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Mineral and Energy Resources

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Mineral and Energy Resources

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Scope OF Syliatyyg L e | These | | | | ‘ a tron ore, Manganese, + Copper oT A a a Conventional Sources. o.7 euxite Hydel Power (Bhakra Non-conventional g, * Petroleum, Natu Nangal Dam ang Hirakua), 0 . Surces * Solar, wind, nuctear and bio. Geographicay Terms alumi e + A naturally occur commercial exploitation, : ‘SY : These are non-renewable ‘sources of energy which once used again, €.g., coal. Dam: A barrier across the flowing water, Hydroelectricity : 'y Project which serves a number of imigation, flood control and generates hydroelectricity, 0 Biogas : Biogas is the energy obtained from organi ‘Fr by conversion of such wastes into alcohol, meth: pt the Bhakra Nangal e waste which is converted into energy by direct ‘combustion 1ane or other storage fuels, Nuclear energy : Its the energy which is obtained by ‘splitting the nucleus Minerals : Homogenous, naturally occurring substances with a definable i Coal Ferrous minerals : The minerals which contain iron are known as ferrous minerals, For ‘example, nickel, errous m manganese, cobalt etc. Non-ferrous minerals : The minerals which do not contain iron ore. For example, ‘Of an atom, under controlled conditions, Internal structure are known, ore, petroleum, marble etc. ‘minerals, ‘copper, lead, tin ete, N /entional resources of energy : These are those resources which can be renawed ina short paried jon-convi lar energy, wind energy eto, newable resources. 0.., 80 They are also known as rer pecan known as energy resources. Coal, : which are used for generating energy are patna, sarcoma fe pean on san Petroleum, uranium, 145 MINERAL / POWER RESOURCE 1. |iron © In all machines and tools. Odisha ‘Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, (Fe) © In-construction works. Chhattisgarh Bastar, Durg and Dantewara, Jharkhand Paschim and Purbi-Singhbum 2. | Manganese | © Used for making iron and steel. ‘Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, ang © Used in electrical industry ‘Andhra Pradesh. ‘3. | Copper © Used in wide industrial applications, | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand, ranging from defence, space programme, electronics et. © Used for making electrical wires and equipments 4. | Bauxite © Ore of aluminium, Aluminium is used for ‘Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra ‘making eletical wires used in aeroplanes and aircrafts. 5. | Coal © Fuel, raw-material for steel industry. Jammu & Kashmir, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, © Used in making chemical paints. Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh. 6. | Petroleury | @ Fuel in aeroplanes, buses, factories, etc Assam: Digboi, Naharkatia, Rudrasagar. Mineral Oil | @ Basic input for petrochemical industry. Gujarat ‘Ankaleshwar, Koyali, Kalol. Maharashtra Mumbai-High. 7. | Natural ‘@ Fuel, raw material for petrochemical ‘Mumbai-High, Gujarat, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Gas ‘industry. Nadu, Tripura and Rajasthan. 8, | Solar Energy | © Eoo friendly, renewable resource, cheap. | Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh. 9. | Wind Energy | @ Eco friendly, renewable resource cheap. ‘Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu 10. | Nuclear ‘@ Economical, high amount of energy | Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Energy with small input, sufficient resources available. 11. | Biogas ‘© Eco friendly, can be produced from organic | All parts of india, waste, high calorific value, cheap. Competency Based Questions (A) Multiple Choice Questions : Q2. Coal is formed in . Select the correct answer from the given options, i Metamorphic (®) Igneous © : Q.1. Minerals are usually found mae. fo Und earth 3. (a) Under earth (6) Above Q3. Which of the following is a ferrous metal ? (©) Inores (d) Under water a Manganese (®) Bauxite () Gold : ‘Ans. (c) Awe @ Mica 15 sy ' u IESE Settstudy in GEOGRAPHY- 10° F Which of the following is the best v ore? ‘arlety of iron (a) Haematite (6) Magnet ii it gnetite Limonit a Limonite (d) Anthracite a Mayurbhanj and Kend O° re mines of : lujhar are important iron (a) Karnataka 8) Chhat (©) Maharashtra (6) Chihatisgarh (@) Odisha we Oa qu. The Kudremukh tron ore mines are located int (a) Odisha b) G (co) Karnataka pees (d) Chhattisgarh ans. (0) Q7. Which of the following states | producer of manganese? te lareet (a) Maharashtra (6) Goa (©) Kamataka (@) Odisha ans. (d) Qs. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh are famous for : (@) Copper () Coal (©) Bauxite @ Mica Ans. (a) Q9. Which of the following is the highest quality hard coal ? (@ Lignite (®) Bituminous (©) Anthracite (@) Bauxite ‘Ans. (c) Q.10. Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are famous for : (@) Petroleum () Mica (©) Coal (@ Bauxite ‘Ans. (c) Ql. Which of the following is the oldest oil producing state of India ? (a) Gujarat (©) Maharashtra (c) Assam (@ Goa Ans. (c) Q.12. Which of the following energies can be produced from ocean ? (@ Tidal energy (6) Bio-gas (© Solarenergy (4) Geo-thermal energy Ans. (a) Q3. Which one of the following is a non-metallic mineral ? (@) Lead (6) Copper (© Tin (d) Limestone ‘Ans, (da) So ICSE Seltstudy In GEOGRAPHY —10 SSS 147 Q.14, In which one of the following States is Rawatbhata Nuclear Energy Plant located 7 (a) Gujarat (b) Karnataka (©) Punjab (d) Rajasthan Ans. (d) Q.15, In which one of the following States Is Kalga Nuclear Energy Plant located ? (a) Gujarat (b) Kamataka (©) Punjab (d) Kerala Ans. (b) Q.16. Magnetite and Haematite are ores of : (a) Coal (6) Copper (c) Manganese (d) Iron Ans. (d) Qd7 state is the leading producer of iron ore in Indi (a) Odisha (b) West Bengal (©) Bihar (@) Gujarat Ans. (a) Q.18. Bastar and Durg are the iron ore mines located int (a) Odisha (b) Chhattisgarh (©) Bihar (@) West Bengal (6) is the major energy resource of the world. (a) Natural Gas (6) Hydel Power (©) Coal @ Petroleum Ans. (6) Q.20. Anthracite and Lignite are associated with : @ Iron (6) Coal (c) Manganese (d) Copper © . is the best variety of coal. (@) Anthracite (®) Bituminous (6) Lignite (@) Peat Ans. (a) wm contains the lowest percentage of carbon. (@ Anthracite (6) Bituminous (©) Lignite @ Peat Ans. (d) . is the main ore of aluminium. UCSE 2024] (@) Bauxite (6) Hematite (©) Anthracite @ Lignite Ans. (a) Q.24. Aluminium is used for making pots and pans because. (@ Itis cheap @ Itis a good conductor of heat. (@) Only (b) Only (ip) (c) Both (i) & (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii) Ans. (5) Q.25. Aluminiumis used in aeroplanes and spacecrafts light and strong (ii) Itis cheap. (@) Only () (®) Only (i {c) Both (i) & (i) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii) Ans. (a) 2.26. Which of the following states is the largest producer of aluminium. (@) Gujarat (®) Jharkhand (c) Odisha (@) Maharashtra Ans. (c) Q27. It is the emergy obtained from the oceans. Identify the type of the energy. (@ Nuclear (6) Tidal (©) Geo-thermal _(d) Bio-gas Ans. (6) Q.28. Itis the energy obtained from the interior of the earth. Identify the type of energy. (@) Nuclear (6) Tidal (©) Geo-thermal __(d) Bio-gas. Ans. (co) Q.29. Copper is alloyed with Zinc to form : HICSE 2023] @ Stainless steel (6) Brass (©) Bronze (@) Aluminium ‘Ans. (6) 2.30. Hirakud dam is based on which of the following rivers? (@) River Godavari (b) River Mahanadi (©) River Krishna (d) River Narmada Ans. (b) Q31. You live in a village in India. Which of the following energy resources will be clean, cheap, and best for you ? (a) Coal (8) Mineral oil (©) Wood (d) Biogas Ans. (d) (d) Geo-thermal energy Ans. (0) (B) Assertion and Reason Based Question mbers 1 to 8 two statements ary jbelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below : (a) Ais true but Ri (6) Ris reason for A. (c) Both A and R are false. (@ Only Ris true, Ais false. Qu. Assertion : India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources. Reason : These variations of the difference in the geological structure. Ans. (b) Q.2. Assertion : India has vast potential for solar energy. Reason : India is located on Equator. Ans. (a) Q.3. Assertion : Mineral resources are finite and non renewabl Reason : The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in composition to the present rates of consumption. Ans. (6) Ans. (a) QS. Assertion : Copper is used to Prepare cooking ute Reason : It is a good conductor of heat. Ans. (6) 2S eases IC5ESalf-Stuy in GEOGRAPHY 10 Qs. Ans: a. Ans. Qu. Ans. Q2 Ans. Q3. ‘Ans. Qa. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q6. Ans. Q7. Ans. Qs. Ans. Qs. Ans, Q.10. Ans, Qui. Ans, S SESelStudy LOC APH OT 143 oe Assertion : Coal is also kn Reason : It is black in colour i oO. “Assertion : Many port citi refineries. Reason : Most of the oil ocean beds. o ‘Black Gold’, ies have their own oil fields are found in the Qs. Ans. Petrol is often referred as ‘liquid Assertion gold’ Reason : of energy and as a raw mi number of industries (b) Itis duc to its high utility as @ source terial for a large Very Short AEWEMIy fe Questions What are the two types of minerals 2 1. Metallic minerals, 2, Non-metallic minerals, ‘What are metallic minerals ? Minerals from which we get metals are called an riers, €8,, ores of iron, gold, copper, What are non-metallic minerals ? These are those minerals which do not contain metals, e.g., coal, petroleum, mica, manganese. Name any four major minerals of India, Iron, manganese, bauxite and copper. Name any two iron ores. 1, Haematite 2. Magnetite. Name the largest producer of iron ore in Indi UCSE 2024) Odisha. Name any four centres of iron in Odisha, Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack and Koraput. Name the two important centres of iron ore in Jharkhand, Singhbhum and Palamau. Which two districts of Chhattisgarh are the leading producers of iron ore? [ICSE 2008] Bastar and Durg. Name any two countries to which iron ore from India is exported. Japan, Korea, European and Gulf countries. Name different types of iron ore found in India. HICSE 2009] @ Magnetite (ii) Haematite. Qu2. Ans. Qu3. Ans. 14. Ans. Qus. Ans. Qu6, Ans. Qu7. Ans. Qu8. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. Which Is the best quality iron ore ? Mention its two characteristics. [ICSE 2009, 2016] Magnetite. (i Itcontains more than 70% of iron. (ii) Ithas excellent magnetic qualities. ‘Amineral X is used for making iron and steel. It increases the strength of steel. Identify the mineral. Which country of South Asia is the leading producer of that mineral? Mineral X is manganese. India is the leading producer of manganese. What is an ore ? ‘A naturally occurring deposit which contains a ‘mineral or minerals in sufficient concentration to justify commercial exploitation, e.g., Bauxite is ore of Aluminium. Name a major non-metallic mineral of India. Coal. Name any two non-metallic minerals of India. Coal and petroleum. What are conventional sources of energy ? ‘These are non-renewable sources of energy which once used cannot be used again, e.g., coal. Which is the most important source of power in India ? Coal. ‘Coal plays major role in the industrialisation process’. Justify the statement by giving two examples, @ It is the main source of energy. More than 60% of commercial energy is obtained from coal. (id It is used as basic input in iron and steel industry. Q.20, Ans, Qi. Ans. Q.22, Ans. Q.23. Ans. Q.4. Ans. Q25. Ans. Q.26. Ans. Q27. Ans. LTE |C5E Sei-Study in GEOGRAPHY —10 Which is the best quality of coal ? Where it is found in India ? Anthracite is the best variety of coal. It is found in Jammu and Kashmir. Which is the poorest quality of coal ? Name a state of India where it is found. eat is the poorest quality of coal, It is found in Bihar. Which are the two richest and oldest coal fields of India ? Name the state where these lie, HICSE 2009, 2013, 2023} Sharia and Raniganj are the two most important ‘coal mines of India. These lie in Bihar and Odisha, ‘Name any four major centres of coal mining in South India. 1, Adilabad 3. Warangal Name two centres of coal mining of the following states : (@) West Bengal (6) Maharashtra, (@) Bengal — (i) Raniganj (i) Dalingkot (Maharashtra — (i) Kamptee (ii) Wardha Valley. Which variety of coal is used for the production of coke and gas ? Name a state of India where is found. Bituminous is used for the production of coke and gas. Itis found in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal. “Demand for petrol and petroleum products is increasing”. Give reason. 1. It is one of major sources of commercial energy. 2. Due to increased pace of industrialisation in South Asian countries. ‘Which region (State) is the largest producer of petroleum in India ? Name the refinery where the production is refined. /JCSE 2009, 2013] ‘Bombay-High or Mumbai-High (Maharashtra) is the largest producer of mineral oil. It produces more than 60% of the total production. The ‘mineral oil obtained from the region is refined in ‘Trombay. 2. Karimnagar 4, Khamman, Q.28. Ans. Q.29, Ans. Q.30. Ans. Qat. Ans. Q32. Ans, Q.33. Ans. Q34. Ans. O35. Ans, Q.36, Ans, Q.37, Ans, Name the agency which explores mineral oy in India. The Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGcy, Name the major oll field of the following states: (a) Assam (6) Gujarat. /ICSE 2914) ‘Assam - Digboi, Naharkatia, Gujarat — Ankaleshwar and Ahmedabad, Name the state which is the leading producer of coal in India, Also mention two of its mines, CSE 2014 Jharkhand. Mines - Jharia, Bokaro. Name the major coal mines of : (@) Jharkhand (6) Odisha Or Name two states with large deposits of coal, ‘Name the coalfields in the states that you have named. (@) Sharia, Bokaro and Giridih. () Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh, Talcher, Which is the oldest oil producing state in India ? Assam. Which Is the oldest oil field of India ? HICSE 2016] ‘The Digboi field. Name any two oil fields of western India. HICSE 2009] 1. Ankleshwar 2. Ahmedabad. Name any two offshore oil fields of India. HICSE 2009, 2018] Mumbai-High and Bassein, Name any two ol fields of north-east India. 1. Arunachal Pradesh Manabhum 2. Tripura - Mamunbhanga, Name one area in Odisha and one area in Chhattisgarh where iron ore is mined. HICSE 2008) Odisha~ Sundargarh Chhattisgarh - Bailadila in Bastar district, on Q.48, Ans. Q49, Ans, SS ICSE Set-Study IN GEOGRAPHY — 151 See Name any two ray. coal matey derived from HICSE 2009) me two dustries Which use ‘manganese, Name the mine hi makes it rust proof, OUBMERS steel and Manganese fICSE 2018) Why manganese produced in demand? India Is in great Because it is of high qual ‘Name any two states whi producers of manganese, / Odisha and Madhya Pradesh, are the leading ICSE 2012, 2014] Name any two i Tei. 'Y two important copper mines of (# Balaghat mines - Madhya Pradesh (ii) Khetri mines - Rajasthan , Which state is the largest producer of manganese ? Odisha. Name any two important centres of manganese in the following states : HICSE 2023] ( Odisha (i Maharashtra ()(@) Sundargarh (6) Koraput i) @ Nagpur (6) Ratnagiri Name fwo industries that use a high quantity of co: HICSE 2013} Iron and steel industry and cement industry. Name two coastal and two inland oil-refineries in India. HICSE 2013] Coastal - Mumbai and Kochi. Inland : Indian Oil Corporation Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Which the different varieties of coal is used for domestic purposes and why? /ICSE 2014] ‘Anthracite and Bituminous. Because both these varieties contain high percentage of carbon with high calorific value. Name the largest oil refinery in the Public Sector. JICSE 2015] Guwahati Refinery (Assam), ited and Which type of coal is mostly used in Iron and steel industries ? HICSE 2016, 2024] is used in the manufacture of good quality steel as it makes the steel tough. Identify the met Manganese “Copper is used to prepare cooking utensils”. Give reasons. ‘a good conductor of heat. used in power cables”. Give JICSE 2019] a good conductor of elect Because “Copper reason. Because Name any two states of India which are producers of copper: Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Name any two copper mines of Jharkhand. Singhbhoom and Hazaribagh. Name an important clean energy resource which is found in association with petroleum. Natural gas. Define multipurpose river projects. Ammultipurpose