will be insured; It includes
medicare. the institutions that perform the functions necessary to the
maintenance of society, the relationship between and among
SOCIAL REFORM. The improvement of social and political these institutions, and the rules and regulations that govern
conditions without revolutionary change; It is an ideological the interaction and provide a basis for differentiating
orientation in social work which upholds the belief that social hierarchies of power and prestige.
problems can be significantly ameliorated through It may also refer to the characteristics and interpersonal
government intervention, enlightened social responsibility on relationships which distinguish a group from any other group.
the part of government corporations, and an informed,
politically active citizenry. SOCIAL SURVEY. A general or comprehensive view of a social
It became a movement in the United States during the situation or condition, involving the collection, collation,
latter part of the 19th century when social work pioneers analysis, synthesis, and interpretation of data (See "socio-
sought to institute environmental reform approaches, e.g., economic survey")
free public health services, better housing, free public
education, and to meet the social problems resulting from SOCIAL SYSTEM. A group of persons or groups of persons who
industrialization. Jane Addams was the leading figure in this are interrelated, interdependent and interacting with each
movement. other and is regarded as a collective entity: Ex. The family is a
social system.
SOCIAL REHABILITATION. A composite of services the purpose of
which is to modify the client's values and attitudes in order to SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION. Change in the character or
improve his social functioning and facilitate his re-entry into personality of the person such as the change from an
his family and the community apathetic, indifferent individual to a socially concerned or
highly politicized citizen
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. Daily transactions entered into by all
men in order to perform their basic functions as human SOCIAL TREATMENT. An approach to interpersonal helping which
beings and as members of a family, a neighborhood, and a utilizes direct and indirect strategies of intervention to aid
nation individuals, families and small groups in improving their social
functioning and in coping with social problems
SOCIAL RESEARCH. An in-depth study concerned with the social
aspects of man's well-being including his social environment SOCIAL WELFARE. Broadly speaking, it is an organized system of
social services and institutions designed to aid individuals,
SOCIAL ROLE. The individual's role in the group; more specifically groups and communities to attain satisfying standards of life
the group's expectations as to the behavior, attitude, and and health, and personal and social relationships which
other attributes of the occupant of a given position in a social permit them to develop their full capacities, and to promote
system; e.g., the father, as family head. their well-being in harmony with the needs of their families
and the community. (Walter Friedlander)
SOCIAL SECURITY. A collection of measures by which the For social workers, as a field of practice, it refers to an
government provides economic assistance to persons faced aggregation of specialized programs, institutions and services
with unemployment, disability or old age; The Philippine intended to meet certain residual needs not covered by any
agencies with this function are the Government Service other types of sectoral action, and receiving some degree of
Insurance System for the public sector, and the Social financial support, supervision, or recognition from either the
Security System for the private sector. public or private sectors or both.
As used in Asia, it is concerned with the problems of
SOCIAL SERVICES. In a very general sense this refers to those poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, underemployment,
organized activities that are primarily and directly concerned malnutrition, disease, squalor, and many other aspects of
with the conservation, the protection, and the development social development.
of human beings; e.g., health, education, welfare.
For social workers it means specific services addressed SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCY. An organization, public or private,
to disadvantaged individuals or groups in society to maximize which employs social workers to provide programs and
their social functioning; e.g., for socialization and services to promote the well-being of individuals, groups,
development, for therapy, rehabilitation and social and/or communities who are experiencing some difficulty in
protection, for help and assistance, and for providing the management of their own affairs
opportunities or access to services that the client needs.
SOCIAL WELFARE INDICATORS. Used by the government's
welfare agency, these are a set of specific measures used to
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identify the level of individual or family well-being at a given • existing community resources relevant to the objective
time whether belonging to level 1 - survival level; level 2 - • existing income-producing projects
subsistence level, or level 3 - self-sufficiency level. • local supply of raw materials
• supplies, demands, and trends of the local market.
SOCIAL WELFARE OBJECTIVES. Whatever definition is used for
social welfare, in the final analysis, its main objectives, from SOCIOLOGY. The study of social behavior of human beings
the social work perspective are: 1. to support and strengthen especially the origins, organization, institution, and
the family as the basic social institution through which needs development of human society
are met; and 2. to strengthen the individual's capacity to deal
as effectively as possible with his life situation. "SOLO PARENT." One parent left alone to take care of and bring
up a child or children due to the absence of spouse either by
SOCIAL WORK. The profession which helps individuals, groups, abandonment, separation, divorce, death or overseas
and communities to develop, enhance, or restore their employment (See "single parent").
capability for coping with the demands of their environment
through the use of social work methods SPECIALIST. The social work practitioner who has demonstrated
expert knowledge and skills in his area of specialization which
SOCIAL WORK FUNCTIONS. Clusters of specific tasks performed may be defined in several ways according to the:
in the course of helping the client, whether as an individual, • population served - e.g., child welfare
group, or community; the functions are categorized as • focal problems - e.g., child exploitation
restorative, preventive, and developmental. • practice setting - e.g., hospital-medical social work
• method used - e.g., caseworker, group worker,
SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. The professional application of social community organizer or a combination of two or more
work values, principles, methods and techniques to one or of these areas.
more of the following objectives or goals: Thus, in an area of special interest or focus, a child
• help people obtain tangible services welfare specialist. The specialist exercises independent
• counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families judgment and initiative.
and groups
• help groups and communities provide on their own or SPECIAL GROUP. Is composed of individuals with special needs
with external assistance, social and health resources, (See "special needs").
and improve their economic conditions
• facilitate and enable people to become more SPECIAL NEEDS. Beyond universal needs, some people may have
economically productive, and be involved in special needs beyond what might normally already be
participating in community and local affairs, especially applicable or available to others. For example, the following
those that affect them directly. categories have special needs: the mentally retarded, the
physically disabled, the socially handicapped, the unattached
SOCIAL WORK PRACTITIONER. One who, by accepted academic elderly.
training and experiences, possesses the skill to achieve the
objectives as defined and set by the social work profession SQUATTER. One who settles on unoccupied land without legal
and is duly registered with the Professional Regulation claims; it may also refer to one who occupies a piece of public
Commission after having passed the licensing examination. land without permission from the government.

SOCIAL WORK PROCESS. A problem-solving process carried out STAFF DEVELOPMENT. The whole gamut of training staff ranging
by social workers in order to solve problems of social from in-service to fellowships, educational leaves, etc. A
functioning variety of programs and methods are applied to increase the
knowledge and skills of staff members to the maximum so
SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH. The critical inquiry into and the that they may function effectively and hence accomplish the
scientific testing of the validity of the social work organization, agency's purpose.
functions and methods in order to certify, generalize, and
extend social work knowledge, skills, concepts and theories STAFFING. Determining human resource needs of the
organization, and developing these resources through
SOCIETY. A composite of individuals acting together in social recruitment, selection, and training
relationships and creating the institutions necessary to meet
its own needs so as to ensure survival; The members have STANDARD OF LIVING. A measure of goods and services
mutual interests, shared institutions, and a common culture. considered as adequate for a particular group of people to
insure a healthy and contented existence in a given socio-
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY. As interpreted by DSWD this involves economic environment not necessarily depending on price
data-gathering in five major areas:
• characteristics of the target population

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STATUS. One's standing in the group; the position a person overthrow the government or whose statements and/or
occupies in relation to others in a hierarchy of positions in actions indicate that they are against the state. Not to be
any given group. confused with "detainee" as the latter's offense may be much
lighter; For instance, a writer in the previous regime may
STATUS SYMBOL. Anything that indicates a person's status; e.g., have been detained for being highly critical of the highest
a car, a big house, etc. official of the land or members of his family although he is
not a subversive.
STIGMA. A mark or token of infamy or disgrace a reproach; e.g., a
released prisoner who has served his sentence usually finds it SUMMARY RECORDING. A recapitulation of material which has
difficult to live down the stigma of his imprisonment. already appeared in previous records: It is good device for
organizing and analyzing facts and for evaluating the progress
STIMULUS. An agent, action or condition that causes a response; made so far.
an incentive
SUPEREGO. According to Freud, that part of the psyche or
STRATEGY. An orchestrated attempt to influence persons or personality which develops from the incorporation of moral
systems in relation to some goals; It implies overall planning standards and prohibitions from the parents and/or society. It
and command. corresponds to the individual's conscience.

