Ch apter 1... Introduction to Rural Development Contents ... 1 1. iF 1 1A 1 1 1 +1 Introduction 2. Difference between Rural Area and Urban Area 3 Concept of Rural Area and Development 4. Rural Development-Concept 5. Definition .6 Scope of Rural Development .7 Need and Importance of Rural Development 8 Approaches of Rural Development 1.8.1 Broad Front Approach 1.8.2 Sectoral Approach 1.8.3 Participatory Approach 1.8.4. Target Approach 1.8.5 Area Development Approach 1.8.6 Package Approach 1.8:7 Basic Needs Approach Employment Oriented Integrated Approach to Rural Development Integrated Development Approach Growth Center Approach Community Driven Development (CDD)/Approach 1.8.12. Gandhian Approach .9 Strategies in Rural Development Exercise Learning Objectives... After studying this chapter, the student should understand: > > > > Rural areas and their contrast with urban areas Concept of Rufal Development Scope of Rural Development along with focus on Inclusive rural development Need and impoitance of Rural Development j 1 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner™” SNe a Aga WONNNRANVRANNAYA NFAY DNA SDA INANE I Ne vb Buh Hoehne Ma Malt an ONL Wy . 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Metropolitan cities, avsoclated with the ¢ulture proclaimed 27 June as the International Yoga IWwootl iidustiy, of indian celebrities, oF Statue ot Unity’ and of Nfs amongst the work's seven wanders, Globally, cognizance has been infrastructure in India with projects such as metro trains, bullet Waing, 4 state of the ait residential and commercial teal estate seen |i especially the sky sclapers Ih the city of Mumbal, However, there is another India whic infrastructure, education levels, information 's the Rural india’, whieh N has been far less developed in terms of ancl access to basle and modern amenities, IN N accounts for Neatly 65 % of India’s Population The people here al® Predominantly occupied With agriculture and allied occupation, and serve ay the foot, aaa . the whole of india, Including thelr urban Counterparts, One has to seriously Vl the SeSment of rural areas a Ie comprises of 4 larger population and secondly, there La : @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFundamentals of Rural Development Introduction to Rural Development a scope in development of these areas as there is still a long way for the residents of rural areas to capture the fruits of technology, modernization, globalization and of ultimate progress and prosperity. 2 Difference between Rural Area and Urban Area Urban areas refer to metropolitans, cities which are advanced in terms of modern amenities, infrastructure, and is technologically savvy. The urban area has industries, job opportunities, and adequate access to water, electricity and other basic needs. These areas are ahead of time when it comes to embracing new products and technologies. As a result, the standard of living of urban people is advanced as compared to their rural counter parts. Rural areas, on the other hand, are occupied with agricultural activities and remain behind time in embracing modernization and improving their lives. In other words, people in rural areas are engaged in primary industry. Rural areas tend to have an agrarian economy, even though many rural areas are characterized by an economy based on mining, logging, oil and gas exploration or tourism industry. There exists a tremendous scope in the development of rural areas. There is still a long way for the residents of rural areas to capture the fruits of technology, modernization, globalization and of ultimate progress and prosperity. For instance, several schools in cities have world class air conditioned classrooms and digital libraries, while schools in rural areas find it hard to even have access to classrooms and benches. The table 1.1 summarizes the major differences between rural areas and urban areas. Table 1.1 Basis Urban areas Rural areas Predominant activities Industries and services Agriculture and allied activities Access to basic amenities | Adequate Inadequate Modernization High Low Embracement of Ahead of time Behind time technology Standard of living Relatively high Relatively low Infrastructure Sound infrastructure, and Likewise poor; especially continuously improving. However, still, this infrastructure is proving inadequate for people's requirements seen by potholes on roads etc. 13 ++ (Con @ scanned with OKEN ScannerIntroduction to Rural Development Fundamentals of Rural Development Rural areas Rural areas hardly have any gainful employment opportunities, which result exist in urban areas pr eigiation of ral populace to urban areas in search of livelihoods and opportunities ‘of health | Lack of proper health awareness; Inadequate medical hospitals and nursing homes Urban areas cies |Good numberof Employment opportunities Good ment opportunities Basis ‘Adequate level ; awareness; availability of small as well as large hospital chains such as Apollo, Galaxy Care etc a 4.3 Concept Mite Area and Development s wherein people are primarily engaged in poultry etc. Rural areas are Healthcare (Awareness and facilities) Rural refers to country side or villages, fl agriculture and allied occupations such as farming of crops, : al ar characterized by a non urban lifestyle, occupational structure, social organisation and settlement pattern. Rural areas remain backward in terms of access to basic