Parts of Speech
Nouns:
• Definition: Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
• Examples:
o People: John, Mary, teacher, student
o Places: school, park, city, country
o Things: book, table, computer, phone
o Ideas: love, happiness, freedom, peace
Verbs:
• Definition: Verbs are words that express actions, states, or occurrences.
• Examples:
o Actions: run, jump, eat, sleep
o States: be, have, seem, feel
o Occurrences: happen, become, change
Adjectives:
• Definition: Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns.
• Examples:
o Big, small, tall, short
o Red, blue, green, yellow
o Happy, sad, angry, excited
Adverbs:
• Definition: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• Examples:
o Quickly, slowly, carefully, loudly
o Very, too, extremely, quite
o Yesterday, today, tomorrow
Pronouns:
• Definition: Pronouns are words that replace nouns.
• Examples:
o Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
o Possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
o Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
Prepositions:
• Definition: Prepositions show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words
in a sentence.
• Examples:
o In, on, at, under, over
o Of, for, with, by, from
o To, into, through, near, around
Conjunctions:
• Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses together.
• Examples:
o And, but, or, nor, for
o Yet, so, because, since, while
Lesson 1: Definition of Language and Views
• Language is defined as:
o Linguistic communication: focusing on the structure and arrangement of words.
o Speech communication: involving the production and reception of sounds.
o Cognitive ability: a mental process that enables language use.
o Culture-based: reflecting and shaping cultural values and norms.
Verbal Communication/ Speech Ability
• Language as Sound Production:
o Verbal communication is about producing and understanding sounds.
o It's a fundamental aspect of human interaction.
• Speech Organs:
o Humans use their mouth, tongue, lips, and vocal cords to create sounds.
o These organs work together to produce a variety of sounds.
• Sound Transmission:
o Sounds travel through the air in waves.
o The sound waves reach the listener's ears.
• Brain Interpretation:
o The brain receives and interprets the sound waves.
o It translates these sounds into meaning.
• Language as a Gift:
o Language is a remarkable human ability.
o It's a natural part of being human.
Cognitive Ability/ Mental Process
• Language as a Reflection of the Mind:
o A person's language reveals their thoughts and mental processes.
o What we say is a reflection of how our brains work.
• Language as a Cognitive Ability:
o Language is an instrument of thinking.
o It mirrors the mind and its workings.
• Individual Differences in Language Use:
o While all humans have the same speech organs, not everyone is equally eloquent
or skilled with language.
o Individual differences in language use are attributed to variations in brain function.
• Language as a Cognitive Process:
o Language is a central part of human consciousness.
o We often engage in internal speech when thinking deeply or contemplating.
o The brain's ability to decode and translate abstract symbols into concrete language
is remarkable.
Linguistic Communication/ Linguistic Ability
• Language as a System of Signs and Symbols:
o Linguistic communication focuses on the structure and arrangement of words.
o It's about understanding the rules and conventions of a language.
• Parts of Speech:
o Each word in a sentence belongs to a specific part of speech
(e.g., noun, verb, adjective).
o Parts of speech help determine the meaning and structure of a sentence.
• Sentence Structure:
o Sentences typically follow a subject-predicate structure.
o The subject is the person, place, or thing being discussed.
o The predicate describes the subject's action or state.
• Syntactic Categories:
o Words are categorized into syntactic categories based on their function in a
sentence.
o These categories include
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions.
• Word Order:
o The arrangement of words in a sentence is important for meaning.
o Rearranging words can change the meaning of a sentence.
Example Sentence:
• The people are advised to stay home during the pandemic.
o Subject: The people
o Predicate: are advised to stay home during the pandemic
o Syntactic breakdown: article + noun + auxiliary verb + main verb + infinitive + noun
+ preposition + article + noun
Verbs:
• Definition: Verbs are words that express actions, states, or occurrences.
• Types of Verbs:
o Action verbs: describe physical actions (e.g., run, jump, eat, kick)
o Linking verbs: describe the subject (e.g., is, has)
o Helping verbs: assist the main verb in expressing tense, mood, or voice
(e.g., do, have, may)
Culture-based/ Culture-shaped
• Language as a Cultural Expression:
o Language reflects the beliefs, practices, and values of a community.
o What is acceptable in one culture may not be in another.
• Cultural Norms and Language:
o Language is used to express and uphold cultural norms.
o Understanding cultural norms helps interpret language use.
• Language and Honorifics:
o Different cultures have specific honorifics for addressing people.
o Examples: "Ma'am" or "Sir" in the Philippines, "Seeng-neem" in Korea.
• Language and Identity:
o Language can reflect the identity and culture of a group.
o Examples: LGBT communities often have unique language and jargon.
• Language as a Social Institution:
o Language is a cultural product shaped by social interactions.
o It's a reflection of the community's values and beliefs.
