Section 4: Electricity and magnetism

Magnetism
1
(a) north-seeking, south-seeking (or vice versa) 1
magnetic 1
force 1
(b)(i) The like/south-seeking poles of the magnets are facing each other. 1
Repulsion would occur (with the magnet M eventually coming to rest above the 1
south pole of the fixed magnet).

(b)(ii) The unlike/opposite poles (north-seeking and south-seeking poles) of the 1

magnets are facing each other.
Attraction would occur (with magnet M stuck to the fixed magnet). 1

(c)(i) Both poles correctly identified, as below. 1

(c)(ii) Both poles correctly identified, as below. 1

(d)(i) Any correct 4, or more, magnetic field lines shown. 1

Correct direction also shown on the additional field lines drawn. 1

(d)(ii) The north-seeking N and south-seeking S poles correctly identified (see 1

diagram above).

(d)(iii) Place a card/piece of paper on top of the magnet. 1

The magnetic field pattern can be revealed by sprinkling some soft-iron filings 1
on top of the paper (and gently tapping the card/paper).

2
(a) (i) Items circles are: aluminium, copper, plastic and wood. 1
(a)(ii) Magnetic materials can be attracted towards a magnet and non-magnetic 1
materials show no attraction towards a magnet.
(b) Steel. (Allow any other correct materials such as nickel and neodymium) 1

3
(a) A permanent magnet will retain its magnetic field for a very long period of time. 1
The magnetic field of an electromagnet can be switched on or off by means of
an electric current. 1

(b) Any two sensible suggestions, e.g.

The magnetic field can be switched on when required by having a current in 1
the coil of the electromagnet.
The magnetic field can be made stronger with large currents for picking heavy 1
cars.

4
(a) A The magnetic fields of the magnets interact. 1

(b) The magnetic field is stronger at X. 1

This is because the magnetic field lines are closer together at X. 1
(Allow reverse arguments for Y.)

Electric charge
1
(a)(i) Repulsive force. 1

(a)(ii) Repulsive force. 1

(a)(iii) Attractive force. 1

(b) Like charges repel and unlike charges attract (each other). 1

2
(a) The amount of negative charge is equal to the amount of positive charge. 1

(b)(ii) Electrons from the cloth are transferred to the table (because of friction). 1
There are fewer electrons on the cloth, hence it becomes positively charged. 1

(ii) Negative charge. 1

3
(a)(i) Insulators have very few (free/conducting) electrons. 1
Hence, the current in the circuit would be negligible/very small/ zero and the 1
lamp is off.

(a)(ii) Conductors have large numbers of (free/conducting) electrons. 1

Hence, there is a current in the circuit and the lamp is on. 1

(b) Circled items are: aluminium, copper and gold. 1

4
(a) B coulomb 1

(b)(i) Electric field is a region in which an electric charge experiences a force. 1

(b)(ii) Direction of the electric field is away from plate / to the right. 1
Direction of an electric field at a point is the direction of the force on a positive 1
charge at that point
The metal plate must therefore have a positive charge. 1

(c) (i) two oppositely charged parallel plates. 1

(ii) a negative point charge. 1
(iii) a positive point charge. 1

Electric charge
1
(a) A charge 1
(b) B electrons 1
(c) A sensible suggestion, e.g. it is easier to change the range of the meter. 1
2
(a) Direct (current) 1
The direction of the current does not change. 1
(b) Direct (current) 1
The direction of the current does not change (even though its magnitude 1
changes).
(c) Alternating (current) 1
The direction of the current changes with time. 1
3
(a) Electric current is defined as the charge that passes a point in a circuit per unit 1
time.
(b)(i) Q = It (any subject) and I = constant 1
Therefore, charge Q is directly proportional to time t. 1
(b)(ii) Q = It 1
Q = 0.50 × 20 1
Q = 10 C 1
(b)(iii) Electron flow is clockwise. 1
Conventional current is anticlockwise. 1
(c) Q 15 1
I= =
t 60
1
I = 0.25 A (or ¼ A)
1
I = 250 mA

Electromotive force and potential difference

1
(a) B It is the electrical work done in moving a unit charge in a complete 1
circuit.

(b) Circled items are:

work done 1
unit charge 1
(c) Analogue voltmeter 1
Digital voltmeter/multimeter 1

(d) The position of the voltmeter is incorrect or the voltmeter is connected in 1

series.
The voltmeter should be placed in parallel with the wire or across the wire. 1

2
(a) W = (electrical) work done or energy transferred. 1
Q = charge (passing through the cell) 1

(b) 1 mark for each correct value. 4

Q/C 1.0 2.0 10 100

W/J 1.4 2.8 14 140

3
(a) Q = It 1
Q = 2.0 × 120 = 240 C 1

(b) W 1
V=
Q
1
960
V=
240 1
V = 4.0 V

(c) Any two from: 2

The e.m.f. of the power supply is the total work done by a unit charge.
There is work done (by the charges) in the lamp too.
The p.d. is the work done by unit charge passing through just the heater.