amenities, embracing new products and technologies and have a lower standard of living. The settlement system in rural areas consists of villages or homesteads. Socially it connotes greater interdependence among people and a more deeply rooted community life .A slow moving rhythm of life built around nature and natural phenomenon is visible in rural areas. Development is a different concept in different fields. For example, In economics, it means a rise in GDP and other macro economic indicators. In Science, it is viewed as technological or industrial development. In sociology, it is viewed as social change and so on. However, development broadly implies a movement towards freedom to select goals and ability to achieve them. Development denotes a positive quantitative as well as qualitative change. One can view of development as growth. or evolution, or stage of advancement. Development is a universally cherished goal of individuals, of families, of communities and of nations all over the world. 1.4 Rural Development - Concept . ae 9 aware of the concept of rural and development, we can thus understand ‘evelopment as improving standard of livin: iding i i ; 1g of people resi ral areas ona sustainable basis and making them self reliant. ee aes * Rural Development is a Process of dev Tesources, technologies, infrastructural government policies and Programmes to tural areas, to create employment opport ‘eloping and utilizing natural and human facilities, institutions and organi : Promote and escalate economic unities and to improve the qu Ta s @ scanned with OKEN Scanner| | Fundamentals of Rural Development Introduction to Rural Development life, so as to make the rural populace self reliant in a sustainable manner. The ultimate idea of rural development is improving the quality of life of poor people and the weaker sections in rural areas. * Rural development implies raising the socio economic status of the rural population on a sustainable basis. It encompasses overall development of rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life and economic well being of people living in rural areas. This is to be achieved through optimal utilization of local resources, may it be natural resource such as land, minerals or the human resources. Rural development is basically meant to ensure self reliance (‘Atma Nirbhar) in the rural people. * Rural development aims at improving the well being and self realisation of people living outside the urbanized areas through a collective process. Rural development implies helping the rural people to set the priorities in their own communities through effective and democratic bodies, by providing the local capacity and an investment in basic infrastructure, healthcare and social services. It also denotes justice, equality and ensuring safety and security of the rural population, especially that of women. Rural development connotes transformation of rural masses into self reliant and self sustaining modern little communities. The sphere of rural development encompasses an integrated development of the rural populace through optimum development and utilisation of local resources, be it physical, biological and human resources and by bringing about necessary institutional, structural and attitudinal changes of people therein. * Nevertheless, the concept of rural development remains on the top agenda of national politics, simply because 65 % of the country’s population has to be taken care of. * Since Independence, several great thinkers have thought of rural development in terms of different ways, as cited below: (i) Mahatma Gandhi had viewed development of rural areas through eradication of Poverty (ii) Rabindranath Tagore's view towards development of people in villages was centred around creation of happiness (iii) According to the Baroda Plan of V.T. Krishnamachari, to raise the standard of villagers, it is necessary to create a desire of hope in them to bring that level of living. (iv) For Spencer Hatch, objectives of rural development were five fold - mental, spiritual, physical, economic and social well-being rill @ scanned with OKEN ScannerIntroduction t© Rural Devely Banda Development z = rentals of Rural “e qq of hopes improvement in econ, le aradication of poverty and buling ant has meant buildin se © Thos Rural developme Oe for rural people, creation of happine capabilities of the rural population. / capabilities of the rural Pop « can be achieved through improvements jy, rn construction Of school by, He evelopment of rural ares bed: Development of nur a ray of “ facilities and through Int rastructure such ‘agricultural techniques provision of ‘on facilities, health care f sion of educati s emphasized plans and strategies towards Ru . Development strategies under Five Year Plans hy, opment such as achievement of hi ity, and redressing social in egy, Government of India (GOD h Development in its 5 year plans deen essentially centred around rural devel growth, reduction of poverty, ensuring food securi : ne ment, The Five Year Plans stressed on the role of rural institutions j measures for building UP the and unemploy achieving these developmental goals and proposed institutional strengths. Since independence, the concept of rural development has moved from a broad view of agricultural development and community to a narrow view of a strat design to improve the socio economic life of rural people. Rural