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PS Grammar

1. Phase Structure Grammar (PS Grammar) is a model that identifies constituents in a sentence in grammatical terms and generates language in a transformational way, building on Immediate Constituent analysis. 2. PS Grammar represents analysis using labeled bracketing and tree diagrams to show grammatical constituents at word, phrase and sentence levels. 3. Phrase structure rules are used to generate sentences from basic constituents, allowing for multiple expansions of phrases. This generative approach allows for analysis of complex sentences.

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276 views

PS Grammar

1. Phase Structure Grammar (PS Grammar) is a model that identifies constituents in a sentence in grammatical terms and generates language in a transformational way, building on Immediate Constituent analysis. 2. PS Grammar represents analysis using labeled bracketing and tree diagrams to show grammatical constituents at word, phrase and sentence levels. 3. Phrase structure rules are used to generate sentences from basic constituents, allowing for multiple expansions of phrases. This generative approach allows for analysis of complex sentences.

Uploaded by

Mastermind Sunny
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Phase Structure Grammar:

A model is needed that will not merely segment the constituents but will also identify them in grammatical terms. And that would be generative in nature PS grammar in the upgradation/ refined version of IC analysis. It is said to be the part of transformational generative grammar.

Methods of display: Labelled Bracketing: In this the bracketed elements are given grammatical identification. The first step is to put brackets (one on each side around sentence, then each constituent, the more brackets around each combination of constituent and label them) e.g [s [Np [Det the] [N man]] [vp [v followed] [np[det a] [n girl] ] ] ] with the procedure the different constituents of the sentence are shown at the three levels 1 word level (the) 2 sentence level (the young man followed a girl) 3 phrase level (the young man) by labeling the constituents we also get to know about their word class e.g The det Mannoun Followedverb adet girlnoun We can also explain this analysis in hierarchical organization Tree diagram S NP VP Det N V NP The man det

This type of tree diagram representation contains all grammatical information found in all other analysis It explicitly shows different level in analysis The highest point is S, which contain NP+VP Then NP consists of Art+noun and consist of verb +NP and again NP consists of art+noun Definitions of few terms related to T diagram Phrase marker: The representation of phrase structure of a sentence is known as phrase marker or P marker in short.

Nodes: The points that are joined by lines/ branches are called nodes. Each of the nodes is given a label that represents a grammatically definable constituent e.g NP, V, N etc. Dominate: Where one node is higher in the tree than another and joined to it by branches is said be dominate it. Immediately Dominate: If a node is placed immediately above it and joined by a single line or branch, it immediately dominate it. Dominance shows how a longer constituent may consist of one or more constituents of smaller kind. It is to note that the structure preserves the linear and of the constituents just as plain IC analysis does. Phrase Structure rule: How new sentences can be generated , this can be done with the use of phrase structure rule The tree structure and labeled bracketing that have been considering can be generated by six rules 1 SNP-Vp 2 VPV-NP 3 NPDET-N 4 Vfollowed (verb) 5 DETthe, a 6 N man, girl PS RULES: These rules are not difficult to interpret The 1st say that : a sentence (S) consists of a noun phrase Np and verb phrase VP. A verb phrase (VP) can consist of a verb and following noun phrase and so on. Advantages: These rules provide all the information given in the tree diagram These rules are descriptive their justification lies in the function they perform and not in the preconceived notions of correct or incorrect. A large number of sentences can be produced with the help of PS rules. These rules will not generate only the one sentence handled in the tree diagram e.g bothe the and a shoe as determiner and man and girl as noun, we can produce more than sixteen sentences by putting these at different places in different sentenes. E.g A man followed a girl The girl followed a man A man followed a man Longer sentences would be generated with the help of these rules as well e.g The young man with a paper followed a girl in blue dress and similarly A girl in blue dress followed with a paper and so on.

These rules also tell us about different expansion of VP Vp is not always expanded into V and NP but may expanded into V alone e.g the man smiled Instead of writing two different rules we can write a single by enclosing the VpV(NP)-optional. There are many other expansions of VP as well John seems happy (VPV-A) The boys sat on the floor (VPV-PP) The girl made john happy (VPV-NP-A) I gave the man a book (VPV-NP-NP) We can collapse all the rules into one Vp (-NP) (-A) -PP Constituency: One possible test of constituents was that of distribution. Other indications of constituency are as follows; 1)Constituents are coordinated with conjuctions: first, it is said that only constituent may be coordinated with conjunctions such as and for example: The young man followed the girl and the child In this example the girls and the child is coordinated with conjunction and The young man followed the girl and spoke to her In this example followed the girl and spoke to her both VP are coordinated with the conjunction and 2) Constituents may act as the antecedent of certain pronouns: The second possible criterion is that only constituents may act as the antecedents of certain pronouns . Most commonly Nps act as antecedents of pronouns. e.g I saw the oldman and spoke to her I met the cute boy and kissed him 3) Constituents may be omitted: Thirdly, it is argued that only constituents may b omitted for example: John can run Mary cant run I will see the man but Mary wont It suggests that in the fist example, can run and In the second see the man are constituents. -NP

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