SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL

SENSOR

Procedure Overview
In this procedure, you will control the rate of flow measured by a
paddlewheel sensor using a PID controller.

 1. Perform a lockout/tagout.
 2. Perform the following substeps to set up the T5552, as shown in figure 5-1.

NOTE
The appearance of the electrical outlet will differ based on the electrical
power supplied at your location.

ELECTRICAL
PID CONTROLLER FLOW TRANSMITTER
FT1

4-20mA
FLOW SENSORS

FT2

4-20mA TEST
FLOWPVALVE

FV1

4-20mA
PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4

ALM1

ALM2
PROCESS METER

UDI1700

MAX
MIN
OUTLET
SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 ALM3

ALM4
ALM5
ALM 1234 MAN F
LEVEL SENSORS
0
DI 1234 SET SETUP
PV LT1 LT2
OUT 1234

-sp 0.0
OUTPUT RELAY 1
SP CURRENT INPUT
mA NO COM NC

4-20mA 4-20mA 24VDC

Func. Lower Man SP LS1 LS2 OUTPUT RELAY 2

Loop 1/2 Display Auto Select VOLTAGE INPUT NO COM NC
mV/V
Setup Run
Hold

ENTER

CONTROL RELAYS ALARMPHORN CIRC.PPUMP PLC DISCRETE I/O

24VDC
INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTPUTS AH1 P1

ANALOG ANALOG CR1

ANALOG
AI 1 AO1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

CR2
4-20mA
DISCRETE
AUX. POWER 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
DI 1 ALARM
AL1 CR3
DISCRETE
DC POWER SUPPLY PLC ANALOG I/O
DI 2 4-20mA
24 VDC 24 VDC 24VDC 24VDC 24VDC
AL2 OPEN COLLECTOR
SOLENOID VALVES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SV1 SV2 SV3

GND
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

HV 100D

HV 100A
(HV2) AIR SUPPLY
CONNECTION
MANUAL DRAIN
VALVES
(HV 300 (HV3) &
HV 100C (HV4)) PRESSURE
OPEN REGULATOR
SET TO 20 psi

PADDLEWHEEL HV 100B
FLOW SENSOR (HV1) MANUAL FLOW
HAND VALVES CONTROL VALVE
OPEN (FV 100 (HFV))
CLOSED

Figure 5-1. T5552 Setup

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-1

Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.
SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

A. Connect the air supply line to the T5552.

B. Set the pressure regulator to 20 psi.
C. Fill the reservoir tank with water.
D. Open (fully counterclockwise) the two manual process tank drain valves,
HV 300 (HV3) and HV 100C (HV4).
E. Open (fully counterclockwise) the flow control hand valves, HV 100B
(HV1) and HV 100A (HV2).
F. Open (fully counterclockwise) the flow control hand valve HV 100D.
G. Open (fully counterclockwise) the manual flow control valve, FV 100
(HFV).
H. Verify that the paddlewheel flow sensor is mounted on the trainer, and
that it is oriented horizontally. Also verify that its electrical connector is
plugged into the trainer. If not, have your instructor install it.

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-2

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

I. Connect the circuit shown in figure 5-2.

This circuit allows you to measure, display, and control the flow through
the process lines.

PID CONTROLLER FLOW TRANSMITTER FLOW SENSORS FLOW VALVE DISCRETE I/O
FT1 FT2 FV1 PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4

4-20mA 4-20mA TEST 4-20mA

SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4

ALM 1234 MAN

LEVEL SENSORS
0
DI 1234
PV LT1 LT2
OUT 1234

-sp 0.0 SP

4-20mA 4-20mA 24VDC

Func. Lower Man SP LS1 LS2

Loop 1/2 Display Auto Select

Setup Run
Hold

ENTER

CONTROL RELAYS ALARM HORN CIRC. PUMP

INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTPUTS AH1 P1

ANALOG ANALOG CR1

ANALOG
AI1 AO1

CR2
4-20mA
DISCRETE
DI1 ALARM AUX. POWER
AL1 CR3
DISCRETE
DC POWER SUPPLY
DI2
24VDC 24VDC 24VDC
AL2 24 VDC
OPEN COLLECTOR
SOLENOID VALVES
SV1 SV2 SV3

GND

Figure 5-2. Flow Control Circuit

Figure 5-3 shows the wiring diagram for the circuit.