STREET CHILDREN. Children who roam the streets in search of SUPERIORITY COMPLEX. A feeling of being better or higher in
opportunities to earn a living or in order to survive, some- status or rank than others
times through dubious means
SUPERVISION. The process of overseeing the work of another
STRESS. A state of strain which may be physical or psychological, with responsibility for its quality; It is necessary in social work
i.e., wear and tear on the body or the mind or both. to assure a program and a quality of service which both the
supporting and using community can use.
STRUCTURE. A complex social entity: a configuration of parts,
elements, or constituents (See "social structure") SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING, Food provided in day care centers to
augment the nutrition intake of pre-school children
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. The breaking down and study of the
components of a complex entity, organization, or SUPPORT. To provide encouragement and advice to a client in a
arrangement decision-making situation so as to make him feel better,
stronger and more comfortable in the immediate situation. It
STRUCTURED EXPERIENCES. Activities directed by a facilitator should be based on reality, taking into account some aspect
who suggests, directs, or heads the activity and takes of the client's functioning, his internal strengths, the way he
responsibility for ensuring that the data generated by the reacts, a decision he may have previously made, the way he
exercise or material are appropriately and adequately behaves in a relationship.
processed by the participants; ex: leadership training for
barangay officials SUPPORTIVE SERVICES. In a social welfare agency, these normally
include: 1) management and general services, and 2) fund-
STRUCTURAL REFORM. The improvement of a social structure by raising services (usually in NGOs).
alteration, correction of error, or removal of defects.
SURRENDEREE. A person who gives up arms or gives himself up
SUBGROUP. A small cultural group existing within a larger into the authority of the government. As used currently it
cultural group. Their (the small and larger groups) attitudes refers to a member of a rebel troop who comes out of hiding,
and patterns of behavior may not conform with each other lays down his arms, and surrenders his person to an official of
thus causing a conflict. the government or the military.

SUBSISTENCE LEVEL. As a social welfare indicator used by DSWD SURROGATE. One who functions in place of another's parent; e.g.,
it refers to that state or condition where the client is barely or a child's female teacher may take the place of that child's
just able to meet his basic needs such as food, shelter, or mother.
clothing.
SURVEY. To take a general or comprehensive view of a certain
SUBSTANCE ABUSE. Excessive drinking of alcohol, i.e., drinks or situation, problem or area
taking of drugs thus causing harm to the person physically
and/or psychologically. SURVIVAL LEVEL. As a social welfare indicator, it refers to that
state where the individual, family or community will not be
SUBVERSIVE. A person who intends to undermine or overthrow able to survive without outside help.
established authority such as the government; The label is
used to refer to those suspected of actually plotting to
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SYNERGY. The action of two or more elements, substances, TECHNIQUE. The manner in which certain activities are executed
organs or organisms to achieve an effect of which each is based on the mechanical or formal aspects; e.g., techniques
individually incapable in interviewing

SYNETICS. Group discussion processes that are intended to TENSION. Stress under control
stimulate creative thinking and problem-solving specifically
by joining together different and apparently unrelated TERMINATION. The last phase of the social work process which
elements consists of disengagement after evaluation and stabilization
of change
SYSTEM. A whole made up of interrelated an interdependent
part; The parts exist in a state of balance, and when change THEOLOGY OF LIBERATION. (See "liberation theology")
takes place within one there should be compensatory change
within the others or the system becomes ineffectual. THERAPEUTIC INTERVIEW. Aims to help the client make changes
or to change the social environment so that the client will
SYSTEMIC FAILURE. The failure of systems to function adequately function better
to meet person and societal needs, e.g., failure of the
education system to meet the people's educational needs. THERAPY. The treatment of illness or disability or some dis- order,
usually a pathological condition; Group therapy and work
SYSTEMS THEORY. A way of conceptualizing problems and therapy are two of the most commonly used measures.
forming action or treatment plans; It is based on the concept
of wholeness, i.e., the objectives or elements within a system THRESHOLD. A beginning; That point or level below which there
produce an entity that is greater than the additive sum of the will be no intense response to a physical or mental stimulus
parts. but above which a response can be activated or agitated; e.g.,
low threshold of pain implies that the object or person is very
sensitive to the slightest pain felt. Another example: food
threshold - the amount of food needed for nutrition or food
T intake which the body needs

TARGET POPULATION. The people or sector of the population for TIMING. That strategic point in time when some kind of action
whom a program or service is intended must be taken or else, all is lost; also refers to the personal
tempo by which the worker lives and operates and the effect
TARGET SYSTEM. The people who are to be changed in some it has on his own capacity to relate to people with different
measurable way or are the focus of change efforts in order to patterns.
reach the goals of the change agent; Ex: street children and
those responsible for their condition TITHE. Ten percent of one's income given to the poor - a practice
religiously observed by the English people in olden times
TASK-CENTERED CASEWORK. A casework practice which
concentrates on helping clients achieve specific and limited TOOL. The instrument or means used by the social worker to
goals of their own choice within brief-bounded periods of carry out his practice. Specifically, these are interviewing,
service group discussion, and referral.

TASK GOALS. Objectives concerned with concrete plans of TOTAL FAMILY APPROACH. The discovery and utilization of the
activities of individuals, groups, or communities in order to strengths within the family; i.e., among family members, to
solve specific problems; They deal with the work of meeting solve individual and family problems
specific needs, performing definite functions and achieving
concrete objectives. The result is measurable and tangible. TRAINING RESOURCE. An aid or support to teaching or training.
Its purpose is to educate by stimulating thought and
TEACHING RESOURCES. Aids to teaching such as flat and audio- discussion around a theme. Ex: posters, sound slides, film
visual materials, printed media materials, case studies and strips, etc.
creative literature, even structured games, exercises and
participatory activities. TRANSACTION. A unit of a social intercourse composed of a
transactional stimulus (behavior, verbal or non-verbal
TEAM. A group of persons often representing various professions exhibited by an individual hoping to elicit a response) and a
who work together on a common goal or a plan of action. to transactional response (behavior of an individual who is in
meet the needs of a particular client or group of clients; e.g., reaction to a transactional stimulus)
a rehabilitation team
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS. An approach to describing and
understanding interpersonal problems based on the theory
introduced by Eric Berne that the human personality is
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structured into three separate ego states: Parent, Adult, and

Child and that each of these ego states has its own adaptive
V
functions when used in appropriate situation. The approach is
used in dealing with breakdown in interpersonal relationships. VAGRANCY. The state of wandering around because the person
This approach seeks to have clients become aware of has no fixed home or livelihood
the intrapsychic and interpersonal problems that they have
so that they can take specific courses of action to resolve VALUES. Formulations of preferred behavior held by individuals
them. or groups, their preference for certain means, ends, and
conditions of life, which are often accompanied by strong
TRANSFERENCE. The client unconsciously makes the worker the feelings. Values are not provable; they are what are held to
object of an emotional response thus transferring to him a be desirable and preferable. For social workers values are
response appropriate to other persons important in the their beliefs, preference or assumptions about what is good
history of the client; e.g., the client responding to a female and desirable for man.
worker as he would have done earlier in life with his mother.
VALUE ASSUMPTIONS. Beliefs on which the profession of social
TRAUMA. A psychological injury. work is based; These are: belief in and respect for the
inherent worth and dignity of man; belief that he is a unique
TREATMENT. Used in casework, it is the sum of all activities and creature; and that he has the capacity to change, to grow and
services directed towards helping an individual with a to develop.
problem.
VALUE COMMITMENT. The ideal to which the social worker
adheres; as stated by William Gordon "It is good and
desirable for man to fulfill his potential, to realize himself,
U and to balance this with equal efforts to help others do the
same."
UNDEREMPLOYMENT. To work at something which is less than
that which one is capable of; e.g., a college graduate working VALUE DILEMMA. A situation that requires one to choose
as a file clerk because no other work is available between two equally balanced values

UNEMPLOYMENT. To be without work for which one is paid or VALUE JUDGMENT. A reaction to a person's behavior, or to a
renumerated certain situation, issue or problem, or even an object
according to the observer's own personal or class values; A
UNIT OF ATTENTION. Part of the system on which the change thing which is neither intrinsically good or bad may be judged
activity is focused either way according to the values the person holds.

UNITED WAY. Another term for community chest. In the VENTILATION. A technique which involves bringing to the surface,
Philippines the term Community Chest is retained in Metro giving expression to, and opening for consideration those
Manila while the term used in the provinces is United Way. feelings and attitudes that need to be brought out because
(See "community chest"). they affect the functioning of the person involved.

