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Detailed Content
About the Authors xv | Preface xvii
I N T R ODU C T I ON
Chapter 1
Introduction to Personality Psychology 2
Personality Defined 4
Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits . . . 5
And Mechanisms . . . 6
Within the Individual . . . 7
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . . 7
And That Influence . . . 8
Their Interactions with . . . 8
And Adaptations to . . . 9
The Environment 9
Three Levels of Personality Analysis 10
Human Nature 11
Individual and Group Differences 11
Individual Uniqueness 12
A Fissure in the Field 12
Grand Theories of Personality 12
Contemporary Research in Personality 13
Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 14
Dispositional Domain 15
Biological Domain 15
Intrapsychic Domain 16
Cognitive-Experiential Domain 16
Social and Cultural Domain 17
Adjustment Domain 18
The Role of Personality Theory 18
Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories 19
Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of
Personality? 21
KEY TERMS 21
Chapter 2
Personality Assessment, Measurement, and
Research Design 22
Sources of Personality Data 24
Self-Report Data (S-Data) 24
Observer-Report Data (O-Data) 27
Test Data (T-Data) 29
Top Left: Tavis Wright/Image
Source; Top Right: Svisio/Getty
Images; Middle Left: Science Photo
Library RF/Getty Images; Middle
Right: Lightspring/Shutterstock;
Bottom Left: Arthimedes/
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Color changes
Color changes
Contents vi
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) 35
Issues in Personality Assessment 37
Evaluation of Personality Measures 38
Reliability 38
Response Sets 39
Validity 42
Generalizability 43
Research Designs in Personality 43
Experimental Methods 44
Correlational Studies 46
Case Studies 49
When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case
Study Designs 51
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 52
KEY TERMS 53
PARTI
The Dispositional Domain
Chapter 3
Traits and Trait Taxonomies 56
What Is a Trait? Two Basic Formulations 58
Traits as Internal Causal Properties 58
Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries 59
The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits—An
Illustration of the Descriptive Summary
Formulation 60
Act Frequency Research Program 60
Evaluation of the Act Frequency Formulation 62
Identification of the Most Important Traits 63
Lexical Approach 63
Statistical Approach 64
Theoretical Approach 66
Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying Important
Traits 66
Taxonomies of Personality 67
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality 67
Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality 71
Five-Factor Model 73
The HEXACO Model 83
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 84
KEY TERMS 85
Chapter 4
Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait
Psychology 86
Theoretical Issues 89
Meaningful Differences Among Individuals 89
Stability over Time 90
Consistency Across Situations 91
Person–Situation Interaction 94
Aggregation 98
Measurement Issues 101
Carelessness 102
Faking on Questionnaires 102
Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Test
Interpretations 104
Personality and Prediction 105
Applications of Personality Testing in the Workplace
105
Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Employment
Settings 108
Personnel Selection—Choosing the Right Person for
the Job 113
Selection in Business Settings—The Myers–Briggs
Type Indicator: A Worst-Case
Example 114
Selection in Business Settings—The Hogan
Personality Inventory: A Best-Case
Example 118
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 120
KEY TERMS 121
Chapter 5
Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change 122
Conceptual Issues: Personality Development,
Stability, Coherence, and Change 124
What Is Personality Development? 124
Rank Order Stability 124
Mean Level Stability 125
Personality Coherence 125
Personality Change 127
Three Levels of Analysis 127
Population Level 127
Group Differences Level 128
Individual Differences Level 128
Personality Stability over Time 129
Stability of Temperament During Infancy 129
Stability During Childhood 130
Rank Order Stability in Adulthood 132
Mean Level Stability and Change in Adulthood 135
Personality Change 139
Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to
Adulthood 139
Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition
139
Sensation Seeking 140
Femininity 140
Independence and Traditional Roles 142
Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness
and Narcissism 143
Can You Intentionally Change Your Personality?
