BANGA, ANGELICA S.

WRITTEN REPORT 10/04/2022

BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)

TOPIC: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between

reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative
data. In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, so
stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements. In order to use
stoichiometry to run calculations about chemical reactions, it is important to first
understand the relationships that exist between products and reactants and why
they exist, which require understanding how to balance reactions.

Balancing
In chemistry, chemical reactions are frequently written as an equation, using
chemical symbols. The reactants are displayed on the left side of the equation and
the products are shown on the right, with the separation of either a single or double
arrow that signifies the direction of the reaction. The significance of single and
double arrow is important when discussing solubility constants, but we will not go
into detail about it in this module. To balance an equation, it is necessary that there
are the same number of atoms on the left side of the equation as the right. One can
do this by raising the coefficients.

Reactants to Products
A chemical equation is like a recipe for a reaction so it displays all the ingredients or
terms of a chemical reaction. It includes the elements, molecules, or ions in the
reactants and in the products as well as their states, and the proportion for how
much of each particle reacts or is formed relative to one another, through the
stoichiometric coefficient. The following equation demonstrates the typical format of
a chemical equation:

2Na(s)+2HCl(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+H2(g)
DECULAWAN, ANGEL FAITH N. WRITTEN REPORT 10/04/2022
BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)

TOPIC: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS (STEPS IN BALANCING CHEMICAL

EQUATION)

Steps in Balancing chemical equation:

A chemical equation tells you what happens during a chemical reaction. A balanced
chemical equation has the correct number of reactants and products to satisfy the
Law of Conservation of Mass.

In this article, we’ll talk about what a chemical equation is, how to balance chemical
equations, and Mr. Pluma here will give you some examples to aid in your balancing
chemical equations practice.

What Is a Chemical Equation?

Simply put, a chemical equation tells you what’s happening in a chemical reaction.
Here’s what a chemical equation looks like:

Fe + O2 → Fe2O3

On the left side of the equation are the reactants. These are the materials that you
start with in a chemical reaction.

On the right side of the equation are the products. The products are the substances
that are made as a result of a chemical reaction.
In order for a chemical reaction to be correct, it needs to satisfy something called
the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that mass can’t be created or
destroyed during a chemical reaction. That means that each side of the chemical
equation needs to have the same amount of mass, because the amount of mass
can’t be changed.

If your chemical equation has different masses on the left and right side of the
equation, you’ll need to balance your chemical equation.

How to Balance Chemical Equations-Explanation and Example

Balancing chemical equations means that you write the chemical equation correctly
so that there is the same amount of mass on each side of the arrow.

In this section, we're going to explain how to balance a chemical equation by using
a real life example, the chemical equation that occurs when iron rusts:

Fe + 02 → Fe2O3

#1: Identify the Products and Reactants

The first step in balancing a chemical equation is

to identify your reactants and your products. Remember, your reactants are on the
left side of your equation. The products are on the right side.

For this equation, our reactants are Fe and O2. Our products are Fe₂ and 03.

#2: Write the Number of Atoms

Next, you need to determine how many atoms of each element are present on each
side of the equation. You can do this by looking at the subscripts or the coefficients.
If there is no subscript or coefficient present, then you just have one atom of
something.

Fe + O2 Fe2O3

On the reactant side, we have one atom of iron and two atoms of oxygen.

On the product side, we have two atoms of iron and three atoms of oxygen.

When you write out the number of products, you can see that the equation isn't
balanced, because there are different amounts of each atom on the reactant side
and the product side.

That means we need to add coefficients to make this equation balanced.

#3: Add Coefficients

Earlier, I mentioned that there are two ways to tell how many atoms of a particular
element exist in a chemical equation: by looking at the subscripts and looking at the
coefficients.

When you balance a chemical equation, you change coefficients. You never change
subscripts.

A coefficient is a whole number multiplier. To balance a chemical equation, you add

these whole number multipliers (coefficients) to make sure that there are the same
number of atoms on each side of the arrow.

Here's something important to remember about coefficients: they apply to every

part of a product. For instance, take the chemical equation for water: H2O. If you
added a coefficient to make it 2H2O, then the coefficient multiples across all of the
elements present. So, 2H2O means that you have four atoms of hydrogen and two
atoms of oxygen. You don't just multiply against the first element present.
So, in our chemical equation (Fe+ O2 Fe2O3), any coefficient you add to the
product has to be reflected with the reactants.

Let's look at how to balance this chemical equation.