UNIVERSALIZATION. The utilization of a common human VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Communication in speech, usually
experience demonstrating the strengths of others in coping unwritten
with situations similar to the one troubling the client; e.g.,
pointing out to the client who was recently operated on the VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE. The collaborative effort between the
experience of a friend who underwent a similar operation but counselor and the counselee to achieve any of these 3 things:
managed to recover 1) to enhance the counselee's employability; 2) to help. the
counselee selects a career based on occupational choice. and
UNWED MOTHER. A woman who bears a child without being job-matching techniques; and 3) to develop an adequate
married to its father work personality in the counselee that will enable him to
resolve work- and work-related problems and derive
URBAN AREA. A well-populated area complete with physical satisfaction from his work
facilities (good roads, bridges, infrastructure, electricity,
water, etc.) and social institutions like schools and churches, VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION. The organized effort to help
health clinics, recreational and cultural facilities physically and mentally handicapped individuals attain and
maintain the ability to work

VOLAG. Short for "voluntary agency""

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VOLUNTARY AGENCY. Sometimes known as "Volag", it refers to WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS. A technique used by social
an organization that has been set up by a group of private workers more often than any other type of direct service
citizens to render service to meet a perceived social need or workers; it means improving the capability of the individual,
problem. It is funded through voluntary contributions. usually from the marginal group, to meet the demands of his
However, it must be incorporated and licensed to operate. environment and/or to maintain satisfactory social relation-
ships.
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION. In social welfare, it is one set up or
established by a group of private individuals or organizations
for the purpose of meeting a perceived societal need or
problem.
Y

VOLUNTEER. A person who freely contributes his services, YOUNG ADULT. Generally, one between the ages of 21 years to
without renumeration commensurate with the value of the 30 years
services rendered to a public or voluntary group or
organization engaged in preventing, controlling or YOUTH. Young people between the periods of puberty to
ameliorating the effects of social problems experienced by somewhere in the early or mid-twenties
individuals, groups, or communities
YOUTH SERVICES. Programs and services designed to meet the
needs of young people in their transition from childhood to
adulthood, whether in school or out of school
W
YOUTH WELFARE. The promotion of the physical, social economic,
WAR VETERAN. A person who has been a member of the armed intellectual and spiritual well-being of the youth when such is
forces, an enlisted man or officer who fought in and survived threatened
a war. In 1946, after World War II, a war relief office was
organized by the government to aid indigent war victims and
individuals in the underground or resistance movement
(guerillas) who did not receive any backpay or compensation
either from the U.S. or Philippine government. The program
was phased out in 1951.

WELFARE STATE. A social system whereby the state assumes

primary social responsibility for its citizens such as free health
services, free education up to the university level, subsidized
housing for the elderly, income maintenance for adults who
cannot earn a living or are without any resources whatsoever

WITHDRAWAL. The pattern of behavior which removes the

individual from thwarting or frustration; It may become a
habitual defense mechanism involving serious systems of
retreat from reality, such as drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.

WORKER. Used in social work it refers to the social worker

WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES. A term commonly used by

almost all types of direct service workers in a community:
nurses, nutritionists, home extension workers, community
development workers, etc. who work directly with low
income or marginal groups, or barangay councils and leaders
to whom they deliver the services needed, usually in
pursuance of the socio-economic development and
improvement of the community.

WORKING WITH GROUPS. Refers to direct service workers who

use marginal groups as the point of entry in the delivery of
social services and whose activities are directed towards the
achievement of group-defined economic and/or social goals.

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BRACE, CHARLES LORING (1826 - 1890)

PIONEERS IN SOCIAL WORK AND
As one of the organizers of the Children's Aid Society in
SOCIAL WELFARE New York City, Mr. Brace served for 40 years as its executive
director. In this capacity he awakened the conscience of his con-
temporaries to the plight of destitute and vagrant children. The
ADDAMS, JANE (1860 - 1935)
Children's Aid Society established industrial schools, newsboys'
A leader of the social reform movement in her time, Ms.
lodging houses, night schools, summer camps, and sanitarium. Its
Addams founded Hull House in Chicago, the very first social
greatest impact was in the field of child welfare through its use of
settlement in the United States. The settlement offered a variety
foster care for children as one solution to the problem of juvenile
of social services to thousands of foreign-born Americans at the
delinquency, thus laying the foundations for the reforms of the
neighborhood level. It became the prototype of today's
next generation.
community center.
He graduated from Yale University in 1846 and two years
As a social reformer, Ms. Addams directed her efforts at
later completed his studies at Yale Divinity School.
working to outlaw child labor, provide places for city children to
develop physically and intellectually and improve social
conditions especially for young women, children, and immigrants.
BRECKINRIDGE, SOPHONISBA PRESTON (1866 - 1948)
In later years she worked for the cause of peace at the
The introduction of unique courses at the School of Social
international level and in 1931 she shared the Nobel Peace Prize
Services Administration of the University of Chicago where she
with
taught for many years was Ms. Breckinridge's contribution to
Nicolas Murray Butler. She graduated in 1881 from
social welfare and social work. In 1921 she introduced a course
Rockford Female Seminary. Then she went to Europe to further
on public welfare administration and in 1927 two other unique
her education. In London she visited Toynbee Hall, the very first
courses: "Social Work and the Courts" and "The Family and the
settlement house to be established there. The experience
State." In her teachings she placed strong emphasis on research,
became the beginning of her life-time involvement in social work.
legislative action, and public administration. She was very active
in professional social work organizations and served as president
of the American Association of Schools of Social Work in 1934-
ALTMEYER, ARTHUR J. (1891 - 1972)
1935. She was a lawyer who never practiced law but went into
Altmeyer was the undisputed leader of social welfare policy
social work instead
in the U.S. during his time. As a federal administrator (1934-1953)
he helped create and put into operation the most mammoth and
far-reaching social reform in American history, the Social Security
COYLE, GRACE LONGWELL (1892 - 1962)
Act, in 1935.
Ms. Coyle's major influence was on the development of
Among the other important social welfare reforms he
professional social work, particularly social group work, which
helped to recommend and put into practice were the survivors'
method she extended into new areas. She was the first social
insurance (1939), disability insurance (1939-1953), and federal
worker to apply insights gained from the social sciences and
financing of social work education (1936-1953). He was a strong
educational theory in work with groups, thus laying down the
advocate of a comprehensive, contributory social insurance
foundation for modern group work practice. The impact of her
characterized by cash benefits related to earnings. He earned a
first book Social Process in Organized Groups has been compared
Ph.D. in economics in 1931 at the University of Wisconsin.
to that of Mary Richmond's Social Diagnosis in casework practice.
Among the major papers she wrote or presented at conferences
were "Group Work and Social Change" (1935) and "Group
BALTAZAR, VICTOR J. (1914 - 1984)
Dynamics and the Practice of Social Work" (1950).
In the Philippines, he was the moving spirit behind the
She held a certificate from the New York School of
introduction of vocational rehabilitation as a field of social
Philanthropy in 1915 and a doctorate in Sociology from Columbia
welfare. A veteran of World War II, Mr. Baltazar was the chief
University in 1931.
architect of the growth of the rehabilitation program which
started as a vocational rehabilitation program for the blind and
other physically disabled persons to a rehabilitation program
DE JOYA, PETRA R. (1913 - 1987)
which now includes all types of the physically as well as the
Whichever position she occupied Ms. de Joya always
socially handicapped. His contribution to social work was the
worked towards the professionalization of social work,
introduction of the multidisciplinary or team approach to the
particularly through social work education.
rehabilitation of clients. He also introduced the vocational
In 1949 she became the chief of the Division of Public
training center, a facility of which there are now four one
Assistance of the Social Welfare Commission, the forerunner of
national, located in Barranca, Quezon City and three regional
the now Department of Social Welfare and Development. In this
centers in Dagupan City, Cebu City, and Zamboanga.
position she introduced professionalism and social concepts and
Mr. Baltazar received an A.B. degree from the Ateneo de
principles to the social workers, none of whom had had any
Manila University and was a fellow in Special Education in
formal training in social work. This experience underscored for
Rehabilitation and Guidance at Columbia University, 1952-53.
her the workers' need for formal training.