development is i part of inclusive development, which implies extending benefits of development to the poorest, small farmers, tenants and landless. Rural development is not meant for merely improving the level of living of these people, but also to bring about 4 greater degree of their participation in the development process. Rural development thus encompasses: - Improving quality of life of rural population. - Development of agriculture. Making environmentally safe living condition in rural areas. Improvement in nutrition and health. Improvement in transport and communication facilities, - Awareness, - Education facilities, - Healthcare facilities, ~ _ Reduction in income inequalities, > Reduction in gender inequalities, : Mi the rural areas more productive, - Reducing the vuinerabilit : : Pen S a ha to natural hazards. and customs intact. ne eS eoke o @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFundamentals of Rural Development Introduction to Rural Development . Rural development thus implies a desired positive change in the lives of rural inhabitants, both in a quantitative as well as qualitative terms, Social, economic, and technological sphere of human life is bound to alter for better. As rightly said by Mahatma Gandhi, the real progress of India did not mean simply the growth and expansion of industrial urban centres but mainly the development of the villages. © Rural development involves a process of transformation of traditionally oriented rural culture towards one of embracing science and technology. Pye Cos The process of rural development, fundamentally implies developing quality of life of people living in rural areas economically and socially, on a sustainable basis. Different experts in the concerned area have tried to define rural development. The major ones are given below: According to H. Crops, “Rural development is a process through collective efforts, aimed at improving the well-being and self-realisation of people living outside the urbanisation area.” According to World Bank, "Rural development is a strategy to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people, the rural poor including small and marginal farmers, tenants and the landless." As per United Nations, “Rural Development is a process of change, by which the efforts of the people themselves are united, those of government authorities to improve their economic, social and cultural conditions of communities in to the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national programme... Rural Development is a process of bringing change among rural community from the traditional way of living to a progressive way of living. It is also expressed as a movement for progress”. According to Robert Chambers, “Rural development is a strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to gain for themselves and their children more of what they want and need. It involves helping the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in the rural areas to demand and control more of the benefits of rural development. The group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the landless.” According to Agarwal, “Rural Development is a strategy to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people- the rural poor, including small and marginal farmers, tenants and landless.” According to Ensminger, “Rural Development is a process of transformation from traditionally oriented rural culture towards an acceptance and reliance on science and technology.” 17 @ scanned with OKEN Scanneripling ure. It borrows from several dis, 5 ind management studiee eS Such ary in nat i pin D Rural development is multi dscplinany Innate as agricultural sciences, social sciences, Agricultural Sciences Social Sciences Behavioural Studies () Management Studies Fig. 1.1: Scope of Rural development Rural development is an ideology and a practice. It is a multi dimensional process Which encompasses varied aspects of rural life. ' Different spheres of rural life form the scope of rural development, as enlisted below: 1, Economic development: Economic activities can lead to increasing income Of rural populace, thereby aiding consumption. Development of socio economic infrastructure which implies setting up of rural banks, cooperatives, schools etc, will support economic development. 2. Social sphere: There is a need to develop and empower rural masses through several community development programmes, and instill a sense of confidence jn them. Development in rural areas can be a broad based reorganization and mobilization of rural masses in order to enhance their capacity to cope effectively with the daily task of their lives and with changes consequent upon this. 3. Basic needs: Provision of basic needs such as electricity, drinking water in adequate quantities in rural areas is required. 4, Technological : While talking of ‘Digital India’, Penetration of technologies such as internet to rural areas will assume a great importance. 5. Development of village and Cottage industries: These have been long a source of employment and income opportunity for the rural Populace. Engaging the rurdl People in productive activities such as the establishment of rural industries wil increase their income. 6. oe of poverty: For long, there has been a reliance on 'Trickle-down effect, hich stated that economic gains received by the rch eventually flow to the poo 1s @ scanned with OKEN Scanner