On the product side, we have two atoms of iron and three atoms of oxygen. Let's
tackle iron first.

When first looking at this chemical equation you might think that something like this
works:

2Fe + O2 Fe2O3

While that balances out the iron atoms (leaving two on each side), oxygen is still
unbalanced. That means we need to keep looking.

Taking iron first, we know that we'll be working with a multiple of two, since there
are two atoms of iron present on the product side.

Knowing that using two as a coefficient won't work, let's try the next multiple of
two: four.

4Fe + O2 ← 2Fe2O3

That creates balance for iron by having four atoms on each side of the equation.
Oxygen isn't quite balanced yet, but on the product side we have six atoms of
oxygen. Six is a multiple of two, so we can work with that on the reactant side,
where two atoms of oxygen are present.

That means that we can write our balanced chemical equation this way:

4Fe + 302 3Fe2O3

PLUMA, ELIJAH Estiller WRITTEN REPORT
10/04/2022
BSCE – 1A (First Semester)

TOPIC: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS (Examples and Tricks)

1) Xe + F 2  Xe F 6

Reactants Products

Xe = 1 Xe = 1

F = 2(3)=6 F=6

Answer: Xe + 3 F 2  Xe F 6

2) Ag + H 2S  Ag2S + H 2

Reactants Products

Ag = 1×2=2 Ag=2

H=2 H=2
 S=1 S=1

Answer: 2Ag + H 2S  Ag2S + H 2

3) FeO + C  Fe + CO 2

Reactant Products

Fe = 1(2)=2 Fe=1(2)=2

O=1(2)=2 O=2

C=1 C=1

Answer: 2FeO + C  2Fe + CO 2

4) SiO 2 + C  SiC + CO

Reactants Products

Si=1 Si=1

O=2 O=2

C=1(3)=3 C=2=3

Answer: SiO 2+ 3C  SiC + 2CO

5) Al + H 2 SO 4  Al2 ( SO 4)3 + H 2

Reactants Products

Al=1(2)=2 Al=2

H=2=6 H=2(3)=6

S=1=3 S=3

O=4(3)=12 O=12

Answer: 2Al + 3 H 2 SO 4  Al2 ( SO 4)3 + 3 H 2

Tricks in Balancing Equations

DATUIN, BEA JANE WRITTEN REPORT 10/04/2022

BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)
Topic: Mole relationships in Chemical Equations (The Relationship)
•In any chemical reaction, the total amount of matter in the reactants
is equal to the total amount of matter in the products

•Thus, the total mass of all the reactants must be equal to the total
mass of all the products

•Known as the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is

no change in the total mass of the substances reacting in a chemical
reaction.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter is neither created

nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. In other words, the total mass
of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products in a
chemical reaction. Chemical equations are balanced so that they do not
contradict the law of conservation of matter. The coefficients used to
balance an equation also give the relative number of moles of
reactants and products. We can look at a chemical equation in terms of
moles, which is a set number of molecules or atoms, specifically,
6.023 x 10 to the 23rd. Using moles and atomic weight (the weight in
grams of one mole of that particular element) we can then determine
the weight needed of each compound.
DINEROS, ABENCIO WRITTEN REPORT
10/04/2022
BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)

Topic: Limiting Reactant

Example of Everyday Limiting Reactant

How many strawberry jam sandwiches could be made from 6 slices bread and 1
tablespoon of jam?
With 1 tablespoon of strawberry jam, only 1 sandwich could be made. So, the
strawberry jam is the limiting item.

So, What is Limiting Reactant?

The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and
thus determines when the reaction stops. From the reaction stoichiometry, the
exact amount of reactant needed to react with another element can be calculated.
If the reactants are not mixed in the correct stoichiometric proportions (as indicated
by the balanced chemical equation), then one of the reactants will be entirely
consumed while another will be left over. The limiting reagent is the one that is
totally consumed; it limits the reaction from continuing because there is none left to
react with the in-excess reactant.

How to Find the Limiting Reagent:

Find the limiting reagent by looking at the number of moles of each reactant.
•Determine the balanced chemical equation for the chemical reaction.
•Convert all given information into moles (most likely, through the use of molar
mass as a conversion factor).
•Calculate the mole ratio from the given information. Compare the calculated ratio
to the actual ratio.
•Use the amount of limiting reactant to calculate the amount of product produced.
•If necessary, calculate how much is left in excess of the non-limiting reagent.