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The opportunity to do something about it came in 1954 treatment of minor delinquents and the establishment of juvenile
when she was invited to join the University of the Philippines to courts. He was the moving spirit in the establishment of the
teach social work courses in the College of Arts and Sciences. Her "Settlement House" which has through the years, provided
classes were so popular among the students that some of them I temporary shelter to needy children and women, and he lent his
decided to major in Social Work, then practically an unknown support to the Associated Charities of Manila, a private family
course. In 1956 a Department of Social Work was created and she welfare agency. Through his efforts this agency was later
was appointed its first head. This unit served as the beginning of absorbed by the Bureau of Public Welfare to form the nucleus of
the present U.P. College of Social Work and Community its Division of Public Assistance, the forerunner of what is now
Development. known as the Bureau of Family and Community Welfare.
By 1961 she had become the project director of the UNICEF
assisted Social Services Project of the Social Welfare
Administration (formerly SWC). The project focused on the GARRETT, ANNETTE MARIE (1898 - 1957)
revitalization and improvement of child and youth welfare Ms. Garrett is best known to Filipino social workers for her
services which included the establishment of new institutions. book Interviewing, Its Principles and Methods which has been
However, Ms. de Joya saw to it that provisions were made for the translated in 12 languages in other parts of the world.
in-service training and/or formal education of qualified workers. Her chief contribution to social work was in the area of
Fellowships and study grants at the graduate level were set up. casework. Besides giving courses in casework at Smith College,
As project director she made funds available for social work she was director of field operations and insisted that all social
research, the production of training materials, and the work students should have first-hand experience. In line with this
publication of social work books. The project also sponsored the principle, she herself undertook the treatment of a child in foster
first work- shops which enabled the schools to work together to placement in 1941 and in 1942 she eventually published a book
formulate common goals and guidelines for social work on her experience entitled Casework Treatment of a Child.
education. One of the by-products of these workshops was the She received a Master of Social Service degree from Smith
organization of what is now known as the Schools of Social Work College of Social Work, U.S.A., in 1929.
Association of the Philippines (SSWAP).
Ms. de Joya lobbied with others for the passage of the
Social Work Law in 1965. Shortly after, she was appointed a HAMILTON, GORDON (1892 - 1967)
member of the very first Social Work Board of Examiners where Considered one of the greats in social work history, she was
she served for a term of three years. the foremost theorist for the diagnostic school of casework. She
Meanwhile UNICEF was so impressed with her work in the helped promote the development of the casework theory and for
Project that it assigned her to South Korea for a few months to almost 40 years she was one of the most forceful advocates of a
develop a similar project for that country. Years later she also close link between social casework, social welfare, and social
served briefly as a social work consultant in the UN Economic and action.
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in Bangkok. By Her greatest contributions to social work stemmed from
then she was already occupying the position of undersecretary her roles as teacher and writer. In 1940 her most influential book,
for programs of the newly created Department of Social Welfare. Theory and Practice of Social Casework was published. In it she
Here she continued to promote social work education and the deals with social philosophy and values and the roles of casework
professionalization of social work. A master's degree or its in the broad spectrum of social work, the helping relationship as
equivalent is now required of those occupying supervisory and/or well as the helping process.
managerial positions. She obtained an AB degree from Bryn Mawr in 1914. Her
Her last position before she retired was that of Deputy involvement in war work during World War I ultimately led to her
Director of the UN Social Welfare and Development Center for career in social work.
Asia and the Pacific (SWDCAP) then located in Metro Manila. The
position enabled her to continue her efforts in the training of
social workers and allied workers, this time at the regional level. HOPKINS, HARRY LLOYD (1890 - 1946)
Ms. de Joya held undergraduate and graduate degrees in Mr. Hopkins obtained national prominence as a social
education from the Philippine Women's University. In 1948 she worker and a U.S. political adviser during the depression of the
obtained a master's degree in Social Work from the Catholic 1930s. He was the administrator of the first federal relief
University of America in Washington D.C. programs in the history of the U.S. Charged that federal money
was being used lavishly (it was being paid out as work relief for
public works) Hopkins held that the thousands of projects had
FABELLA, JOSE, M.D. (1888 - 1945) not only fed the hungry, clothed the needy and sheltered the
Regarded as the "Father of Philippine Social Welfare," Dr. homeless but had also enriched the economy. Besides the public
Fabella was the Commissioner of Public Welfare and later, the works program, federal money was also used to teach two million
first secretary of the pre-war Department of Health and Welfare. illiterates to read and write, and boys and girls were helped
A doctor of medicine, he also devoted much of his time to public toward self-support through the National Youth Administration.
welfare concerns. Eventually, Hopkins changed the system of "work for relief" and
He supervised and directed the planning and development instituted the payment of a decent wage in cash for those
of Welfareville Institutions, led the reform movement in the employed in work projects thus saving the self-respect of millions
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of persons who were victims of the depression. In so doing Paul offered at the graduate level. Nevertheless, CEU offered
Kellog, editor of Survey hailed him as "our first conservator of professional courses like Social Work Methods at the bachelor's
human resources in the U.S.A." level as introductory courses. Her foresight was finally rewarded
He was personal adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt when the Social Work Law was passed in 1965 recognizing the
and President Harry Truman. courses offered at the bachelor's level as preparatory to the
students' practice of social work. In 1950 CEU opened a master's
program for social Work. She remained the head of the College of
KATIGBAK, MARIA KALAW Social Work for twenty years, revising and updating the curricula
As senator (1961-67) Dr. Katigbak authored and sponsored to meet new demands.
R.A. 4373 (1965) entitled "An Act to Regulate the Practice of Mrs. Laudico finished Social Work in 1935 at the National
Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Catholic School of Social Service of the Catholic University of
Philippines and for Other Purposes" better known as the Social America in Washington D.C. In 1953 she was conferred an
Work Law. This law legitimized the practice of social work as a honorary doctor's degree by the Baguio University. She is now
profession instead of just a simple act of charity. Among her the Vice-President for Academic Affairs of the Centro Escolar
distinctive achievements was the organization of the Catholic University.
Charities of Manila where she served for several years as the first
executive director. For a time, she was also very much involved in
social work education as the first head of the Department of LEE, POSTER RAYMOND (1879 - 1939)
Catholic Social Work, a graduate school department of the Mr. Lee contributed greatly to the development of social
University of Santo Tomas which she herself initiated and casework theory and practice. He started out as a practitioner
organized. and eventually became a pioneer in social work education.
A holder of an MA in Literature from the University of He joined the faculty of the New York School of Social Work
Michigan, Senator Katigbak obtained an MA in Social Work from in 1912 (now known as Columbia University's School of Social
the University of the Philippines and a Ph.D. in Sociology from the Work) and became its director in 1917. His book Social Work:
University of Santo Tomas. Cause and Function presents the illuminating interrelationship
and contrasts between the social reformer and the social
technician. He also helped integrate into social casework the
LATHROP, JULIA CLIFFORD (1858 - 1932) insights of psychology, psychiatry, political science, economics
The first chief of the U.S. Children's Bureau, Ms. Lathrop and sociology.
was also the co-founder of the Chicago School of Civics and Mr. Lee helped formulate the generic social casework
Philanthropy (now School of Social Service Administration of the theory stating that the process in social casework and the
University of Chicago). She served in the Children's Bureau for equipment of the worker should be basically the same for all
nine years (1912-1921) investigating and reporting the social, fields. This was a landmark in the development of the social work
health, and employment problems of children, gathering and profession as schools were stimulated to apply generic-specific
analyzing data on infant and maternal mortality and the growth concepts to their curricula and to prepare social work students
of infants and young children, and developing a plan for action for general practice instead of for specific agency jobs. He was
that culminated in a grant-in-aid program for maternity and instrumental in organizing the American Association of Schools of
infant services in 1921. Social Work in 1919. In 1929 he was elected president of the
She graduated from Vassar College in 1880 and began her National Conference of Social Work.
career in social work as a resident of Hull House in Chicago, U.S.A. He graduated from Cornell University in 1903 and in the
same year attended a summer institute at the New York School of
Philanthropy.
LAUDICO, MINERVA G. (1912 - )
Educator, pioneer, social and civic action worker, Dr.
Laudico introduced social work education to the Philippines. Her MARTINEZ, JOSEFA JARA (1894 - 1987)
major contribution to the professionalization of social work in the Mrs. Martinez will always be remembered as the first and
Philippines is obscured by her better-known achievements in the foremost among Filipino social work pioneers.
field of social and civic action. But she was instrumental in She was the first Filipina to obtain formal education in
opening a social work course at the Centro Escolar University in social work having earned a diploma from the New York School of
1948 the first of its kind in the country. By the early 1950s a few Social Work in 1921. She was thus the first Filipina to
other schools followed suit. What made her innovation unique is demonstrate more scientific ways of helping people in trouble.
that the social work program was offered at the undergraduate In 1950, with the encouragement and support of Ms.
or bachelor's level this at a time when professional training in the Helena Benitez she organized the first graduate school of social
U.S. was offered only at the master's or graduate level. However, work now known as the Philippine School of Social Work, an
Dr. Laudico firmly believed that at that critical period of affiliate of the Philippine Women's University.
Philippine history, this was just after World War II, the demand Her early years (1921-1934) as a practitioner were spent in
was for social workers who could meet the people's emergency the field of child welfare. As chief of the Division of Dependent
needs and rehabilitation work. She then considered it as Children under the Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner she
preparatory training for the professional course which would be helped plan Welfareville, then the site of all government child-
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caring institutions. She helped organize women's clubs and cottage industries, among them native arts and crafts such as
puericulture centers so as to promote maternal and child health. woodcarving and weaving particularly among the ethnic groups.
At one point she was detailed to the Associated Charities of Ms. Murphy promoted the professionalization of social
Manila where she served as the first Filipina executive secretary. work immediately after the war by organizing refresher courses
Here, one of her major responsibilities was the training of "home and institutes such as the Institutes on Social Casework
visitors" as the pioneer caseworkers were then called. conducted by two UN Advisers in 1948. She also had a hand in
In 1934 she became the executive secretary of the Young the sending abroad of middle management staff through UN
Women's Christian Association (YWCA) a position she held until fellowships. She stayed in the Philippines from 1946 to 1953 and
1946. It was a different field of endeavor for her. She initiated has since gone back to the U.S. where she has promoted and
vacation camps for girls and women, promoted adult literacy encouraged the importation of native crafts from the Philippines.
classes, family life education, travelers' aid, vocational guidance,
cooperative kitchens, rest room for students, business women
and factory workers. In this way she demonstrated that there PEREZ, ASUNCION ARRIOLA (1893 - 1967)
were other ways of helping people improve their well-being Mrs. Perez was the very first Administrator of Social
other than meeting their material needs. After World War II she Welfare, a position that had a cabinet rank without portfolio,
assisted in the conceptualization and establishment of the thus making her the first woman cabinet member in the
Community Chest of Greater Manila, the Council of Welfare Philippines. She held this post from 1951-1953. The Social
Agencies and the Association of Red Feather Agencies. Welfare Administration (SWA), then the national social welfare
She served as UN social welfare/social work adviser to the agency which was created in 1951, was replaced in 1968 by the
following countries: Guatemala (1956-59; 1966-67), Mexico (1960, Department of Social Welfare.
1963-1964). She was an interim consultant with the UNICEF- As an administrator she expanded public welfare coverage
assisted SWA Social Services Project (1961) and training to the farthest provinces and towns; she gave further impetus to
consultant with the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement the principles of self-help, promoted urban and rural community
for several years. development, land reform and resettlement, slums clearance and
housing and expanded the coverage of public welfare services to
other cities, provinces and towns. She supervised the
MITCHELL, THOMAS A. S.J. (1914 - ) improvement of child welfare services, directed public assistance
Father Mitchell was the founder of Social Work, a to a family-oriented one, and encouraged the adoption of a
publication of the PASW and was its publisher-editor from 1953 program for the vocational rehabilitation of the handicapped.
to 1.966. During this period he was at the same time the Director Starting as a volunteer "home visitor" of the Associated
of the Social Work Center of Manila. Under his leadership this Charities of Manila, Mrs. Perez later became its executive
center specialized in consultative, participative research and secretary for many years. She served as the director of the
publication as well as in operating a small family welfare unit. Bureau of Public Welfare during the war and was appointed
Community participation and/or consultation concerned itself commissioner when the bureau was converted into the Social
with such matters as the analysis of community needs, evaluation Welfare Commission in 1947, and ultimately, the head of the
of agency policies, services and procedures to meet these needs, Social Welfare Administration. During the war she was interned
establishing personnel qualifications and practice standards, con- briefly in Fort Santiago for underground activities.
ducting in-service training careers, public relations and inter- From 1948 to 1950 she was the Chairman of the President's
agency conferences. Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA), a creation of
He was ordained' to the priesthood in 1946 at Woodstock, President Quirino.
Maryland and obtained his Master of Social Work degree from She retired from government service in 1954 and served as
Fordham University in 1950. president of the Wesleyan University in Cabanatuan City until
1967.