Resistance
1 Connect the ends of the lead to a suitable power supply / cell / battery. 1
Connect an ammeter in series and a voltmeter across the pencil lead. 1
Measure the current I and the potential difference V (across the pencil). 1
V
The resistance R is given by the equation: R = . 1
I
(Allow marking point 1 and 2 on a circuit diagram.)

2
(a) 1 mark for each correct value. 3

V/ V 2.0 4.0 6.0

I/A 1.8 2.5 3.2
R/ 1.1 1.6 1.9

(b) R increases as V increases (or the reverse argument). 1

3
(a) The decreasing current implies resistance increases (since the p.d. across the 1
wire remains constant).
As the length increases, the resistance of the wire also increases. 1

(b) Correct tick, or no tick, for each mark. 4

Statement Place your tick ✓

here is correct ….
A thicker wire has less resistance. ✓

Shorter length of wire has less resistance. ✓

The resistance of wire decreases as the current in it is
increased.
The resistance of wire increases as the potential
difference is decreased.

4
(a) A sensible suggestion, e.g. variable power supply, different cells/batteries / a 1
variable resistor in series with a battery.

(b)(i) I is directly proportional to V or I V. 1

(b)(ii) V 1
Correct use of R = .
I
1
At 2.0 V, I = 0.01 A and at V = 4.0 V, I = 0.02 A
2.0 4.0 1
At 2.0 V, R = and at 4.0 V, R =
0.01 0.02
R = 200  (which is the same) 1

5
The graph is not a straight line, so resistance changes as V changes. 1
The resistance increases as V increases. 1

6
Current is zero for V less than 0.6 V. 1
Sudden increase in current at 0.6 V. 1
Current increases sharply after 0.6 V. 1

7
(a) resistance  length 1
0.60
R= 18 1
0.90
 R = 12  1

(b) 1 1
resistance 
cross − sectional area
1
R = 2 18
1
R = 36 

Energy and power

1
(a) Cell. 1

(b) Resistor or filament lamp. 1

(c) D the surroundings 1

2
(a) 2.3 J (For the mark, the unit must also be seen.) 1

(b) energy transferred = 2.3 × (1.0 × 60 × 60) 1

energy transferred = 8300 J (2 sf) 1

(c) P = VI (Any subject) 1

2.3 = 230 × I 1
I = 0.010 A 1

3
(a) V = IR (Any subject) 1
12 1
I=
4.0
1
I = 3.0 A

(b) P = VI 1
P = 12 × 3.0 1
P = 36 W 1

(c)(i) The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy transferred by a 1 kW device in a time of 1

1 hour.

(c)(ii) power in kW = 0.036 kW 1

number of kW h = 0.036 ×12 = 0.432 kW h 1
cost = 0.432 × 18 1
cost = 7.8 cents (2 sf) 1

(d) It would be more costly. 1

This is because more energy is transferred. 1

Circuit diagrams and components

1
(a)(i) Correct symbols for LDR, cell and ammeter; 1 mark for each. 3
Circuit connected correctly (with connecting wires). 1

(a)(ii) ‘Bright’ on the right-hand side of the ammeter scale and ‘dark’ on the left-hand 1
side.

(b)
1

Variable resistor: 1

Thermistor:

