Experiment No -1:

Aim: Morphological analysis & identification test of given crude drug.

Requirements:

Apparatus: Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze etc.

Chemicals: a-naphthol, Conc.H,SO, Comc.HCL, Sodium hydroxide, Barium Chioride, Ferric Chloride,
Copper oxide, Ammonium Hydroxide, Lead acetate, Ruthenium Red, Iodine, Potassium hydroxide.

Theory:

Biological Source: A dried exudation obtained from the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer
Labillardiere and other Asiatic species of Astragalus.

Family: Leguminosae.

Description:

Color: White to slight yellow color.

Odor: Odorless.

Taste: Mucilaginous taste.

Shape: The gum seeps from the plant in twisted ribbons or flakes that can be powdered.

Solubility: 1 g of the sample in 50 ml of water swells to form a smooth, stiff, opalescent mucilage;
insoluble in ethanol and does not swell in 60% (w/v) aqueous ethanol.

Chemical Constituents: Tragacanthin (water soluble part), bassorin (water insoluble part),
Galactouronic acid, galactopyranose, arabino-rhamnose, xylopyranose are formed from tragacanth
on hydrolysis.

Uses: Demulcent, emollient, thickening agent, emulsifying agent, binding agent.

Table 1.1: Chemical Test of Tragacant

Sr No Chemical Test Observation Inference

1 Molisch’s Test Violet coloring at the Carbohyrate is
In a tube ,add 2ml of the test junction of the two present.
carbohydrate solution and 2 drops of liquids.
α-napthol solution. Carefully incline
the tube and pour drop wise conc.
𝐻2𝑆𝑂4,using a dropper,along the sides
of tube.
2 To 5ml of 0.5 % w/v aqueous solution Red ppt of cuprous Reducing sugars
of tragacanth, add 0.5ml of HCL and oxide arepresent.
 heat for 30minutes on water bath
Devide the hydrolysed product in 2 NO precipitate. Distinction from agar
parts:
a) In the first part add 1.5ml of
NaOH solution to neutralize
and add Fehling’s solution A
and B in equal
quantities(mixed before) and
warm over water bath.
b) In the second part, add barium
chloride solution.

3 Boil with freshly prepared 10% Deep yellow Tragacanth may be

aqueous ferric chloride solution. precipitate present.
4 Dissolve tragacanth and precipitated Stringly precipitate Tragacanth may be
copper oxide in cone. Ammoniu present.
hydroxide.
5 To 0.5% w/v solution add 20% w/v Heavy flocculant white Distinction from acacia
solution of lead acetate precipitate
6 Add RuthenimRED solution(0.1% in Particles will not either Distinction from Indian
H20 ) to powdered gum tragacanth acquire a pink colour tragacanth and agar
and examine microscopically. or only stained lightly.
7 To 0.1gm of powder add N/50 iodine The mixture acquired Distinction from acacia
greenish colour and agar
8 If powder is warmed with 5% alcoholic Canary yellow colour Tragacanth
KOH solution confirmed

RESULTS:

Experiment No -2:

Aim: Morphological analysis & identification test of given crude drug.

Requirements

Apparatus: Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze etc.

Chemicals : a-naphthol, Conc.H,SO,, Borax, Lead acetate, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrochloric acid,
Sodium hydroxide, Ruthenium red, Barium chloride, Benzidine, Alcohol etc.

Theory:

Biological source : Indian gum is the dried gummy exudation obtained from the stem and branches
of Acacia Arabica.

Family: Leguminosae
Description:

Color : White to slight yellow color.

Odor : Odorless.

Taste : Bland and mucilaginous taste.

Shape : Tears are mostly spheroidal or ovoid in shape with approx. diameter of 2.5 - 3.0 cm

Solubility : soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.

Chemical constituents:A major constituent of acacia is which is a complex mixture of

calcium,magnesium,pottassum salt of Arabic acid. Arabic acid after hydrolysis gives L-arabinose,L-
rhamnose,D- galactose,D- glucuronic acid.

Uses: Demulcent, emollient, thickening agent, emulsifying agent, binding agent, also used to form
coacervates for microencapsulation of drug

Table2.1:Chemical test of Acacia

SR NO CHEMICAL TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Molisch’s Test Violet coloring at the junction of Carbohyrate is present.
In a tube ,add 2ml of the test the two liquids.
carbohydrate solution and 2
drops of α-napthol solution.
Carefully incline the tube and
pour drop wise conc.
𝐻2𝑆𝑂4,using a dropper,along
the sides of tube.
2 Solubility Soluble in water and insoluble in Gum acacia present.
alcohol.
3 To 2 ml solution add 500mg Stiff translucent mass is formed. Acacia present
borax,boil and cool.
4 To the aqueous solutions add While precipitate is formed Gum acacia present
few drops of dilute solution of
lead sub acetate.
5 Differentiating test from Guar Blue colour is produced Presence of ixidase
Gum: enzyme in acacia
Gum acacia solition +0.5ml
hydrogen peroxide
solution,shake vigorously.
6 To 1ml of solution add 4ml Formation of brick red Reducing sugars are
water and few drops of conc. precipitate present
HCl, boil over water bath for
few minutes cool and add
NaOH to neutralize excess
acid, add Fehling's solution A
and B (Mixed together before
adding) in equal quantities
 and warm.
7 Differenting test from Agar No pink colour Gum acacia
and Isapgol:
Gum acacia+Ruthenium red
solution
8 Gum acacia solution + dil. HCl No white precipitate of barium Gum acacia present
boil for few minutes + few sulphate.
drops of Barium chloride
solution
9 5ml aqueous solution of acacia Formation of blue colour Presence
add 0.5 ml of hydrogen of 2.
peroxide (10 %) and 0.5ml of 1 peroxidase enzyme in
% solution of benzidine in (90 acacia
%) alcohol, shake and allow to
stand
10 1ml of gum + 10 ml of water No Pure acacia
on standing for few hours sedimentation of particles
1ml of gum + 4 ml of water + No precipitate Pure acacia
11 lead acetate solution

Result:

Experiment No -3 :

Aim : Morphological analysis & identification test of given crude drug.