DC POWER
SUPPLY
CIRC. PUMP
SS1 P1
+

- ANALOG OUTPUT
FLOW TRANSMITTER CONTROLLER I/P
OUTPUT OUTPUT CONVERTER
AI1 AO1
+ - + - + FV1 -
+
+ -
FLOW TRANSMITTER CONTROLLER
AUX. POWER INPUT
-
+ -

Figure 5-3. Measuring Circuit Wiring Diagram for Flow

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-3

Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.
 Figure 5-4.
T5552
PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
FIC
100 CONTROLLER

I/P IY PI PC
CONVERTER 100 100D 100

FLOW FIT
100

Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.

TRANSMITTER PLANT

T5552 P&ID
FCV
AIR
FE 100
100
LET LSH LSH
200-B 200-A 200-B
DUAL-COMPARTMENT
PROCESS TANK
PROPORTIONAL
PADDLEWHEEL
VALVE
FLOW SENSOR

OVERFLOW
wiring are highlighted.

LET
S S 200-A

HV SV HV SV
300 100-B 100-C 100-C

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

FI INTERFACE
100 TO
T5553,
T5554,
OR
T5555

HV SV
100-A 100-A HV
100D

S
PI FV PI
HV 100-A 100 100-B
400
WATER
PUMP

DRAIN
HV
100-B
RESERVOIR
TANK

S05-4
Figure 5-4 shows the P&ID for the T5552. The active components and
SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 3. Remove the lockout/tagout.

 4. Turn on the main circuit breaker.
 5. Turn on selector switch SS1 and adjust the manual flow control valve, FV
100 (HFV), until the flow rate indicated on the rotameter is approximately
1.2 gpm. Then, turn off SS1.

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 6. Place the GF Signet 9900 transmitter in the Menu mode and set the parameters
as indicated in the table in figure 5-5.
CALIBRATION (CAL) PARAMETERS
PARAMETER SETTING
HOLD OUTPUTS NO
KF 3160.000
TF 1.0000
RATE CAL NA
VOLUME CAL NA
LAST CAL Today’s Date and Initials (MM-DD-YYYY
II)
INPUT PARAMETERS
PARAMETER SETTING
NAME FLOW
SENSOR FREQ
FLOW UNITS GPM
TOT Unit GALLONS
AVERAGE OFF
SENSITIVITY 100.00 GPM
LOOP PARAMETERS
PARAMETER SETTING
4 mA SETPNT 0.0000
20 mA SETPNT 1.5000
ERROR VALUE 22 mA
ADJUST 4 mA 4.00 mA
ADJUST 20 mA 20.00 mA
TEST LOOP NA
RELAY PARAMETERS
PARAMETER SETTING
R1 NORMAL OPEN
R1 MODE HIGH
R1 SET HIGH 1.5000
R1 HYSTERESIS 0.0
R1 ON DELAY 0.0
R1 TEST RELAY NA
R2 MODE OFF
R2 TEST RELAY NA
R3 MODE OFF
OPTION PARAMETERS
PARAMETER SETTING
CONTRAST 3
BACKLIGHT AUTO
SET BAR MIN 0.0000 GPM
SET BAR MAX 1.5000 GPM
FLOW DECIMAL _ _ _._ _
TOTAL DECIMAL _ _ _._ _
TOTAL LOCK OFF
PASSWORD TYPE STD
MEMO GFSIGNET_COM
REMOTE SETUP NO

Figure 5-5. GF Signet 9900 Parameters

 7. When you have completed the configuration of the transmitter, press the up
▲ and down  keys at the same time to exit the Menu mode and return to the
View mode.