2
(a) 12 V 1
(b) V 1
I= (Any subject)
R
1
12
I=
100 1
I = 0.012 A

(c) The resistance would have increased. 1

3
(a) A: transformer 1
B: fuse 1
C: Filament lamp 1
D: motor 1

(b) 1 mark for each correct row. 5

Component Circuit symbol

Battery <AW43.4>

Generator <AW43.5>

Heater <AW43.4A>

Magnetising coil <AW43.5A>

Relay coil <AW43.6>

4
(a) Red LED is lit. 1

(b) Green LED is lit 1

Series and parallel circuits

1
D When one lamp stops working the remaining lamps are unaffected. 1
2
(a) 4.5 V 1
(b) The current in each lamp is the same. 1
This is because they are connected in series. 1
(c)(i) More than the current in circuit in (b). 1
(c)(ii) The circuit in (b) has greater resistance. 1
This is because the current in circuit (b) was less than the current in circuit (c) for 1
the same p.d. (Allow three lamps in series will have greater resistance than two
lamps in series)
(c)(iii) V 1
R=
I
1
4.5
R=
0.030 1
total resistance = 150 
(c)(iv) total resistance = R1 + R2 (series circuit) 1
150 = 2 × resistance of each lamp (note: the lamps have the same resistance) 1
resistance of each lamp = 75  1
3
(a) V 1
R=
I
1
9.0
R=
0.15 1
R = 60 
(b)(i) The total resistance will be less (because of the parallel combination). 1
(b)(ii) The current will be more than 0.15 A. 1
4
(a) 1 1 1 RR 1
Use of equation = + or RC = 1 2
RC R1 R2 R1 + R2
1
120 120
For (i) RC =
120 + 120 1
RC = 60  1
10  50
For (ii) RC = 1
10 + 50
RC = 8.3 
(b) The total resistance is always less than the smallest resistance of the two 1
resistors.
5
(a)(i) 6.0 = V + 1.5, therefore V = 6.0 -1.5 = 4.5 V 1
(a)(ii) V 1
R=
I
1
4.5
R=
0.015 1
R = 300 
(b) A Charge is conserved. 1
(c)(i) I = 0.30 – 0.10 = 0.20 A 1
(c)(ii) p.d. across the parallel combination = p.d. across each resistor 1
V = 0.20 × 10 1
p.d. = 2.0 V 1

Action and use of circuit components

1
(a) V across the 10  resistor = IR = 0.1 × 10 = 1.0 V 1
V across the 10  resistor = IR = 0.1 × 20 = 2.0 V 1
V across the 10  resistor = IR = 0.1 × 30 = 3.0 V 1

(b) For a constant current, the p.d. across an electrical conductor increases as its 1
resistance increases.

2
(a) 6.0 V 1
(b) The p.d. across the resistor and the variable resistor will the same. 1
6.0 1
Therefore, voltmeter reading = = 3.0 V
2

(c) Circled values are: 4.5 V, 5.0 V and 5.8 V. 1

3
(a) The total resistance of the circuit decreases. 1
The current in the circuit therefore increases. 1

(b) For the 100  resistor, p.d.  current. 1

The voltmeter reading increases. 1

(c) R1 V1 R 3.5 1
= ; = (p.d. across the thermistor = 6.0 – 2.5 = 3.5)
R2 V2 100 2.5
R = 140  1

(d) R2 100 1
Vout = V0 ; Vout =  6.0
R1 + R2 60 + 100
1
Vout = 3.75 V or 3.8 V (2 sf)

Electrical safety
1
(a) The presence of water / moisture on the switch can lead to a shock. 1
(b) The wires in the cable are exposed. 1
Touching the live wire can be dangerous / can give shock. 1

(c) Thin wires carrying (large) current can get very hot. 1
This can be a fire hazard. 1

(d) Large current is drawn from the mains 1

This can be a fire hazard as the extension cable can get hot 1
2
(a) A fuse will break the circuit 1
when there is an excessive current (in an appliance.) 1

(b)(i) P = VI or 120 V and 1500 W identified from the label. 1

1500 = 120 × I 1
I = 12.5 A or 13 A (2 sf) 1

(b)(ii) 13 A is suitable (because this is just greater than 12.5 A). 1

Using the 5.0 A would constantly fuse when the kettle is operated or using the 1
20 A fuse can lead to fires if a fault develops in the kettle and the fuse wire fails
to melt.

3
Correct sequence is: 1 → 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 1

4
(a)(i) Neutral (wire) and the live or line (wire). 1

(a)(ii) There is no risk of the live wire touching the casing or the user. 1

(a)(iii) The live or line wire. 1

The switch will isolate the live wire (and prevent any harm). 1

(b) B It is a device that switches off when there is excessive current. 1

(c) When the live wire touches the casing, the current cannot safely travel through 1
the earth wire to the ground.
Instead, it will pass through the user or the user gets an electrical shock. 1

Electromagnetic induction
1
moving 1
changing 1
A conductor moving across a magnetic field, or a changing magnetic field
linking with a conductor, can induce an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the
conductor.

2
 1 mark for each correct response to each experiment. 7

Experiment Tick ✓ if there is

induced e.m.f.

Holding a magnet stationary close to the coil.

Moving a magnet towards the coil. ✓
Moving a magnet away from the coil. ✓
Moving the coil towards the magnet. ✓
Moving the coil away from the magnet ✓
Switching on an electromagnet close to the coil. ✓
Switching off an electromagnet close to the coil. ✓

3
(a) Any two from: 2
Use stronger magnet / Use a magnet with greater magnetic field strength.
Move the conductor faster out of the magnetic field.
Use a coil / longer conductor instead of a single conductor.