MURPHY, IRENE ELLIS (1900 - )

An American, Ms. Murphy is best remembered by local PRAY, KENNETH (1882 - 1948)
social workers for heading the team which developed the "Rice- Mr. Pray, is best known for his papers outlining the
Wage Formula" in 1948. This has become the basis for computing activities of community organization as a basic method in social
the amount of material assistance to be given to a needy family. work. He was dean of the School of Social Work at the University
The formula is premised on the theory that the price of rice at a of Pennsylvania, consultant on social affairs to the United Nations
given time or period determined likewise the high and low prices Secretariat and adviser to Pennsylvania prisons and industrial
of other family budget items like food, clothing, and shelter. Thus, schools. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin.
during the early 1950s to get the minimum monthly income
needed by a family of five persons, one had to multiply the
current price per ganta of rice by the formula number of 145. This RICHMOND, MARY ELLEN (1861 - 1928)
formula has since been updated by the DSWD. The first comprehensive statement on the principles of
As a UN consultant to the Philippine Relief and Trade social casework was formulated by Ms. Richmond. In 1917 her
Rehabilitation Administration (PRATRA) she helped to revitalize. best known book Social Diagnosis was published. This was the
culmination of more than seventeen years of research and
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experience in the principles and techniques of social investigation. In the 1940s a schism in casework practice developed
It was the first formulation of the theory and method of social between the functional school which was based on the ideas of
diagnosis and became regarded as evidence of the Otto Rank and the majority of social casework practitioners who
professionalization of social work. In 1922 she published What is adhered to the Freudian theory and called themselves the
Social Casework which she defined as "those processes which "diagnostic" group. Today, the two approaches appear to be able
develop personality through adjustments consciously effected, to function side by side depending upon the circumstances. She
individual by individual, between men and their social received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1912.
environment."
In 1897, having observed the frequent failure of cases to
res- pond successfully to treatment, she recommended the TOWLE, CHARLOTTE (1896 - 1966)
establishment of a training school for professional social workers Ms. Towie is best known in the Philippines for her book
at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Common Human Needs. First published in 1945, the book has
Toronto. As a result the New York School of Philanthropy was since become a classic.
established a few years later. It was the very first school of social She is credited with three major contributions to social
work and is now known as the School of Social Work of Columbia work: (1) her creation of a generic casework curriculum based on
University. She taught in this school for many years. her early conviction that all caseworkers, not just "psychiatric
social workers," needed knowledge about human behavior and a
broad range of treatment approaches; (2) her pioneer efforts to
SILVA, FELICIDAD ALVAREZ (1896 - 1983) synthesize personality and educational theories to develop a
Mrs. Silva was best known for her apostolate work, having more com- prehensive approach to social work education; and (3)
served for more than fifty years in various capacities in her attempt in Common Human Needs, to link the understanding
connection with the mission of the Catholic Church. In 1928 she of human behavior and needs with the administration of public
was appointed secretary of "Federacion Catholica de Mujeres de assistance programs. (See "common human needs")
Filipinas," now known as the Catholic Women's League (CWL) of Mrs. Towle took up Social Work at the New York School of
the Philippines, a position she held for twenty years. She Social Work in 1926.
pioneered in the putting up of social work services and social
action activities under Catholic auspices. She introduced
casework and counseling services for women or girls in distress VERGARA, JOSE M.D. (1894 - )
and provided assistance to those with family and marital Jose J. Vergara is a doctor of medicine who became a
problems, juvenile delinquency and unemployment. She pioneer in the field of youth welfare and built a successful career
established rest rooms for working women and students and in public service. Three innovations in this area are attributed to
conducted sessions on religion, arts and culture and other him. The very first was the establishment of the Child Guidance
worthwhile leisure time activities, using the help of volunteers. Clinic as a special service for juvenile offenders who were
Before the war she organized and supervised four-night brought to Branch III of the Municipal Court of Manila. Case
schools sponsored by the CWL to enable your women and girls to studies were prepared to assist the judge in the proper
study. She successfully fought against the reopening of a "Red disposition of the case. The second was the introduction of
Light District" in Manila and was active in social action groups psychiatric concepts in the treatment of juvenile offenders. This
exposing the motels which were exploiting young women and took place during the middle 1930s when Dr. Vergara was
girls. As a Catholic action worker, Mrs. Silva was a pioneer "pro- designated acting chief of the National Psychopatic (now Mental)
life" advocate, opposing birth control almost singlehandedly by Hospital where he served for a year and a half. For the first time
writing a series of articles and speeches against it. She was also medical students were taken in for training in psychiatry and to
opposed to the liberalization of the divorce law. She was involved assist in the treatment of patients suffering from somatic
in improving services for children and youth advocating diseases. His third important work was the establishment during
temporary care in institutions as a last resort and not 10-15 years the early 1930s of community health and social centers in the
as was then the practice. depressed areas of San Nicolas, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, and Sampaloc in
Mrs. Silva received her master of arts degree with a the city of Manila. These centers provided both health and
professional certificate in social work from the National Catholic welfare services and approximated today's community centers.
School. of Social Service of the Catholic University of America in Dr. Vergara finished medicine at the University of the
Washing- ton D.C. in 1925. Philippines in 1921. In 1925-26 he trained in psychiatry under a
Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in the U.S.