projectis that which simultaneously serves several purposes at the same time. For irigation, flood control, hydroelectric generation, navigation, fishing and tourism. ‘Name a multipurpose river projects located on river Satluj. Or ‘Which multipurpose project provide power to both Punjab and Himachal Pradesh ? HCSE 2018] Bhakra Nangal project. Name the multipurpose river project located on river Mahanadi. Hirakud, Define non-conventional resources. Non-conventional energy sources are those which are non-exhaustible. They are renewable sources of energy, Q61. Ans, Q62. Ans. Q63. Ans. Q.65. Define solar energy. ‘The energy given by the sunis called solar energy. Name any two solar power plants of India. Kalyanpur in Aligarh or Gurgaon in Haryana. Biogas is the energy obtained from organic ‘waste which is converted into energy by direct combustion or by conversion of such wastes into alcohol, methane or other storage fuels. |. What is nuclear energy ? Energy obtained from the nuclear fusion. ‘Name any two sources of nuclear energy. HICSE 2019, 2023] Uranium and Thorium. ,. What is biogas ? Biogas is the energy obtained from organic waste which is converted into energy by direct combustion or by conversion of such wastes into alcohol, methane or other storage fuels, 7. Mention some materials which can be used to produce bio-gas. Animal dung, poultry wastes, vegetable wastes, What are the twin benefits of plants’ to the farmers ? (i) They provide clean energy. (ii) They improve quality of manure, . Why is conventional source of energy not considered an ecofriendly source of energy 2 HCSE 2023) These are non-renewable sources of energy, eg. coal and petroleum. These cause air and water pollution. Name the following : (@ The non-conventional energy source that has the most widespread potential usage in India. HICSE 2023] (©) An offshore oil field of India ICSE 2023, Ans. Q.70. (q) Solar energy. (@® Gulf of Cambay Mumbai High. Ans. Short Answer Type Questions) @ or 4 marks each) ‘What is the importance of iron ? * Itisthe backbone of modem industry. Itis used the manufacturing of iron and steel. is used for making machines, agricultural implements, nails, wires, pins, etc, * Itis used in making alloy steels. Distinguish between Anthracite and Lignite eee 152, eee SERIES (C5 Self.Study In GEOGRAPHY=10 mm (ii) It has the highest |(7 It has the low heating value. heating value. Q.71. Name any one mining area of Iron ore from the state of Odisha, HICSE 2024) ‘Ans, Sundargarh. Q.3, With reference to iron ore in India, answer the following quest (@ What grade of iron is mostly mined in India ? Name the states that lead in the production of iron ore. HICSE 2005, 2010} (@ Importance of iron ore for Indian industry. HICSE 2012} (ii) How is the low grade iron ore utilized ? AICSE 2012] Ans, () Haematite ; Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Goa, Iron ore is the backbone of modern industry: @) Iis used in manufacturing of iron and steel, () used for making machines. Qs. Ans, (@) . \CSESel-Study in GEOGRAPHY") Rss! 153 meet (i) (@) Agriculture implements, (d) Paint pigments, Name the major tron ore belts of India with ‘one important characteristic of each, ‘The major iron ore belts in India are 1, Odisha-Jharkhand belt : This belt is the leading producer of iron ore in India. In Odisha, high grade haematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. Palamau and Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand are the important producers of haematite iron ore, 2. Durg-Bastar-Chandarpur : This belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra, The belt is known for high grade haematite which is found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. 3, Bellary-Chitradurga-Chilkmanglur- Tumkur: The belt is in Kamataka, It has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudermukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Kamataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudermukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. 4. Maharashtra-Goa belt : This belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though the ores are not of very high quality yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port. With reference to coal, answer the following questions : () Mention one of its use. (i) Why is it called black gold ? (iii) Where is it found in India ? /ICSE 2016) (») What are the four varieties of coal ? JICSE 2024) Manufacturing of iron and steel and variety of chemicals depend upon the availability of coal, (iii) (iv) (i) It is called black gold because of its high utility as a source of energy and as a raw material for a large number of industries. Iharkhand, Bengal, Odisha, M.P., Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh are the main producers. (a) Anthracite (90% carbon): Itis jet black in colour and burns slowly without smoke or soot. [tis clean to handle and has a high heating value. ( Bituminous coal (30-80% carbon) Coke required for smelting of iron ore is derived from bituminous coal. (c) Lignite (40% carbon) : It is brown or brownish in colour. It has large quantities of ash and moisture. Its by-products can furnish several materials for industries. (a) Peat : It is considered to be inferior to other three varieties due to least carbon content. Distinguish between the metallic and non- Q.6. metallic minerals. Ans. 7 Metallic minerals | Non-metallic minerals (@ Metals are malleable, | (i) Non-metals are brittle ie, they canbebeaten | in nature. into sheets. (i) Metals