a oratin, en rect access to the 1, Serene tyteme on tonger sperat0t ino batches the * With the use of th syste ng a COM Pc for USE ing Is type of operating rape tO ede mpletes processing, a, father the user submits the Job on cards OF Hn an MPU en tO Eibether sequentially and places the entlFe 1 mon! next Pret a nitor point Of view Each program is constructed to branch back 10 V1 them few Le. the ang, Point the monitor would automaticaly BEB!" nus of * To understand how work let scheme we se the processor point of view. 1. Monitor Point of View: ce of + I fs the monitor that controls the sequenct Events, much of the monitor must always be In memory and available for execution. ; * That portion is referred to as the Resident Monitor The rest of the monitor consists of Utilities ®t common functions that are loaded as subroutine? the user program at the beginning of any j2 requires them. + The boundary monitor reads in jobs one at 2 tine from the Input device (card reader or magnetic ve en drive). As it is read in the current job is placed in # See User program area, and control is passed to this Job. s + When the job is completed, it returns control to the monitor, which immediately reads in the next job. The results of each job are sent to output devices, such as a printer for delivery to the user. 2. Processor Point of View: ; * At a certain point the processor is executing inst containing the monitor. This instructions cause the ne : memory. struction in the monitor th;, + Once, 2 job has been read in, the processor will encounter a branch cua tha, instructs the processor tocontinue execution at thestartofthelsee PORT * The processor will then execute the instructions in user programs 12" &'<. ©! Ft fetching a condition. “control is passed to a job” simply means that the processor X Nowe EScniNg ani executing instructions in a user program and “control is returned to the moni the Processor is now fetching and executing instructions form the monitor program. Advantages of Batch Operating Syste1 Sh evant 7 1 Increased performance since twas possible for job to start as soon as the previous job finished 2. Inbatch OS huge amount of a data can be processed efficiently, | 3. It reduces idle time of a computer because operator intervention job-to-job transition. s aah Disadvantages of Batch Operating System: Se +. As monitor needs tobe in main memory, it results in certain wastage of memory. 2. Programs having large 1/0 operation wasted huge amount of CPU time as the CPU executed idle cycles. ‘ Difficult to debug program. a Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs, No interaction is possible with the user while the program program is being executed. h TTpterrut eat Monitor tayout fora Resident Monj,,. Fig.1.5: Memory Layo! Nites om the portion of main memo, i 7 another portion of ma, rructions : fr i xxt job to be read into is not required in automatic + SPOOLing stands for Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line. Progra ‘ : ms and data are punched on cards and cards being read from the card reader directly inte wee i images is recorded in a table kept by operating system, >. M¢MOVY: The location of cart * When job is executed, the operati " i . % from the disk. erating system satisfies its requests for card reader input by reading19 overview of Operating System Qperating Systems Serial Processing (Sequential Processing) * With the earliest computers 1940-1950, the programmer interacted directly with the computer hardware. There was no operating system. These machines were run from console, consisting of display lights, toggle switches and input/output devices and printer. * Programs in machine code were loaded via input devices (i.e. Card Reader) if an error halted the Program. Error condition was indicated by the lights. If program proceeded to a normal completion, the output appeared on the printer. + The serial processing means that the resources of the computer system are allocated to single job and remain allocated until job is finished. A serial processing operating system, allowed only a single user toruna single program at one time. * The serial processing operating systems are those which performs all the instructions into a Sequence manner or the instructions those are given by the user will be executed by using the FIFO manner means first in first out. + All the instructions those are entered first in the system will be executed first and the instructions those are entered later will be executed later. For running the instructions the program counter is. used which is used for executing all the instructions. + In this the program counter will determines which instruction is going to execute and the which instruction will be execute after this. Mainly the punch cards are used for this. + _ In this all the jobs are firstly prepared and stored on the card and after that card will be entered in the system and after that all the instructions will be executed one by one. + But the main problem is that a user does not interact with the system while he is working on the system, means the user can’t be able to enter the data for execution. Steps in Serial Processing: ‘Step 1: Type the program on punched card. ‘Step 2: Convert the punched card to card reader. Step 3: oe to the computing machine, are there any errors, the error condition was indicated by ight. ‘Step 4: The programmer examines the registers and main memory to identify the cause of the error. Step 5: Take the output on the printers. ‘Step 6: Then the programmer ready for next program. Advantages of Serial Processing: 5 1. Verysimple in operation. 2. Although, machine dependent, but still gave rise to development of new interfacing software so as to make the programmer's task easier. Disadvantages of Serial Processing: A 1. The process of development and preparation of a program in such an environment is slow and cumbersome due to serial processing and numerous manual processing. 2. Ata time, only a small subject of resources could be used. So, there was poor utilization of system resources. Batch Operating System It is one of the oldest operating system. Batch operating system is one where programs and data are collected together in a batch before processing starts. + Ajob is predefined sequence of commands, programs and data that are combined in toa single unit called job. In batch operating system, jobs with similar need batched together by operator and run asa group on a computer system, + Memory management in batch system is very simple. Memory is usually divided into two areas namely, Operating system and user program area. * The central idea behind the simple batch-processing scheme was the use of a piece of software known as the Monitor.