TAFT, JULIA JESSIE (1882 - 1960)

Dr. Taft was the founder of what became known during the
1940s as the "functional" school of social work. With Virginia
Robinson, a friend and colleague, she developed a psychologically
oriented curriculum at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work
where she taught social casework until her retirement in 1952.
This orientation brought the psychoanalytic approach of Otto
Rank into social casework practice.
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COMMUNITY CHEST FOUNDATION OF METROPOLITAN MANILA

LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL
(CCFMM)
AGENCIES A fund-raising agency for Metro Manila which was
organized in 1949, it assists member agencies in an annual
APASWE. Asian and Pacific Association for Social Work Education. fundraising campaign the proceeds of which. are proportionally
Originally named Asian Regional Association for Social Work allocated among the affiliated agencies themselves. It averages
Education, this is an organization which promotes interregional an annual member- ship of about 30 agencies.
cooperation in the field of social work education through the
sharing and exchange of teaching materials, researches, etc., and CWAFPI. Council of Welfare Agencies Foundation of the
the provision of opportunities which might further enhance the Philippines, Inc.
development of social work in the region. It accepts as members Organized in 1949, it is an agency which assists affiliated
all schools of social work which are also members of IASSW as members, agencies or individuals in the development of
well as individual social work educators and trained social coordinated plans and policies for social welfare and the
workers. development of minimum standards for social welfare and social
work. It acts as a clearing house for the exchange of social
BOARD FOR SOCIAL WORKERS welfare literature here and abroad. It also acts as the Philippine
This is the government body which conducts the annual Committee of the ICSW
licensure examination for social workers so that they may qualify
and be duly registered for the practice of social work. The board DSWD. Department of Social Welfare and Development
is the regulatory body for the practice of social work in the Formerly the Ministry of Social Services and Development,
Philippines. It is attached to the Professional Regulation this is the welfare arm of the Philippine government and is tasked
Commission and is one of the 33 examining boards for the primarily with the responsibility of ameliorating the living
various professions. It was created by law, RA 4373 in 1965 and is conditions of distressed Filipinos. It undertakes the
composed of one chairman, and two members who are all implementation of five program categories: family welfare, child
presidential appointees. welfare, youth welfare, welfare of those with special needs like
the handicapped and the disabled; welfare of those who are
CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES victims of natural calamities, disasters, social conflicts as well as
This is the official overseas division for relief and disaster other man-made social problems. Just recently added to these
aid of the U.S. Catholic Conference (USCC) representing the programs is women's welfare.
American bishops, clergy, religious and the laity. It provides The organization relies heavily on professional social
assistance to about 90 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. workers for the administration and implementation of its
Its financial support comes from annual nationwide fund-raising programs and services at all levels: national, regional, provincial
projects among the Catholic churches of the U.S., Europe, Canada, and local branches or units. It is the biggest employer of social
Australia, New Zealand. work graduates.
Since the start of its program in the Philippines in 1957, this
group has brought in millions of pounds of food, clothing, HOLT INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S SERVICES
medicines and rehabilitation equipment. It has become a regular This is a non-denominational Christian organization whose
source of aid through the years. objectives are: to keep families together, to return children to
their own families, and to effect adoptive placement of children
CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY in and outside the country
A movement started in the U.S. in 1877, this society It was founded in 1956 by Henry Holt, an American
addresses itself to the extensive urban destitution that had belonging to the Protestant sect. Its program was first launched
resulted from rapid industrialization and the increase in in Korea as an aftermath of the Korean war when countless
pauperism and the explosive conflict between the social classes; number of children were lost or abandoned.
it provided fertile ground for the development of social work into In the Philippines it operates through an independent
a profession. agency known as the Kaisahang Buhay Foundation which was
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1977.
CHRISTIAN CHILDREN'S FUND
This is one of the world's oldest and largest international, IASSW. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF SOCIAL
non-profit and non-sectarian child welfare agencies. It was WORK
originally founded in 1938 to assist Chinese children who were This is the organization through which schools of social
suffering as a result of the Sino-Japanese war. Today, it serves work. and social work educators join together on the
thousands of needy children all over the world through international level to promote and develop sound programs in
sponsorships by private individuals. Its primary purpose is to social work education in all parts of the world.
preserve and protect human life by providing services to meet It was established in 1928 with a small nucleus of schools
the basic needs of the child and his family such as those for located primarily in Western Europe as its members. Today its
health, education, material, spiritual, and cultural needs. membership includes about 24 associations of schools of social
CCF was introduced into the Philippines in 1971. work and close to 500 schools in 70 countries in all parts of the
world.
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ICSW. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL WELFARE PLAN. FOSTER PARENT'S PLAN INC.
This conference serves as an international forum for social An international assistance agency, its primary purpose is to
welfare. promote the care, maintenance, education, training, and well-
Dr. Rene Sand of Belgium was instrumental in getting being of children and their families who are living in depressed
voluntary organizations engaged in health and welfare thus communities.
bringing about the first international conference in Paris in July of The program was started in Spain in 1937 when the Spanish
1928. This was in response to a long felt need for an international Civil War left hundreds of children homeless. Two concerned
forum where all those concerned with human welfare could meet, Englishmen, Bohn Langdon Davies and Eric Naggeridge decided to
exchange information, and learn from each other. get together to help these children and sought the assistance of
The conferences are held every two years and the venue donors in the U.S. and England. Aid came in as food, clothing,
changes from region to region, from East to West to South, etc. In shelter and medicine.
1980 it was held in Hongkong, 1982 in England, 1984 in Canada, Since then the program has been expanded to other parts
and 1986 in Japan. To facilitate attendance the three conferences of the world, wherever there are needy children. In 1961 sit was
of ICSW, IFSW and IASSW are held in the same city during the brought into the Philippines where its main clientele are found in
same period, one after another. the rural areas.

IFSW. INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS SSWAP. SCHOOLS OF SOCIAL WORK ASSOCIATION OF THE
An international organization for social workers, this PHILIPPINES.
federation replaced the International Permanent Secretariat of The SSWAP is a voluntary association of schools offering
Social Workers which was founded in Paris in 1928 and was active formal social work education leading to the degree of bachelor of
until the outbreak of World War II in Europe. science in social work.
The present IFSW was organized in 1956 during the Its objectives are to: a) promote and maintain a high
meeting of the International Conference of Social Welfare in standard of social work education; b) standardize the social work
Munich, Germany. Its primary purpose is to promote social work curricula designed to prepare qualified professional social
as a profession through cooperation and action on an workers; c) serve as a national forum on issues related to social
international basis, especially with regards to professional work education; d) facilitate inter-school sharing of manpower
standards, training. ethics, and working conditions. and facilities; and e) encourage and promote research and the
development of indigenous teaching materials. It was formally
PASW. PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS organized in 1970 and as of school year 1986-87 it has 33
Incorporated in 1948, it is the professional association of member schools.
social workers in the Philippines. Its objectives are to a) promote Individual educators as well as agency field supervisors of
and maintain professional standards of social work practice; b) students and training officers are eligible for membership as
provide means and opportunities for professional training and associates.
improvement of its members; c) work for better understanding
and acceptance of social work as a profession; and d) work for WORLD VISION OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
more sympathetic support of and effective action for social An international voluntary agency, this group's chief aim is
welfare. to assist needy children through orphanages, schools and family
Among its major activities are the holding of a biennial aid programs by feeding, clothing, nurturing, and enabling
conference and the publication of the SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL. spiritual ministries.
It was founded by an American evangelist, Dr. Bob Pierce,
PEARL BUCK FOUNDATION, INC. as a social action work of his church.
This foundation is primarily concerned with the well-being
of Eurasian youth, i.e., children of Asian-American parents, one
parent is Asian and the other, American. Its primary objective is
to provide for the basic and educational needs of the "American
youth."
It was founded in 1964 by the late Ms. Pearl S. Buck, a
Nobel Prize winner for her writings about China and its people.
On a visit to Korea in 1963 she was appalled by the sight of so
many abandoned children obviously half-American and decided
then and there to set up a foundation to assist these children.
The foundation extended its services to the Philippines in 1968
where it is reputed to have the largest number of recipients
compared to the other recipient countries in the region.