DURAN, ANGELICA WRITTEN REPORT 10/04/2022

BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)

Topic: Introductory — Moles in Chemical Reaction

What are moles?
In chemistry, we frequently use the word “moles” to refer to the amount of
chemicals used. This mole is not the little animal that digs around your yard,
instead it refers to a set quantity of atoms. A mole is the quantity of a substance
equal to Avogadro’s number, approximately 6.022 × 10^23. It is the number of
atoms contained in 12.0 grams of carbon-12. Scientists use the mole measurement
because it provides a means to easily express large quantities. You can determine
the number of moles in any chemical reaction given the chemical formula and the
mass of the reactants.
Whereas, the processes, in which a substance or substances undergo a
chemical change to produce new substance or substances, with entire new
properties, are known as chemical reactions.
The stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation provide the
mole ratios that relate the number of moles of reactants and products to each
other. Mole ratios are used in all quantitative calculations involving chemical
reactions. And it is also known as stoichiometric factor.
Consider this balanced chemical equation:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
We interpret this as “two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of
oxygen to make two molecules of water.” The chemical equation is balanced as
long as the coefficients are in the ratio 2:1:2. For instance, this chemical equation is
also balanced:
100H2 + 50O2 → 100H2O
 This equation is not conventional—because convention says that we use the
lowest ratio of coefficients — but it is balanced. So this is a chemical equation.
Well, why not just use the number of moles in balancing the chemical equation?
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
This is the same balanced chemical equation we started with! What this means is
that chemical equations are not just balanced in terms of molecules; they are also
balanced in terms of moles. We can just as easily read this chemical equation as
“two moles of hydrogen react with one mole of oxygen to make two moles of
water.” All balanced chemical reactions are balanced in terms of moles.
Chemical equation is simply a recipe for a chemical reaction. As such, chemical
equations also give us equivalences—equivalences between the reactants and the
products. However, now we understand that these equivalences are expressed in
terms of moles. Consider the following chemical equation:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
This chemical reaction gives us the following equivalences:

2 mol H2 ⇔ 1 mol O2 ⇔ 2 mol H2O

Any two of these quantities can be used to construct a conversion factor that lets
us relate the number of moles of one substance to an equivalent number of moles
of another substance. If, for example, we want to know how many moles of oxygen
will react with 17.6 mol of hydrogen, we construct a conversion factor between 2
mol of H2 and 1 mol of O2 and use it to convert from moles of one substance to
moles of another.
It is important to reiterate that balanced chemical equations are balanced in
terms of moles. Not grams, kilograms, or litres — but moles. Any stoichiometry
problem will likely need to work through the mole unit at some point, especially if
you are working with a balanced chemical reaction.
BOISER, KARL WRITTEN REPORT 10/04/2022
BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)

Topic: Moles
What are moles?
In chemistry, we frequently use the word "moles" to refer to the amount
of chemicals used. This mole
is not the little animal that digs around your yard, instead it refers to a set quantity
of atoms.
Whereas, the processes, in which a substance or substances undergo a chemical
change to produce
new substance or substances, with entire new properties,are known as chemical
reactions.

The stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation provide the mole

ratios that relate the
number of moles of reactants and products to each other. Mole ratios are used in all
quantitative
calculations involving chemical reactions. And it is also known as stoichiometric
factor.

Consider this balanced chemical equation:

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
We interpret this as “two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen
to make two
molecules of water.” The chemical equation is balanced as long as the coefficients
are in the ratio 2:1:2.
For instance, this chemical equation is also balanced:

100H2 + 50O2 → 100H2O

This equation is not conventional—because convention says that we use the lowest
ratio of coefficients
— but it is balanced. So is this chemical equation:

5,000H2 + 2,500O2 → 5,000H2O

Again, this is not conventional, but it is still balanced. Suppose we use a much
larger number:

12.044 × 1023 H2 + 6.022 × 1023 O2 → 12.044 × 1023 H2O

These coefficients are also in the ratio of 2:1:2. But these numbers are related to
the number of things in
a mole: the first and last numbers are two times Avogadro’s number, while the
second number is
Avogadro’s number. That means that the first and last numbers represent 2 mol,
while the middle
number is just 1 mol. Well, why not just use the number of moles in balancing the
chemical equation?

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

This is the same balanced chemical equation we started with! What this means is
that chemical
equations are not just balanced in terms of molecules; they are also balanced in
terms of moles. We can
just as easily read this chemical equation as “two moles of hydrogen react with one
mole of oxygen to
make two moles of water.” All balanced chemical reactions are balanced in terms of
moles.