are ductile, ive., they can be drawn into wires. (iif) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, (i) Non-metals are not ductile. (ii) Non-metals are bad | conductors of heat and electricity except | graphite. Q7. Ans, With reference to petroleum answer the following questions : @ Why is it called mineral oil ? (i) Write two of its uses. ICSE 2012} () Petroleum is oil obtained from rocks, particularly sedimentary rocks of the earth, So it is called mineral oil, (@) Itis used as a fuel. (0) Itprovides the most important lubricating agents and is used as raw material for various petro chemical products. w Q.8. With reference to Mumbai-High oil field answer the following : ‘When was it found ? located on the continental shelf of the coast of Maharashtra about 176 km north- ‘west of Mumbai. ‘Sagar Samrat. In 1974, Q.9. Distinguish between the commercial and non- commercial energy sources. Ans. Commercial energy | Non-commercial energy pesroese Sie a (@ Those sources of (i) Those sources of | energy which are energy which are | used by the people for, | commercial purposes. | Gi) Theuse ofcommercial | source of energy, | can be used as an indicator of economic development of the Q.10. Distinguish between the conventional and non- conventional sources of energy. Or Give two advantages that non-conventional energy sources have over conventional energy (It is a mixture of combustable, gaseous hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons ‘occurring frequently 0-organism| with petroleum in the presence of| rocks of the earth's] water. (i) It is used as a fuel and for lighting! chemical industry. homes. ji) It is transported from| (iif) This gas is produced ‘one place to another} commercially in| through pipelines. tanks by manure. Qu12. Distinguish between anthracite and bituminous coal. 0 Tt is the best qual of coal. (i It causes very less| (i) It causes more} pollution. pollution, (iif) Tt has more calorific} (i () It contains more| (iv) It contains less percentage of carbon’ only in Jammu and lorific has less i gives| less energy sources. HICSE 2018) Kashmir West Bengal and Ans. a Chhattisgarh, ‘Conventional sources of ' __ Non-conventional Q.13. The distribution of mineral deposits in India energy ‘sources of eneray (These are non These are renewable | renewable sources of| sources of energy, | energy. eg, coaland| e.g. solar energy, petroleum. wind energy. (i These are going to last! (ii) These are going to {just for 100-200 years. last forever. (if) These cause air and| (ii) These do not cause ‘water pollution. any pollution. Bates | & is uneven. How does it affect industrial development in the country ? The minerals are the backbone of industry. Ther® are mainly no minerals in northern part of the country. So this part is backward in industry ‘These are mainly agricultural states. Jharkhand and Odisha have rich resources of minerals 5° they are also rich in industry, fms 154 es [SE Self-Study In GEOGRAPHY = 14, Deseribe in detail coal under following heads: ( Distribution of coat in India, : (i Demerits of Indian coat (any two) (ii) Need of conservation of coal (two potaia .. @) Nearly three fourth of th is an \o sceaed nthe Dart of the coal deposits are tein the Damodar river valley. The places are Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih, Bokaro id Karanpura. . a The other river valleys associs i : inted with coal depos are the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and ‘ardha. The coal fields of Singreni in Andhra Pradesh, Talcher in Odisha and Chanda in Maharashtra are also very famous, (i) Demerits : @ Thequaliy ‘of coal required for producing coke as an essential input in steel ind is deficient, a a (®) The Indian coal has high ash content and low calorific value, (iii) Need of conservation : Q (@) Because it is a non-renewable resource. (®) Itis backbone of industrialisation process. QS. “India is rich in mineral resources.” Justify the statement by giving four examples. Ans. (i Nature has richly endowed India with iron ore, both in quantity and quality. It has more than 20% of the world’s iron ore reserves. Gi Indias the world’s largest producer of mica and produces about 60% of the world’s production of mica. (iii) India is the fifth largest producer of manganese in the world. (iv) There are extensive and sufficient deposits of bauxite in the country. Q.16. Mention any four iron ore producing states of India. Also mention two mines of each state, Ans, () Odisha : Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Bonai. (i) Jharkhand : Paschim and Purbi and Palamau. (iii) Chhattisgarh : Durg, Bastar and Dantewara. () Karnataka : Chikmaglur and Bellary districts, North Goa is also an important producer and exporter of iron ore in India. Singhbum ee IeSe Self-study In GEOGRAPHY ~ 20 155 meee Q.17, With reference to coal answer the following questions () Name the four types of coal which fs available in India. (i) Name the state which producers of coal. (iit) Which states is the largest producer of coal in India ? Ww) Which state is major producer of Anthracite and Bituminous ? ‘Ans. (i (a) anthracite (b) bituminous (c) lignite (d) peat. (ii) Sharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh produce about 1/3rd of the total production of coal in India. (iif) Largest producer : Jharkhand is the leading producer of coal in India. (i) Anthracite - Jammu and Kashmir Bituminous — Jharkhand and Odisha. Q.18, Write any three uses of manganese. are the major [ICSE 2010, 2017, 2023] Or