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 8. Place the Honeywell UDC 3500 controller in manual mode using the Man/
Auto key and program it according to the parameters listed in the table in
figure 5-6. Recall that the Setup key is used to scroll through the parameter
groups and the Func Loop 1/2 key is used to select a parameter group. The up
and down keys () are used to change parameter values.
GROUP PROMPT FUNCTION PROMPT VALUE OR SELECTION
ALGORTHM CONT ALG PID A
TUNING GAIN 2.5
RATE MIN 0
RSET MIN 0.5
OUT ALG OUT ALG CURRENT
INPUT 1 IN1 TYPE 1-5 V*
XMITTER1 LINEAR
IN1 HIGH 1.5
IN1 LOW 0
BIAS IN1 0
CONTROL PV SOURCE INPUT 1
PID SETS 1 ONLY
SP HiLIM 1.5
SP LoLIM 0
ACTION DIRECT
OUT RATE ENABLE
PCT/M UP 75
PCT/M DN 75
PBorGAIN GAIN
MINorRPM MIN
OPTIONS DIG INP1 NONE
DIG INP2 NONE
COM ComSTATE DISABLE
ALARMS A1S1TYPE NONE
A1S2TYPE NONE
A2S1TYPE NONE
A2S2TYPE NONE
DISPLAY DECIMAL TWO
PWR FREQ 60 HZ
LANGUAGE ENGLISH
*The flow transmitter provides a 4-20 mA output signal. However, the input termi-
nals of the loop controller have a 250-ohm resistor installed across them, chang-
ing the 4-20 mA signal to a 1-5 V signal.

Figure 5-6. PID Controller Parameters

NOTE
The RATE MIN (derivative) function is set to zero (0) because you are
using PI control.

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 9. Adjust the controller’s setpoint to 0.8 gpm.

 10. Perform the following substeps to automatically control the flow through the
circuit.
A. Turn on selector switch SS1 to start the circulation pump.
B. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
C. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
You should notice that the controller begins increasing the controller
output (OUT) to begin closing the diaphragm valve to achieve flow at the
SP (0.8 gpm).
D. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the error (deviation value) at steady state.
Consider the controller in steady state if the process variable remains
constant for at least 2 minutes.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Error (DEV) ___________________________________________ (gpm)

You should find that the controller reaches a steady state at 0.8 gpm,
and the error is 0 gpm. It is able to achieve control at the SP because
of the integral control. The steady state controller output (OUT) value
should be approximately 23-27%. You should notice that the system takes
approximately 4 minutes to reach a steady state.
 11. Perform the following substeps to test the effect of changing the integral
setting.
A. Turn off SS1 to stop the circulation pump.
B. After the controller output goes to 0.0, place the controller in the manual
mode using the Man/Auto key.
C. Use the Setup key to enter the SETUP menu and select the TUNING
option.
D. Use the Func Loop 1/2 key to select the integral control (RSET MIN)
option and then adjust the RSET MIN value to 0.1 minute.
E. Exit the SETUP menu.
F. Turn on SS1 to start the circulation pump.
G. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
H. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
I. Begin recording the time it takes for the system to reach a steady state.
Time _____________________________________________ (seconds)

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-8

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

J. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the error (deviation value) at steady state.
Consider the controller in steady state if the process variable remains
constant for at least 2 minutes.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Error (DEV) ___________________________________________ (gpm)

You should find that the system reaches steady state in approximately 2
minutes. The increase in the integral action causes the system to respond
faster. You should also notice that the system still becomes steady at the
SP. The steady state controller output should be approximately the same
as the one in step 10D.
K. Turn off SS1 to stop the circulation pump.
L. After the controller output goes to 0.0, place the controller in the manual
mode using the Man/Auto key.
M. Use the Setup key to enter the SETUP menu and select the TUNING
option.
N. Use the Func Loop 1/2 key to select the integral control (RSET MIN)
option and then adjust the RSET MIN value to 0.05 minute.
O. Exit the SETUP menu.
P. Turn on SS1 to start the circulation pump.
Q. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
R. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
S. Begin recording the time it takes for the system to reach a steady state.
Time _____________________________________________ (seconds)
T. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the error (deviation value) at steady state.
Consider the controller in steady state if the process variable remains
constant for at least 2 minutes.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Error (DEV) ___________________________________________ (gpm)

You should find that the system reaches steady state in under 45 seconds.
Again, the increase in the integral action causes the system to respond
faster. You should also notice that the system still becomes steady at the
SP. The steady state controller output should be approximately the same
as the one in step 10D.