(b) F – first finger, C – second or middle finger and M – thumb. 1

(c) Greater e.m.f. in the coil at the bottom (Y). 1

This is because the magnet is travelling through the coil faster. 1

4
(a) direction 1
The direction of an induced e.m.f. opposes the change causing it.

(b)(i) The current will be in the opposite direction. 1

(b)(ii) South-seeking pole. 1

5
(a) 1 mark for each correctly answered row. 6

Statement Place a tick

✓ here is
correct ….
Rotating the coil faster will increase the maximum output e.m.f. ✓

Rotating the coil slowly or faster does not change the output
frequency.

The generator provides a constant output e.m.f.

The generator uses commutators and brushes.

The generator uses slip rings and brushes. ✓

Using a stronger magnetic field has no effect on the output

e.m.f.
(b) Three letters P at the two ‘peaks’ and the ‘trough’. 1
Four letters R where the graph crosses the time axis. 1

Magnetic effect of current

1
(a) The magnetic fields are in opposite directions. 1

(b) Concentric circles around the wire. 1

Spacing between the field lines increases with distance. 1
Correct direction for the current direction chosen (either of the diagrams below). 1

(c)(i) Magnetic field strength decreases further away from the wire. 1

(c)(ii) The direction of the magnetic field is reversed. 1

The circles of the field lines are closer together. 1

2
(a) The direction of the magnetic field cannot be shown by the iron filings. 1

(b)(i) Correct shape of magnetic field pattern. 1

Correct magnetic field direction. 1
Poles of the solenoid correct marked. 1

(b)(ii) Correct direction of current shown (see diagram above). 1

(c)(i) The magnetic pattern will become more compact (or words to that effect). 1

(c)(ii) The direction of the magnetic field will be reversed. 1

Force on current-carrying conductor and the d.c. motor

1
(a) 1 mark each for items not circled are: protractor, ruler and spring. 3
(b) perpendicular 1
A current-carrying wire will experience the largest force when it is placed
perpendicular to the magnetic field. This wire has no force acting on it
when placed parallel to the magnetic field lines.

(c)(i) To the right. 1

(c)(ii) To the right. 1

(d)(i) Into the plane of the paper. 1

(d)(ii) Down the plane of the paper. 1

2
B Out of the plane of the paper. 1

3
(a) The force on the coiled wire is in the opposite direction. 1

(b) With alternating current, the cone will vibrate / oscillate 1

at the same frequency as the current, hence sound of a specific note is emitted. 1

4
(a) Larger (than before). 1

(b) The coil is magnetised enough to close the switch in the right-hand circuit. 1
Hence, the lamp in the circuit is on. 1

5
(a) 1 mark for each correctly identified component.
Magnet, coil, split-ring commutator and brush(es). 4

(b) The size of the current in the coil. 1

The strength of the magnetic field. 1
The number of turns on the coil. 1

(c) The force on the right-hand side of the coil is upside (or reverse argument). 1
The force on the wire on the opposite side is downwards, hence the coil will 1
rotate anticlockwise.

(d) Split-ring commutator identified as the component. 1

As the coil rotates, the commutator ensures that forces on the wires close to the 1
poles are always opposite and produce an anticlockwise turning effect.

Transformers
1
(a) Wrap a length of wire around one side of the soft-iron core. 1
Do the same on the opposite end of the soft-iron core (with a different length of 1
wire).
One coil will be the input, and the other coil will be the output. 1
(b) The input coil of a transformer is called the primary coil, and the output coil is 1
called the secondary coil.

(c)(i) Step-down transformer. 1

There are more turns on the primary / input coil (or reverse argument). 1

(c)(ii) Step-up transformer. 1

There are fewer turns on the primary / input coil (or reverse argument). 1

2
(a) Vp Np 1
=
Vs Ns

(b) 12000 200

= 1
400000 N s
1
Ns = 6667 or 6700 (2 sf)

(c) 1 mark for each correctly answered row. 4

Statement Place a
tick here
is correct
….
The current in the cable is very large.
The current in the cables is smaller. ✓
The current in the overhead cable is direct current (d.c.).
The power loss in a given cable is proportional to current
The power loss is a given cable is proportional to current2. ✓

3
(a) Np Vp 120
ratio = = = 1
Ns Vs 9 1
ratio = 13 (2 sf)
(b) input power = output power 1
120 × I = 9.0 × 1.8 1
current = 0.135 A or 0.14 A (2 sf) 1
assumes transformer is 100% efficient 1

(c) The alternating current in the primary coil produces an alternating magnetic field 1
in the primary coil.
This changing magnetic field links/cuts the secondary coil because of the soft- 1
iron core.
The changing magnetic field induces an e.m.f. in the secondary coil. 1