State any two important industrial use of manganese. ICSE 2017, 2023] ‘Ans, (0) Itisused for making iron and steel and its alloy. (Gi) Ttincreases the strength of steel. (iii) It is used for making paints, glass, chemical ete. Q.19. With reference to manganese answer the following questions : () Which state is the leading producer in India? CSE 2012} (i Name its largest buyer. (id) Why its exports are constantly decreasing ? ( Odisha (i) Japan (i) The exports of manganese are constantly decreasing because of rapid increasing demand in domestic market, Q.20, With reference to copper answer the following questions : (@ Any three uses of copper. /ICSE 2018, 2022) Ans. (6) Any two states which are the leading producer of copper. (© Electric industry is the major consumer of copper. Give reason. ‘Ans. (a) (i) Copper is good conductor of electricity so it is used in electrical industry. (ii) Copper is also good conductor of heat so it is used for making cooking utensils. (iid) Asitis ductile soit is used to make electric cables. (®) Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. (6) Copper is good conductor of electricity and is ductile so it is widely used in electric industry. Q.21. What is lignite ? Name any two areas where lignite is found in Indi NICSE 2011] ‘Ans. Lignite is a lower quality coal containing about 60% of carbon. It is also known as brown coal. Areas : (@ Nevali - Tamil Nadu (i Palna ~ Rajasthan 9.22. Give geographical reasons. ICSE 2012] (@ Anthracite is used for domestic purposes. (i Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports. (iii) The location of coalfield is an important factor in industrial development. ‘Ans, _(@) Because it is the best quality of coal. (i) (@ To minimise the transport cost. (8) Toavoid the risk of transporting mineral oil inside the country due to its inflammable nature. (iii) (a) It is the prime source of energy in the manufacturing of iron and steel. (©) It is used as raw material in the chemical and other industries. Q.23, Name the states in which the following mines are located : HICSE 2012] (@ Singhbhum Copper mine (i) Khetri copper mine (iii) Kudermukh iron ore mine ‘Ans. (i) Singhbum copper mine ~ Jharkhand (i) Khetri— Rajasthan (iif) Kudermukh - Karnataka Q.24. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q.26. Ans. Q27. Ans, Q.28. Ans, Name the mineral perochemicals. “NCSE 2014, Petroleum (@ State the most important use of iron ore ang bauxite. HICSE 2015, (6) Give a geographical reason for each of the following: HICSE 2015) ( Many port cities have thelr own oi refineries. (i) Petroleum is called a ‘fossil fuel’, (ii) Coal Is called a versatile mineral, (@) Iron ore — Iron Extraction. Bauxite — Aluminium Extraction. © @ Most of the oil fields are found in the ‘ocean beds. (ii) Because it has been formed from the prehistoric organic remains of plants and animals. (iii) Because of its multiple uses as a major source of energy as well as a major raw material ( Why is bauxite imported by India ? (ii) Name the countries which supply bauxite to India. (i Domestic demand of bauxite is more than production, so India has to import bauxite. (ii Canada, USA, Australia supply bauxite to India. ‘Name the following : HICSE 2016} @ An off-shore oil field of India. Gd An iron ore mine of Karnataka. () Mumbai-High (i Bababudan Hills Name the following : [ICSE 2016} @ Largest coal field of India. (i) Oldest oil-field of India, (iii) Best variety of iron ore. (# Jharia in Jharkhand. (i) The Digboi field, (ii) Magnetite, Po 2% With reference fo non-conventional resou Tees answer the following questio, ( Name any two non-convent resources. (i Why is there need for of energy 2 (@ Solar energy and Wind energy (ii) © The rate of formation of fossil fuel is slow as compare to their demand. © Over use of fossil fuels petroleum has caused serious mental pollution, tional energy using these sources ans: ke coal, environ- Q.0 With reference to solar ener following questions : 2 me oe () “India has vast potential for sol Give reason, iia cee: “The use of solar energy should be encouraged”. Justify the statement by giving two reasons, Or What is the advantage of using Solar energy in place of conventional sources of energy. HICSE 2022] ( Because India is a tropical country. (i © Environment Friendly : Solar energy is generated from a renewable source and its production does not emit any harmful pollutants and emissions. Power plants which are catering the maximum amount for our energy needs use fossil fuels to generate electricity and emit harmful green house gases which are disturbing the balance of the nature. © Renewable resourees : Another advantage of solar energy is that it is inexhaustible and unlike fossil fuels, source of energy for solar power is renewable. Sun is the source to generate Solar energy and Sun is freely available everywhere and is not going to exhaust in future. (31. With reference to wind energy answer the following questions : ( What advantages the wind energy has over other source of energy? [ICSE 2023] Ans. NS Se study ip GEOGRAPHY 0 GE 157 mum Ans. Q32. Ans, Q.33, (i) Name any two high wind energy regions of an environment friendly source of energy. © Recurring cost is very low. (i) © Gujarat and ports of Rajasthan. With reference to biogas answer the following questions : () Name any two sources of biogas. (ii) “Biogas is an ideal domestic fuel”. Give three reasons. [ICSE 2018] Or Give two advantages of using bio gas as a source of power. [ICSE 2019] ( Animal dung and