It is important to reiterate that balanced chemical equations are balanced in terms

of moles. Not
grams, kilograms, or litres — but moles. Any stoichiometry problem will likely need
to work through the
mole unit at some point, especially if you are working with a balanced chemical
reaction.

HOW TO CALCULATE MOLES IN CHEMICAL REACTION

-We can use the mole ratios in the balanced equation to calculate the molar amount
of one reactant, or
product from the molar amount of another reactant or product
Molar mass=mass in grams/1mole
M=m/n
-For example we can calculate the numbee of moles of H2O produced when
0.40mol CH4 is reacted fully
with oxygen
Moles of CH4 Moles of H20
(0.40 mol of CH4) x (2mol H20)/(1mol CH4) = 0.80mol H20
MOLES AND GRAMS IN CHEMICAL REACTION
Example:
An iron are named hematite Fe2O3 can be reacted with carbon monoxide CO to
form iron and carbon
dioxide, how many moles and grams of iron are produced when 45.0g of hematite is
reacted with
sufficient CO?
1. Write the balanced chemical equation
Fe2O3 (s) + 3C0 (g) 2Fe (s) + 3CO2(g)
2. Use the relationship connecting masses and moles of reactants and product

Grams of hematite Moles of hematite

( 45.0(g) hematite ) x (1 mole of hematite)/(159.69g of hematite) = 0.282 moles of

hematite
3. Use the mole ratio derived from the balanced reaction to convert moles of
reactant to moles of
product

Moles of hematite Moles of Iron

(0.282 mol of hematite) x (2 mol of Fe)/(1 mol of hematite) = 0.564 mole of Fe

4. Use the molar mass to convert from moles of gram of iron

(0.563 mol of of Fe) x (55.845 g Fe)/(1 mol of Fe) = 31.5 g of Fe
ADARAYAN, LENARD WRITTEN REPORT 10/04/2022
BSCE – 1A (FIRST SEMESTER)

Topic: Limiting Reactant

In Limiting Reactant, we need to identify which Element is limiting the

reaction, and inorder to do that we need to answer these questions;
1. How many moles of Element A is needed inorder to consume all the
moles in Element B?

2. How many moles of Element B is needed inorder to consume all the

moles in Element A?

3. Which element is consumed first be consumed first? Is it Element A or

Element B?
To Answer the questions above, we must first Identify the Elements, the
number of moles of the given Elements and the product that can be made
from those elements.

For Example:
2Mg + O2 2MgO
let’s assume that our element A is 2Mg which has 7.8 moles and our Element
B is O2 and it has 4.7 moles.
Let us first write the given:
Element A Element B Product
2Mg O2 2MgO
Coefficient 2 1 2
Number of 7.8 moles 4.7 moles
mol

To answer which element will run out first, we will use the mole ratio
method:

2 mol Mg
4.7 mol O 2 × =9.4 mol Mg
1 mol O 2

This means that we need 9.4 mol Mg inorder to consume all the moles of O2.

1 mol O2
7.8 mol Mg × =3.9 mol O2
2 mol Mg
This means that, we need 3.9 mol O2inorder to consume all the moles of Mg.

So based on given, 2Mg has 7.8 moles and O 2 and it has 4.7 moles and
inorder to use up all moles of O2 we need 9.4 mol Mg. On the other hand,
inorder to use up all the moles of 2Mg we only need 3.9 mol O2. Therefore, our
limiting reactant here is 2Mg.
Since we already know which is the limiting and non-limiting reactant, we
should be able to identify how much is the excess reactant. We just need to
find the difference between the maximum amount of moles of the non-
limiting reactant and the amount of moles needed inorder to consume all the
moles of the other element.
In the given, the non-limiting reactant is the O 2, Its maximum amount of
moles 4.7 Moles and we only need 3.9 moles of this element inorder to
consume all the 2Mg.
4.7 mol O2−3.9 mol O2=0.8 mol O2

Therefore, the excess reactant is 0.8 mol O2

To determine the amount of product or 2MgO can be made from 2Mg + O 2 ,

we will multiply the maximum amount of limiting reactant which is 7.8 moles
of 2Mg by 2 moles MgO divided by 2 moles of Mg.
2 mol MgO
7.8 mol Mg × =7.8 mol MgO
2 mol Mg
Therefore, the maximum amount of product 2MgO that can be made from
2Mg + O2 is 7.8 mol MgO