144
Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of
Socially Relevant Outcomes 145
Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce
145
Alcoholism, Drug Use, and Emotional Disturbance
146
Religiousness and Spirituality 147
Contents viii
Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping
Out 147
Health, Retirement, and Longevity 148
Predicting Personality Change 149
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 150
KEY TERMS 151
PARTII
The Biological Domain
Chapter 6
Genetics and Personality 154
The Human Genome 156
Controversy About Genes and Personality 157
Goals of Behavioral Genetics 158
What Is Heritability? 159
Misconceptions About Heritability 160
Nature–Nurture Debate Clarified 161
Behavioral Genetic Methods 161
Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans’ Best
Friend 162
Family Studies 163
Twin Studies 163
Adoption Studies 165
Major Findings from Behavioral Genetic Research
167
Personality Traits 167
Attitudes and Preferences 169
Drinking and Smoking 170
Marriage and Satisfaction with Life 172
Shared Versus Nonshared Environmental
Influences: A Riddle 173
Genes and the Environment 175
Genotype–Environment Interaction 175
Genotype–Environment Correlation 176
Molecular Genetics 178
Behavioral Genetics, Science, Politics, and Values
180
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 181
KEY TERMS 183
Chapter 7
Physiological Approaches to Personality 184
A Physiological Approach to Personality 190
Physiological Measures Commonly Used in
Personality Research 191
Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance) 191
Cardiovascular Activity 192
The Brain 193
Other Measures 199
Physiologically Based Theories of Personality 200
Extraversion–Introversion 200
Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment 204
Sensation Seeking 207
Neurotransmitters and Personality 210
Morningness–Eveningness 212
Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style 217
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 220
KEY TERMS 221
Chapter 8
Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 222
Evolution and Natural Selection 224
Natural Selection 224
Sexual Selection 225
Genes and Inclusive Fitness 226
Products of the Evolutionary Process 226
Evolutionary Psychology 228
Premises of Evolutionary Psychology 228
Empirical Testing of Evolutionary Hypotheses 230
Human Nature 232
Need to Belong 232
Helping and Altruism 234
Universal Emotions 236
Sex Differences 238
Sex Differences in Aggression 239
Sex Differences in Jealousy 241
Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety 245
Sex Differences in Mate Preferences 246
Individual Differences 248
Environmental Triggers of Individual Differences
249
Heritable Individual Differences Contingent on Other
Traits 250
Frequency–Dependent Strategic Individual
Differences 251
The Big Five, Motivation, and Evolutionarily
Relevant Adaptive Problems 254
Limitations of Evolutionary Psychology 255
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 256
KEY TERMS 257
PARTIII
The Intrapsychic Domain
Chapter 9
Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality 260
Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography 263
Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
264 Science Photo Library RF/Getty
Contents x
Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression 265
Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don’t Know
Why We Do What We Do 265
Psychic Determinism: Nothing Happens by Chance
267
Structure of Personality 270
Id: Reservoir of Psychic Energy 270
Ego: Executive of Personality 271
Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Ideals
275
Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego 275
Dynamics of Personality 276
Types of Anxiety 276
Defense Mechanisms 277
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
283
Personality and Psychoanalysis 286
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious 287
The Process of Psychoanalysis 289
Why Is Psychoanalysis Important? 291
Evaluation of Freud’s Contributions 292
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 294
KEY TERMS 295
Chapter 10
Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
296
The Neo-Analytic Movement 299
Repression and Contemporary Research on
Memory 299
False Memories from Fake News 304
Contemporary Views on the Unconscious 306
Ego Psychology 308
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development 311
Karen Horney and a Feminist Interpretation of
Psychoanalysis 317
Emphasis on Self and the Notion of Narcissism
318
Object Relations Theory 319
Early Childhood Attachment 320
Adult Relationships 323
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 328
KEY TERMS 329
Chapter 11
Motives and Personality 330
Basic Concepts 332
Need 334
Press 335
Apperception and the TAT 336
The Big Three Motives: Achievement, Power, and
Intimacy 338
Need for Achievement 339
Need for Power 344
Need for Intimacy 347
Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to
Self-Actualize 348
Maslow’s Contributions 350
Rogers’s Contributions 355
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 363
KEY TERMS 365
PARTIV
The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
Chapter 12
Cognitive Topics in Personality 368
Personality Revealed Through Perception 372
Field Dependence-Independence 372
Pain Tolerance and Sensation
Reducing/Augmenting 378
Personality Revealed Through Interpretation 380
Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory 380
Locus of Control 382
Learned Helplessness 385
Personality Revealed Through Goals 387
Personal Projects Analysis 387
Cognitive Social Learning Theory 390
Intelligence 393
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 397
KEY TERMS 399
Chapter 13
Emotion and Personality 400
Issues in Emotion Research 402
Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits 403
Categorical Versus Dimensional Approach to
Emotion 403
Content Versus Style of Emotional Life 406
Content of Emotional Life 406
Style of Emotional Life 429
Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional Life
433
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 434
KEY TERMS 435
Lightspring/Shutterstock
Contents xii
Chapter 14
Approaches to the Self 436
Descriptive Component of the Self: Self-Concept
439
Development of the Self-Concept 439
Self-Schemata: Possible Selves, Ought Selves, and
Undesired Selves 443
Evaluative Component of the Self: Self-Esteem 448
Evaluation of Oneself 448
Research on Self-Esteem 449
Social Component of the Self: Social Identity 457
The Nature of Identity 458
Identity Development 458
Identity Crises 460
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 463
KEY TERMS 465
PARTV
The Social and Cultural Domain