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-9

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 12. Perform the following substeps to cause a disturbance and observe the
response of the system.
A. Place the controller in manual mode using the Man/Auto key.
B. Use the down  arrow key to change the controller output (OUT) to 0.0.
C. Adjust the manual flow control valve, FV 100 (HFV), until the displays
on both the PID controller and the flow transmitter read 1.0 gpm. This sets
the maximum flow rate to 1.0 gpm.
D. Place the controller in the automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
E. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
F. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the error (deviation value) at steady state.
Consider the controller in steady state if the process variable remains
constant for at least 2 minutes.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Error (DEV) ___________________________________________ (gpm)

G. Observe how the controller responds to the reduced maximum flow.
Does the controller respond to the new flow rate? __________ (Yes/No)

If so, how? _________________________________________________

The steady state controller output (OUT) value should be approximately
15-18%. You should find that the controller output is lower than in steps 10
and 11. This occurs because the diaphragm control valve must be opened
more to maintain the flow at 0.8 gpm with a lower maximum flow.
H. Place the controller in the manual mode using the Man/Auto key.
I. Use the down  arrow key to change the controller output (OUT) to 0.0.
J. Adjust the manual flow control valve, FV 100 (HFV), until the maximum
flow is 1.2 gpm.

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-10

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 13. Perform the following substeps to observe the system response to changing
the SP to a higher value.
A. Leave the controller in the manual mode and change the setpoint to 1.2 gpm.
Placing the controller in manual mode and changing the setpoint provides
a more accurate step change than leaving the controller in automatic mode.
B. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
C. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
D. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the error (deviation value) at steady state.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Error (DEV) ___________________________________________ (gpm)

The steady state controller output (OUT) value should be approximately
0%. Since the maximum flow rate is 1.2 gpm, the valve must be fully open
to allow the PV to equal the SP.
If the flow rate was not adjusted to exactly 1.2 gpm in step 12J, the output
will vary a small amount near 0%.
 14. Perform the following substeps to observe the system response to changing
the SP to a lower value.
A. Place the controller in manual mode using the Man/Auto key.
B. Use the down  arrow key to change the controller output (OUT) to 0.0.
C. Change the setpoint to 0.5 gpm.
D. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
E. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
F. Determine if the controller output increases or decreases.
Controller Output (OUT) ____________________ (Increases/Decreases)
The steady state controller output (OUT) value should be significantly
higher than the steady state output value observed in steps 10-13 because
the SP is significantly lower here. The valve must be closed more to reduce
the flow rate.

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SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 15. Perform the following substeps to control the flow using only proportional
control.
 This allows you to see the effects of no integral control on the system’s
performance.
A. Turn off SS1 to stop the circulation pump.
B. After the controller output goes to 0.0, place the controller in manual
mode using the Man/Auto key.
C. Enter the SETUP menu.
D. Scroll to the ALGORITHM function group and adjust the CONT ALG
parameter setting to PD+MR.
E. Scroll to the TUNING function group and adjust the MAN RSET
parameter to 0.
F. Exit the SETUP menu.
G. Adjust the controller’s setpoint to 0.8 gpm.
H. Turn on selector switch SS1 to start the circulation pump.
I. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
J. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
K. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output (OUT) at steady state, and the offset (deviation value) at steady
state. Consider the controller in steady state if the process variable remains
constant for at least 2 minutes.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Offset (DEV) __________________________________________ (gpm)

You should find that the controller reaches a steady state near 0.90 gpm,
and the offset is 0.10 gpm. It is not able to achieve control at the SP
because there is no integral control. The steady state controller output
(OUT) value should be approximately 16-20%. The steady state controller
output should be less than that observed in steps 10 and 11 because there
is no integral control here.
 16. Perform the following substeps to observe the proportional response of the
system at a new SP.
A. Place the controller in manual mode using the Man/Auto key.
B. Adjust the controller’s setpoint value to 1.0 gpm.
C. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
D. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).