poultry waste. (ii) © It does not cause any pollution. © It is a cheap source of energy. © It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to buming of fuel wood and cow dung cakes. With reference to nuclear energy answer the following questions = @ “It has vast potential for future development”. Give reason. (@ State any two sources of nuclear energy. Or Mention any two advantages of Nuclear power. ICSE 2022] () The demand for energy is increasing day by day, the natural energy sources like coal, petroleum, cannot last for a long time. So the nuclear energy will dominate. © A small input can release enormous amount of energy. © Nuclear energy is very economical. (i) Uranium and thorium are used to produce nuclear energy. These are found in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala, - () Who proclaimed dams as the “temples of modern India ?”* (@ Name any two social movements which have been launched against the multi- Purpose projects. (Gif) What was the basic cause of resistance to the large dams ? (@ Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. (i) ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and “Tehri Dam Andolan’, (iii) Large-scale displacement of local Ans. of Modern India ? reason. Explain the main Or What was the main purpose of launching multipurpose project in India after independence ? () A multipurpose project is that which fulfils a variety of purposes at the same time, for example irrigation, generation of electricity, flood control, fish breeding, soil conservation, etc. (ii) ‘A dam’ is a barrier across the flowing ‘water that obstructs, dissects or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. (iii) 1t would integrate development of agriculture and th ¢ economy with rapid industrialisation and the growth of urban economy. Q.36. ‘Large multipurpose projects also lead to land degradation.’ Analyse the statement. (@) Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive crops. This has led to the salinisation of the soil. (ii) Regulating and damming of rivers affect the natural flow of rivers causing poor sediment flow. (iit) Due to dams, the flood plains are deprived of silt. (iv) Multipurpose projects induce pollution which leads to land degradation. Ans. Ans. reservoir, lake or an impoundment. js a tradition: a modern| concept. | concept. | Q.38. “The multipurpose river valley projects are called the New Temples of Modern India” Why? Or Examine the importance of the river valley projects in the development of hydel power and irrigational facilities in India. ‘Ans. (Generation of Power (electricity) : These multipurpose projects are the main source of power generation. They provide us neat, ‘pollution free and cheapest energy which is the backbone of industry and agriculture. Flood Control : These projects control the floods because water can be stored in them. These projects have converted many ‘rivers of sorrows’ into ‘rivers of boon’. For ‘example the river Kosi. @ Soil Conservation : These conserve the il because they slow down the speed of water, dip () Irrigation : These projects are the main source of irrigation for our country. These irrigate the fields during the dry seasons. ‘Many perennial canals have been dug and they irrigate dry areas, semen 158 ‘semmpsnnnssossstsesssssssssssesnessesasanseeanesemnes ICSE Self-Study in GEOGRAPHY - 10 a oe “Inrecent years, the mut large dams have come Give reasons. HiPurpose projects and c Under great scrutiny.” 0.40. With reference to Bhakra Nangal project answer the following question: Or (Name the river on which it is located. y (ii) Name the states which are partners of the Neri on Aisadvantages of mult presees — r roject I- ‘ , (ii) Name the states which are benefiting a because of the project. le for the success How many multipurpose river (iv) How the dam is respor -Y pro] become harmful forthe country Esplinwih ainerbapemcer four examples. (v) Name the reservoir which is used to store wal dverse effect : ans AS fect on the fertiti 7 Due to the constructi ericeee pee (vi) Name the power houses associated with the no annual floods in the r eames dam. inthe river, And because of this, the soil ofthe down ‘ (vit) How is Bhakra Nangal dam beneficial for 1 downstream region docs ae not get nutrient rich “silt”. This decreases Punjal ICSE 2023] the fertility of the soil, Ans (9 Sath | . ii) Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. wi Aaverse uae on aquatic life : Due é > Seiirs Haryave, Rajeston anc Delhi © the construction of da i i ; ef hem gs (9 i ms of me : i . Bet the farmers. sufficient nutrient material. Regulating b) ia eer have been taken from this and damming of rivers affect the natural i ich provide iigation. i of water causing poor sediment flow ” ae aaa ° lownward, and excessive sedi the bottom of reservoir, result 0g in octier das gainer el a stream beds and poorer habitats for the (ot) Bpaize Nena dams benefit foe Panjab os rivers’ aquatic life. Dams also fragment itprovides imrigation water and hydroelectricity rivers making i It for aquatic fauna the state, 5 to migrate for spawning, ie, to produce 41+ With reference to Hirakud dam project answer cae the following questions : UCSE 2022} ub (@ Name the river on which located. (ii) Displacement of local communities: & te LICSE 2024 The building of large dams results in displacement of local communities. The local people often have to give up their Jand and livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater food of the nation. () Change in the eropping