Chapter 15
Personality and Social Interaction 468
Selection 470
Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage
Partner 471
Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for
the Similar 473
Do People Get the Mates They Want? And Are They
Happy? 475
Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples
478
Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations 479
Personality Traits and the Selection of Friends and
Situations 480
Evocation 480
Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility 481
Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners 481
Evocation of Likability, Pleasure, and Pain 485
Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation 485
Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics 486
A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation 486
Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation 488
Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation
488
Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and
Social Interaction 492
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 494
KEY TERMS 495
Chapter 16
Sex, Gender, and Personality 496
The Science and Politics of Studying Sex and
Gender 498
History of the Study of Sex Differences 498
Calculation of Effect Size: How Large Are the Sex
Differences? 499
Minimalists and Maximalists 501
Sex Differences in Personality 501
Temperament in Children 501
Five-Factor Model 503
Basic Emotions: Frequency and Intensity 506
Other Dimensions of Personality 507
Masculinity, Femininity, Androgyny, and Sex Roles
509
The Search for Androgyny 511
Gender Stereotypes 514
Theories of Sex Differences 516
Socialization and Social Roles 517
Hormonal Theories 519
Evolutionary Psychology Theory 520
An Integrated Theoretical Perspective 521
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 522
KEY TERMS 523
Chapter 17
Culture and Personality 524
Cultural Violations: An Illustration 526
What Is Cultural Personality Psychology? 527
Three Major Approaches to Culture 527
Evoked Culture 527
Transmitted Culture 531
Cultural Universals 542
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 550
KEY TERMS 551
PARTVI
The Adjustment Domain
Chapter 18
Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health 554
Models of the Personality–Illness Connection 556
COVID-19 and the Five Models of Personality–
Illness Connection 562
The Concept of Stress 564
Stress Response 565
Major Life Events 565
Daily Hassles 567
Varieties of Stress 568
Primary and Secondary Appraisal 569
Coping Strategies and Styles 570
Attributional Style 570
Dispositional Optimism 571
Athanasia Nomikou/Shutterstock
Contents xiv
Management of Emotions 573
Disclosure 575
Type A Personality and Cardiovascular Disease
577
Hostility: The Lethal Component of the Type A
Behavior Pattern 580
How the Arteries Are Damaged by Hostile Type A
Behavior 582
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 582
KEY TERMS 583
Chapter 19
Disorders of Personality 584
The Building Blocks of Personality Disorders 586
The Concept of Disorder 588
What Is Abnormal? 588
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders 589
What Is a Personality Disorder? 591
Specific Personality Disorders 593
The Erratic Cluster: Ways of Being Unpredictable,
Violent, or Emotional 593
The Eccentric Cluster: Ways of Being Different 604
The Anxious Cluster: Ways of Being Nervous,
Fearful, or Distressed 610
Prevalence of Personality Disorders 616
Gender Differences in Personality Disorders 617
Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders 617
Causes of Personality Disorders 619
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 622
KEY TERMS 623
Chapter 20
Summary and Future Directions 624
Current Status of the Field 626
Domains of Knowledge: Where We’ve Been, Where
We’re Going 627
Dispositional Domain 627
Biological Domain 628
Intrapsychic Domain 631
Cognitive/Experiential Domain 631
Social and Cultural Domain 632
Adjustment Domain 634
Integration: Personality in the Twenty-First Century
635
Glossary 636
References 665
Name Index 719
Subject Index 731
Introduction to Personality Psychology
Personality Defined
Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits . . .
And Mechanisms . . .
Within the Individual . . .
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . .
And That Influence . . .
Their Interactions with . . .
And Adaptations to . . .
The Environment
Three Levels of Personality Analysis
Human Nature
Individual and Group Differences
Individual Uniqueness
A Fissure in the Field
Grand Theories of Personality
Contemporary Research in Personality
Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature
Dispositional Domain
Biological Domain
Intrapsychic Domain
Cognitive-Experiential Domain
Social and Cultural Domain
Adjustment Domain
The Role of Personality Theory
Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories
Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of
Personality?
KEY TERM
Those who carry humor to excess are thought to be
vulgar buffoons, striving after humor at all costs, not
caring about pain to the object of their fun; . . . while
those who can neither make a joke themselves nor
put up with those who do are thought to be boorish
and unpolished. But those who joke in a tasteful way
are called ready-witted and tactful. . . and it is the
mark of a tactful person to say and listen to such
things as befit a good and well-bred person.
Source: Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics of
Aristotle. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company,
Limited, 1893. ristotle, in The Nicomachean Ethics,
expressed these wise observations on the subject of
humor and the ways in which people do or do not
express it. In this quote, we see Aristotle behaving
much as a personality psychologist. Aristotle is
analyzing the characteristics of people who have an
appropriate sense of humor. He is providing some
details about what features are associated with a
sense of humor.
Aristotle adds to this description by comparing
people who are extreme, having either too much or
too little sense of humor. In his book on ethics,
Aristotle analyzed many personality characteristics,
including truthfulness, courage, intelligence, self-
indulgence, anger-proneness, and friendliness.
We might conclude that Aristotle was an amateur
personality psychologist. But aren't we all amateur
personality psychologists to some extent? Aren't we
all curious about the characteristics people possess,
including our own? Don't we all use personality
characteristics in describing people? And haven’t we
all used personality terms to explain behavior, either
our own or others’?
Find the Full Original Textbook (PDF) in the link
below:
CLICK HERE
