Introduction to Statistics

Statistics
It is the branch of Mathematics, invented by "Williams Playstains". Statistics is game of data/
Data analysis.

It deals with:

1. Collection
2. Classification
3. Interpreting
4. Drawing valid conclusion
5. Making responsible decision.

Introduction
Let us think how can we answer the questions.

I. How many doctors, teachers, engineers, etc will be needed in last five years
II. What is the effect of rainfall on agriculture of drugs of patient, of prices of sales etc.

Data :- Data is collection of numberal and non-numberal digits.

 Numberal :- Weight, income, age, lenght, Temperature, etc.
 Non-Numberal :- Months, days, gender, colour, result, etc.
 Quantitative Data :- In quantitative data the value of items are always in numbers.
 Qualitative Data :- In qualitative data the values of items arr non-numberal.

Example:

The following marks of Mathematics in class of 10th class out of 100.

Data :- 45, 48, 50, 51, 51, 52, 53, 53, 53, 54, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 59, 60, 61, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64.

Class Interval Entries Frequency Mid Point Class Boundary

45 49 44, 48 2 45 + 49 = 47 44.5 49.5
2
50 54 50, 51, 51, 52, 53, 9 50 + 54 = 52 49.5 54.5
53, 53, 54, 54, 2

55 59 55, 57, 58, 59, 59 5 55 + 59 = 57 54.5 59.5

2

60 64 60, 61, 61, 62, 62, 8 60 + 64 = 62 59.5 64.5

63, 63, 64 2

65 69 - 65 + 69 = 67 64.5 69.5
2

Terms
Class Interval:- A data can be divided into several parts with equal distance.

Example:- 45 49, 50 54, 55 59 are intervals.

Frequency :- The number of observation falling in a particular class interval is called frequency.
Mid Point :- It is a average of class interval is called Mind Point.

Example :- 45 + 49 = 94 = 47
2 2
Class Limit :- In Class Interval, the first element is a lower and second element is upper limit.

Class Boundary :- A class boundary is a mid way between upper limit of a class and lower limit of next
class.

Presentation of Data :- To put the data in a such way that one can get more information in less time is
known as Presentation of Data. There are two ways of presenting a data :

 Frequency Presentation/ Distribution.

 Graphical Presentation

Frequency Presentation :- Frequency distribution is a classification of the elements in a table form. It is a

arrangement of data in rows and columns way.

Contruction of Frequency Distribution :- Range = L - S. *(L=largest value, S=smallest value)

Class Interval = Range/h

Note:- Sometimes "h" is given otherwise "h=5".

Distribute the data into appropriate classes by : listing Method, Tally Method.
 Example :- It is a distraction
which is score achieved by a
group of science students in
the Physical laboratory.

Scores No: of students

24 28 3

29 33 16

34 38 12

39 43 23

44 48 19

49 53 26
Q1 : What is the upper limit of last class?

Ans : 53

Q2 : What is the lower limit of class interval (49 53) and (39 43)?

Ans : 49 and 39.

Q3 : What is Mid value of (29 33) and (44 48)?

Ans : 31 and 46

Q4 : What is class boundary of (24 28) and (34 38)?

Ans : (23.5 --- 28.5) and (33.5 --- 38.5).

Q5 : What is the frequency of class interval (44 48) and (34 38)?

Ans : 15 and 12.

Relative Frequency :- F/n ×100

Relative Frequency Distribution :- The Relative Frequency Distribution is used to show the percentage of
data in each.

Frequency Relative Frequency = f/n×100.

*n=sum of f

3 3 ×100 = 30 = 15
2 2

10 10 × 100 = 100 = 50
20 2

7 7 × 100= 70 = 35
2 2

20

Comulative Frequency
Comulative Frequency is calculated by adding the frequency of all upper frequencies.
Example1 : In a bank there are 50 male and 30 female, make a comulative frequency distribution.

Gender no: of workers Comulative Frequency

male 50 50

female 30 50+30 = 80

Example2 : It is a data of 25 students test find cumulative frequency.

Marks Students obtent marks Comulatuve Frequency

45 49 2 2

50 54 11 2+11 = 13

55 59 4 13+4 = 17

60 64 9 17+9 = 28

Graphical Representation
We are disscusing some Graphical Representation.

1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Simple bar diagram
4. Multiple bar diagram
5. Pie diagram.

Histogram :- It consist of a set of adjacent rectangles, whose bases are marked by class boundary
along axis and where height are associated with frequency.

Example :-

Class Interval Frequency Class Boundary

35 39 25 34.5 39.5
40 44 20 39.5 44.5

45 49 15 44.5 49.5

50 54 10 49.5 54.5