pattern : The ” eee one Indian state benefited by the urpose projects are responsible for Ay. (y Nyt ing assured means of irrigation to ; porringe most of the farmers ees . ing pattem shifting (@) Hi wer House have changed the cropping P oe to water intensive and commercial crops. «Howse This has ed to salinsation of soil leading (iv) Iron and steel and Fertilizer industry. to ecological imbalance. (») Odisha (Sse study i GEOGRAPHY 15) See (ii) Name the state where it is located. (ii) Name the power houses associated with the project. () Name any two industries which benefited because of the project. Q.42. (@ Name the following : [ICSE 2019) A ic mineral for which the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh is famous. (i) The multi-purpose project based on the River Satluj. (6) Give a reason for the following : UCSE 2019} (0 India’s location is advantageous for the generation of solar power, (0) Briefiy answer the following :|[CSE 2019] ( Why is petroleum often referred to as “liquid gold” ? (i) State one disadvantage of using coal as a source of power. i) Because India being a tropical country, is ‘well endowed with plenty of solar energy. Most part of the country have bright sunshine throughout the year except a brief monsoon period. and as a raw material for a large number of industries. (i Buming coal emits harmful wastes such asa carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid, ash. Q.43. Compare Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud power project. Ans. Comparative study Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud Project. | Bhakra Nangal Hirakud | River | Sutlej River. ‘Mahanadi Location | Border of Punjab | Odisha | and Himachal. |Economic | Provide power to importance | Punjab and Har- | yana’s agriculture l | belt. 44. (@ Give the names of four important types of iron ore found in India. [ICSE 2017| (©) Name the following : [CSE 2017, @ An offshore oil field in the Gulf of ‘Cambay. (i An oil refinery in Bihar. = (o) State an important industrial use of Cog), UCSE 201, Gulf of Cambay_ refinery in Bihar ~ Barauni ain source of thermal power QS. Name one important iron ore mine of the following states = ()) Odisha (ii) Sharkhand (ii) Chhattisgarh () Karnataka Odisha — Mayurbhanj Jharkhand — Singhbhum Chhattisgarh — Bailadila (j) Kamataka — Kudremukh Q.46. Mention two ways in which Hirakud dam has helped the people of Odisha? ICSE 2024) Ans. ps to irrigate large area agricultural and, Itprovides navigation facilities for transport of goods. Q.47. Give reasons for each of the following. ICSE 2024] (@ Geothermal energy is not popular in India. (©) Solar energy is gaining popularity. (©) Petroleum is considered a harmful source of energy. Ans. (a) Because of| (8) Because it is e1 renewable resources. ted Geothermal Resources ronment friendly and (©) Because when it bum it releases toxic gases and high amount of carbon dioxide. 150, eee NNsssssasas ICSE Self-Study in GEOGRAPHY ~10 ct rt a has made impres renewable energy sector, Mfrontrunner in the glob sarkel ipsa to Central ves, sn ps io Mae, gical advancements, 7 ign investments, 1 witnessed remarkable growth in’ wi aoe renew: According t0 the latest yo aternational Energy Agency: (Ea), ren india's installed renewable energy’ each 174 GW in 2023, - Q.1. Define Renewable Energy iving two examples, ans. These are those resources raced a eset which nt known as renewable resources, e.g. solar energy, wind energy ete, _ Why is there a Renewable Energy Resources? PO™O® ( Over dependency on fossil fuels : The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country beco: increasingly dependent on fos: such as coal, oil and gas. Slow rate of formation ; The rate of formation of fossil fuels is very slow as compared to their demand. The rate at which we are using fossil fuels there is fear of energy crisis Rising prices of oil and gas : Due to very high demand the prices of mineral oil and coal have risen very sharply in the recent years putting a huge burden on the economy. The potential shortages have raised uncertai ve strides in the Positioning itself as al renewable energy Government pol the Resources by Q2. Ans. fuels @ Gi, Ql. You are a resident CLC ee scale SITUATION BASED QUESTIONS Q3. Ans. QA Ans ing a tropical country, is well ow plenty of solar energy. Most rts of the country have bright sunshine rroughout the year except a brief monsoon period, Solar energy can be used to provide power to solar water heaters, solar refrigeration, solar drying, street lighting, pumping, power generators, etc. ic (PV) technology converts ly into electricity. It is a recent development in India. Extract 2 In India, it is the most abundantly available fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well (@ Identify the energy resources. ‘Ans. Coal (i) How is it formed ? ‘Ans. Coal originated from wood and today is found in sedimentary rocks beneath the earth’s surface. The wood took several ion years to become coal. of Odisha. Your state is famous for the production for iron and steel, Name the famous iron and steel plant located in your state and also mention the two geographical conditions suitable for the location. © Hindustan Steel Limited, Rourkela. © Most of the iron and coal mines are located in my state which provide the basic raw material for the plant. © Kolkata provides the port fac ss and its hinterland serves as a market. goaooa * ICSE Self-Study in GEOGRAPHY ~ 10 menses 161 mmm

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