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LEGISLATIONS ADDENDUM

Author's Note:
R.A. 4373
In the brief span between the first and second printing
Also known as the Social Work Law, it was approved on
of this book some social problems which have been the traditional
June 19, 1965.
concerns of social welfare have assumed alarming proportions.
It is "An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the
This development necessitated the innovation of appropriate
Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines and For
social work approaches and strategies which in turn led to the
Other Purposes."
introduction of new indigenous terins. Foremost among these
The law forbids any person to practice social work or
problems are those of street children, disadvantaged women, and
occupy a social work position unless he is duly registered with the
disabled persons. In addition, some of the terms commonly used
Board for Social Workers. To be registered or licensed to practice,
in social work practice are being replaced in view of the expanded
he must have passed the licensing examination; to qualify for
horizons of the profession. Many of the terms were culled from
examination he must at least have a bachelor of science in social
local literature on street children; some were introduced by the
work degree and have completed a minimums of 1,000 hours of
DSWD. A few came from foreign authors and are properly
field work.
acknowledged. These are included in this Addendum.)
The law also requires social work agencies to be accredited
by the government's welfare arm, in this case the Department of
ADVANCED DIRECT PRACTICE. This deals with the more
Social Welfare and Development.
complicated problems of individuals, families and groups and
may require more than the provision of material assistance
such as counseling, therapy or even advocacy. At the mezzo
R.A. 5416
(community) level it may include community organization,
Known as the Social Welfare Act, it is "An Act Providing for
provision of consultative services, and social action.
Comprehensive Social Services for Individuals and Groups in Need
of Assistance, Creating for this Purpose a Department of Social
ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION. When used with street children, this
Welfare."
refers to any form of educational activity which responds to
It was approved on June 15, 1968.
their needs, the things they have to know in order to keep
safe or survive on the street. For example: how to count
money and give the correct change to a customer, how to sell
U.S. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT OF 1935
newspapers or sampaguita garlands, what and how to answer
The first of its kind, it was an act passed by the United
the policeman when apprehended, how to find shelter on the
States Congress in 1935 to protect the citizen from economic and
street at night, how to avoid drug pushers, and not the least,
social hazards common to all men such as unemployment,
good manners and right conduct and moral and spiritual
sickness, old Iage, and other forces beyond his control. The
values.
original act contained three provisions: social insurance, public
assistance and maternal and child health. This Act inspired the
CAPACITY: ELEMENTS OF. A client's capacity to do something
Philippine Commonwealth to pass a similar law in 1937 leading to
about his problem is partly determined by his
the establishment of the Government Service and Insurance
1. Relationship capacity: the ability of a person to form
System. The Social Security System was established much later, in
relationships with other persons,
1954.
2. Problem-solving capacity which is partly related to the
cognitive development of the client either by client
independently or with the assistance of the social
worker, and
3. Physical capacity which is affected by client's age or
certain handicapping situations.

CASE MANAGEMENT. In the United States it is an approach to

ser- vice delivery that attempts to ensure that clients with
complex, multiple problems and disabilities receive all the
services that they need in a timely and appropriate fashion. It
is a boundary-spanning approach in that instead of
presenting a specific service it utilizes case managers to link
the client with the maze of direct service providers (Allen
Rubin, 1987). The case manager does not undertake direct
treatment responsibilities. It is the trained professional who
retains over-all responsibility for the casers and their
outcome (Geismar and Wood, 1986).

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CASE STUDY. A recording of the data and information gathered and most have a sense of belonging to the local community in
by the social worker at the onset of the casework process so which their home is located.
as to understand the nature of the client's difficulty, the
factors that contribute to or make it up, and the client's COGNITIVE THERAPY. This is given to help clients change their
motivation and capacity to do some- thing about it in the light cognitive processes (thinking, imagining or believing) in a way
of the internal and external resources available; the case that enables them to overcome their emotional and
study serves as the basis of the treatment or intervention behavioral problems (Edmund Sherman, 1987).
plan.
"Case study" is a term introduced by the American COMMON BASE FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. Its purpose,
casework pioneers who visualized helping individuals as a values, sanction, knowledge, and skills
trilogy: study, diagnosis, and treatment.
COMMONALITIES IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. Its purpose
CENTER-BASED APPROACH. The center provides temporary care (adaption between client and environment), values, and
to children found on the streets whose contacts with their history
families are irregular or who have totally cut-off relationships
with their families. The center is of three types: COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH. A social work method of
1. the drop-in center does not provide sleeping facilities, intervention designed to meet current problems such as the
2. temporary shelter includes sleeping facilities, and street children phenomenon; it brings together people from
3. institution provides longer-term care, at least for a year various sectors of the community including those personally
or more when necessary, so as to place children for affected by the problem, forms them into a local council
foster-care or adoption. which assumes responsibility for the solution of the problem
affecting the community.
CHILD CARE. Arrangements that families make to have someone
to take care of the children including care in the home; care CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. Participation in
may be provided by taking the child to a day care center, by educational activities which are relevant to the social
leaving the child with a neighbor or a relative who lives near worker's practice, that is, in carrying out her job or in
by, having an adult member of the family look after the child- following a career in the social services; these activities are
usually a grandmother or an aunt. Among the poor, care for undertaken beyond the point of a bachelor's degree in social
the younger children is usually done by an older sibling. work which is the minimum formal educational requirement
for entry into the social work profession. Continuing
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE. The child is subjected to coercive or non- professional education may be beyond the master's degree
consenting sexual act, usually with an adult but sometimes for social workers holding highly technical, managerial or
with a youth. There is an age difference between the partners executive positions. Such educational activities may include
with the child being forced into the act out of fear or abuse. credit courses, non-credit offerings, in-service training, staff
development, and independent professional activities.
CHILD SUPPORT. Income paid by a living parent usually the father
who is absent from the home, for the support, care and DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY. A severe chronic disability
maintenance of a child who may be under the custody of the manifested in the person before he attains the age of 22; it
mother or a guardian; the absence of a living parent may be limits his substantial functioning so he will require care (U.S.
due to divorce, separation or the child's having been born out Developmental Act, 1984. See "Disability.).
of wedlock.
DIRECT PRACTICE. Providing services directly to individuals,
CHILDREN ABANDONED AND NEGLECTED. These are street families and groups
children whose ties with the biological family have been
completely severed. They are entirely on their own not just DISABLED PERSONS. Those whose normal personal and coping
for material but also for socio-psychological survival and, adaptive functions have been significantly limited or reduced
therefore, require a different approach. in their over-all performance in day-to-day living on account
of a physiological, anatomical, mental, or emotional
CHILDREN "OF" THE STREET. These are working children 15 years impairment
old and below who still have family ties but visits or contacts
are infrequent or very rare. They practically live on the street DOMESTIC HELPER. A term used abroad among foreigners to
and regard it as their home. It is there that they seek shelter, refer to a maid or a houseboy; one who performs household
food, and a sense of family among companions. chores.