LB270-XE09AEN-E2-S05, REV. A BASIC FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL S05-12

Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.
SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

E. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the offset (deviation value) at steady state.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Offset (DEV) __________________________________________ (gpm)

You should find that the controller reaches a steady state near 1.04 gpm,
and the offset is approximately 0.04 gpm. Again, it is not able to achieve
control at the SP because there is no integral control. The steady state
controller output (OUT) value should be approximately 9-13%. The
steady state controller output should be less than that observed in step
15K to allow the valve to be open more to provide a higher flow rate.
F. Turn off selector switch SS1 to stop the circulation pump.
G. After the controller output goes to 0.0, place the controller in manual
mode using the Man/Auto key.
 17. Perform the following substeps to observe how changes in gain affect a
proportional flow control system.
A. Adjust the controller’s setpoint to 0.8 gpm.
B. Turn on selector switch SS1 to start the circulation pump.
C. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
D. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
E. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output (OUT) at steady state, and the offset (deviation value) at steady
state. Consider the controller in steady state if the process variable remains
constant for at least 2 minutes.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)

Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)

Offset (DEV) __________________________________________ (gpm)

You should notice that the system reaches a steady state at approximately
0.90 gpm. This is the same process as for step 15, so the results should be
the same as observed in step 15K.
F. Turn off SS1 to stop the circulation pump.
G. After the controller output goes to 0.0, place the controller in manual
mode using the Man/Auto key.
H. Use the Setup key to enter the SETUP menu and select the TUNING
option.
I. Use the Func Loop 1/2 key to select the GAIN option and then adjust the
GAIN setting to 3.2.
J. Exit the SETUP menu.
K. Turn on selector switch SS1 to start the circulation pump.
L. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.

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Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.
SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

M. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
N. Record the value at which the PV reaches a steady state, the controller
output at steady state, and the offset (deviation value) at steady state.
Steady State PV Value ___________________________________ (gpm)
Controller Output (OUT) ___________________________________(%)
Offset (DEV) __________________________________________ (gpm)
The steady state PV value should be approximately 0.89 ± 0.04 gpm. This
value may be slightly less than the steady state value observed in step 17E.
The steady state controller output (OUT) value should be approximately
17-21%. This value may be slightly more than the steady state value
observed in step 17E.
As you can see, increasing the proportional gain this much worsens the
transient response and does not significantly reduce the offset.
O. Turn off SS1 to stop the circulation pump.
P. After the controller output goes to 0.0, place the controller in manual
mode using the Man/Auto key.
Q. Enter the SETUP menu and select the TUNING option.
R. Use the Func Loop 1/2 key to select the GAIN option and then adjust the
GAIN setting to 15.0.
S. Exit the SETUP menu.
T. Turn on selector switch SS1 to start the circulation pump.
U. Place the controller in automatic mode using the Man/Auto key.
V. Press the Lower Display key to display the controller output (OUT).
W. Observe the behavior of the PV, controller output, and offset (deviation)
for at least 2 minutes, and record your observations.
PV _______________________________________________________
Controller Output (OUT) ______________________________________
Offset (DEV) _______________________________________________
You should find that the PV continuously oscillates between 0.80 gpm and
0.84 gpm and the controller output oscillates ±4% or more about a value
that is close to the steady state output observed in step 17E. Note that the
midpoint of the PV oscillation is closer to the SP than the earlier steady
state results in this step, but even with this much larger gain the midpoint
of the oscillation is still above the SP value. The continuous oscillation in
the controller output would significantly reduce the life of the valve. The
continuous oscillation in the PV would be unacceptable from a process
control standpoint.

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Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.
SKILL 5 OPERATE A FLOW CONTROL LOOP USING A PADDLEWHEEL SENSOR

 18. Perform the following substeps to shut down the T5552.

A. Turn off selector switch SS1 to turn off the circulation pump.
B. Close (fully clockwise) the manual flow control valve, FV 100 (HFV).
C. Close (fully clockwise) both process tank manual drain valves, HV 300
(HV3) and HV 100C (HV4).
D. Turn off the main circuit breaker.
E. Disconnect the circuit.

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Copyright © 2014 Amatrol, Inc.