CHILDREN "ON" THE STREET. These are working children who DRUG. Any substance other than food whose physical or
still maintain family connections of a more or less regular chemical nature alters structure or function of any living
nature. The home is still the center of their young lives. Many organism (Ray, 1983).
attend school, return home at the end of the working day,

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ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY. A social welfare program geared MOTIVATION. Influenced by what a person wants and how much
towards the attainment of economic independence of he wants it, motivation is affected by the person's push
individuals, families and small groups through the provision against discomfort, his hope that something can be done
of minimal assistance for mini-agri business work, orientation about the problem, and the strength of the internal processes
and skills development, small-scale home industries, pre- and drives towards a goal. (See "Motivation" in main text.)
placement and counseling, and referral service
MULTIGENERATIONAL FAMILY. A term used in the United States,
FAMILY-CENTERED PRACTICE. Social work practice which focuses it is a mode of family intimacy involving more than one
on the family as the unit of interest; This does not mean that generation of family members at a single point in time. The
the individual client must be subordinated; it does not even structure includes more than one generation of blood
necessarily imply that the social worker must work with the relatives; these blood relationships constitute the biological
entire family. It means rather that human beings can be bonds between the primary unit of procreation (the mother
understood and helped only in the context of the intimate and father) and subsequent units produced by the offspring
and powerful human system of which they are a part. The i.e., grandchildren (Williams and Diaz, 1983).
most important of this system is the family (Hartman and
Laird, 1987). NATURAL HELPING NETWORKS. A conglomeration of family,
relatives, friends and neighbors, and even mere
FIELDS OF PRACTICE. Social work includes family and children's acquaintances who come to the succor of and provide
services, community welfare, health, mental health, support to persons in times of per- sonal crisis or disasters. By
education, industrial (occupational) social work, youth itself it is a support system which automatically and naturally
services, women's welfare, services to disabled persons, comes into being as soon as the emergency is known or takes
services to juvenile offenders, victim of natural disasters and place.
social unrest.
OVERSEAS WORKERS. Men and women who are hired for
GAY. A male homosexual often called "bakla" employment or work abroad by foreign or domestic
companies. They work at skilled or semi-skilled jobs as
HOMELESSNESS. A situation where a person has no fixed abode. technicians, mechanics, drivers, cooks, houseboys, domestic
(Lamb, 1984) or a person is without a settled way of living helpers employed by families, etc. They are usually on
(Bassler et al, 1983). This phenomenon is now emerging in contractual basis and to all intents and purposes will go back
the densely populated cities of the Philippines where poor to the Philippines upon termination of the contract.
families practically live in pushcarts seeking shelter at night Professionals like doctors, nurses, engineers, etc. who also
on the sidewalks, under bridges, in the dark corners of tall work abroad on a contractual basis are not included in this
buildings, etc., wherever they happen to be as they scavenge definition.
around or seek some source of livelihood. To attend to the social and spiritual needs of these
workers social services run by Filipino parish workers, social
HUNGER. Not having enough food; It results in a sensation felt by service workers and volunteers are now being provided these
a human being that involves both the physical and workers in foreign lands to help them overcome personal,
psychological elements. If it is prolonged it will soon affect socio-cultural, and even economic problems.
the health, growth, behavior, mental attitudes and even the
likelihood of survival. SERVICES TO COMMUNITIES. The organization and coordination
of local welfare services, the introduction of needed social
LESBIAN. A female homosexual often referred to as "tomboy"; to services, especially in the underdeveloped, depressed
date there seems to be no indigenous term for such an communities or in far flung areas where these are needed;
individual. the organization of citizens committees for social
development, social action or community development.
MACRO PRACTICE. This involves policy formulation and planning,
administration and management. It does not deal directly SERVICES FOR FAMILY AND INDIVIDUALS. These include those
with individuals, families and groups. Supervision in social that deal with families and individuals experiencing economic
work, on the other hand, may be considered micro or direct difficulties including material assistance to persons in
practice as it deals with overseeing the quality of the work of continuing need, supplementary feeding schemes,
the direct practitioners. emergency relief, etc. In the process, other services are
provided such as counseling, family life education, family
MICRO PRACTICE. Direct practice with individuals, families, and budgeting, skills training, self-employment assistance, non-
groups. formal education, family planning, etc.

MALNUTRITION. A disease prevalent among the children of the SERVICES TO GROUPS. Informal, non-formal and alternative
poor. It is a long-term deficiency, excess or imbalance of education which may cover socialization and resocialization
calories or nutrients needed by the body to function properly. leading to better relationships with the family and other
It means lack of food or the proper nutrients. significant persons, integration into family and community
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life and improvement in the individual's ability to deal with TNT - Literally Tago Nang Tago (Always Hiding). Filipinos abroad
his environment. Nowadays, such activities may include who are employed but they hide from immigration
organized leisure time activities for different age groups and authorities because they are without legal working visas.
the use of new approaches such as singing, dancing, the use They are now the object of out-reach services by organized
of theater arts, mobile libraries, etc. Not the least is the use voluntary groups, usually Filipinos, who help them solve this
of group therapy for groups with special needs. problem.

SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. Levels of this are: macro (policy and VULNERABLE HUMAN GROUPS:
planning); mezzo (direct practice with community groups); • malnourished children, working children (laborers), street
and micro (direct practice with families and individuals) children, orphaned, abandoned, neglected and sick children;
overworked, exploited, and abused children
STEP FAMILIES. A step family is composed of a legally married • working poor women
husband and wife, one or both of whom have children by a • unemployed and underemployed youth, especially those
previous relationship or marriage. These children may reside without hopes for the future who become easy recruits for
with the remarried couple or live elsewhere. Other children youth gangs, the drug culture, a life of crime or fanatical
may also be born to the remarried couple, so a nuclear family terrorist groups
may exist with a step family (Ward, 1987). • the homeless, squatters and slum dwellers
• the elderly, refugees, migrant workers, indigenous native
STREET-BASED APPROACH. This is designed to reach out to street population, the "missing" or "disappeared" and their
children who cannot or are unwilling to go into any of the families, too; and
centers. They are children who go home to their families but • victims of disasters, calamities and of social unrest.
must work in the streets to help earn a living. They need to
be protected while doing so. The street-based worker (not WOMEN'S WELFARE. This is a new social welfare program which
necessarily a social worker) tries to protect these children by seeks to promote the welfare of women and prevent or
relating to the police and other elements on the streets in eradicate their exploitation. Its target population are
order to interpret the children's situation, their problems and disadvantaged women 21-59 years old who have no access to
needs. health, education and livelihood opportunities; women in
difficult circumstances such as those confined in detention
STREET FAMILIES. Those that earn their living on the streets and centers or who are victims of prostitution, illegal recruitment,
practically live there, i.e., on the sidewalks, under bridges on and battered women.
land, or in the shadows of shops and big buildings. They are
mostly vendors selling personal items like hairbrush, mirror,
ribbons, T-shirts, dusters, and many others that meet the
daily needs of their customers. They sell until late at night or
when there are no longer any customers. Their wares and
meager belongings, sometimes including pots and pans, a
small gas burner, even soft cushions sub-stituting as pillows
at night are oftentimes piled in pushcarts for convenience.
They can easily move away just in case a policeman tells them
to move or drives them away. During the day they may be
ambulant vendors or hawkers.

STREET SCHOOL. A facility, sometimes just an open shed at least

with a roof and some benches, near or by a street where
street children may regularly be found. This is used as a
school for these children during hours convenient to them.
Education may consist of the 3 Rs or the things they need to
know to protect themselves while on the street or to further
their growth and development. Alternative teaching
methodologies are used, such as storytelling, picture reading,
singing, dancing, play acting, etc. The curriculum includes
history, current events, arithmetic, moral and spiritual values,
personality development, etc.

SUPPLEMENTAL ASSISTANCE. Assistance given to clients as in the

case of children and youth who are provided subsidy, school
sup plies and clothing.

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THE AUTHOR

LEONORA SERAFICA-DE GUZMAN

is the Dean of the College of Social
Work, Centro Escolar University and
was president of the Schools of
Social Work Association of the
Philippines (SSWAP) for several
years.

Among the books that she has

authored, coauthored or edited are:
Fundamentals of Social Work,
Facilitating Development, Social Casework: An Introduction;
Social Welfare: Philippine Setting; Working With Communities:
The Community Organization Method: Administration and
Supervision in Social Work, and the Philippine Encyclopedia of
Social Work, First Issue, 1971 and Second Issue, 1977.

Mrs. De Guzman received her Bachelor of Literature degree from

the University of Santo Tomas, a Master of Arts in Social
Administration from the Philippine Women's University, and her
Master of Social Work from the University of Southern California,
U.S.A.

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