Requirements:

Apparatus :Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze etc.

Chemicals: a-naphthol, Conc.H,SO, Tannic acid, Potassium hydroxide, Ruthenium Red, Hydrochloric
acid, Sodium hydroxide, Barium chloride etc.

Theory

Biological source: It is the dried gelatinous substances obtained from Gelidium amansi Lamo and
other species of red algae like Pterocladia.

Family :Gelidiaceae.

Description

Color: White to slight yellow and sometime grayish in color.

Odour: Odourless.
Taste: Mucilagenous taste.

Shape: Present in various form like strips, sheets, flakes or coarse powder.

Solubility: It is insoluble in cold water and soluble in hot water after cooling it forms gel.

Chemical Constituents: It contains two heterogeneous polysaccharides components.

(a) Agarose (70%): It is a neutral galactose polymer free from sulphate. It is responsible for the
strength of agar. It is composed of D-galactose and 3, 6 unianhydro L-galactose unit. It contains al
3.5% cellulose and 6% nitrogen containing substances.

(b) Agaropectin: It is generally responsible for the viscosity of agar solution. An acidic sulphon
component where in 1, 3 linked D-galactose and the galactouronic acid (an uronic acid) are pa
esterified with sulphuric acid.

Uses: It is uses as a bulk laxative (an agent to induce active movement of the bowels) and in chry
constipation unmanageable constipation), in the preparation of vaginal capsules and suppositories
prepare nutrient media in bacteriological culture, In industrial applications like emulsion, sizing,
textiles, adhesives and thickening ice cream.

Table 3.1: Chemical Test of Agar

Sr no Chemicaal test Observation Inference

Molisch's test Violet colour ring at the Carbohydrate present
1 In a test tube, add 2 ml of the test junction of liquids.
carbohydrate solution and 2 drops
of a-naphthol solution.
Carefully incline the tube and pour
drop wise conc. H,SO,, using a
dropper, along the sides of the
tube.
Boil 0.5 gm of agar with 10ml of Stiff jelly formed(Jelly Agar is present
2 water until solution is affected, like mass is formed)
cool to room temperature
3 0.2% solution of agar + aqueous No Precipitate is formed Distinction From
solution of tannic acid Gelatin
Warm little sample in alcoholic Canary yellow colour is Agar is present
4 solution of Potassium Hydroxide produced
Mount a pinch of agar in the Particles acquire red or Presence
5 solution of ruthenium red and pink colour of
examine microscopically mucilage in agar
Add 1 drop of N/10 solution of Crimson or Pale yellow Agar is present
6 iodine to 10ml of decoction of colour is produced
agar. Rapidly cool under tap water
to room temperature.
Add 0.5ml of conc. HCI to 4ml of Red ppt of cuprous Reducing sugars are
7 0.5% solution of agar. Heat it on oxide is obtained present
water bath for 30minutes, cool at Slight white of
room temperature and divide into ppt Sulphate in agar
two portions. barium
a) Add 3ml of 10% NaOH solution sulphate
and Fehling's solution A and B in obtained
equal quantities and warm over
water bath.
b) Add 10% of barium chloride
solution
Incinerate agar to ash, add a drop Fragments of diatoms Agar is present
8 of conc. HCI, observe under
microscope

Experiment No – 4 :

Aim: Morphological analysis & chemical identification test of given crude drug.

Requirements:

Apparatus :Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze etc.

Chemicals: a-naphthol, Conc.H2504, iodine etc

Theory:

Biological source: Starch consists of polysaccharide granules obtained from the grains of Maize Zea
mays L. or of rice Oryza sativa L or of wheat Triticumae stivum L. (Family- Graminae) or from the
tubers of the potato Solanum tuberosum L.

Family : Solanaceae.

Description:

Color: White : (Rice and Maize starch), cream (Wheat), slight yellow (Potato).

Odor: Odorless.

Taste: Mucilagenous taste.

Shape: Fine powder or irregular, angular masses.

Solubility: It is sparingly soluble in cold water and mostly soluble in hot water after cooling it forms
gel.

Chemical Constituents: Starch contains generally a mixture of two polysaccharides, amylopectin (a-
amylose) and amylose (B-amylose).
(a) Amylopectin: it is the main constituent of most of the starches (more than 80%) and is present in
outer parts of granules. It contains both strait chained and branched glucose unit. It is insoluble in
water and is responsible for gelatinizing property. It gives bluish black colour with iodine solution.

(b) Amylose: it is most starches contain 20% amylose. It contains straight chained glucose units and
is present in inner parts of granules. It is soluble in water and produces blue colour with iodine
solution.

Uses: It is mainly used as a dusting powder, Pharmaceutical aid, an antidote for iodine poisoning,
Source of Food-nutrition, Protective and demulcent, in paper-sizing, textile industry, in laundry
practice. It is the starting product form which liquid glucose, dextrose, dextrin are made. It is also
used as a tablet disintegrating agent and diluents.

Chemical Test Observation Inference

Sr no
Molisch's test Violet colour ring at Carbohydrate present
In a test tube, add 2 ml the junction of the two
1 of the test liquids.
carbohydrate solution
and 2 drops of a-
naphthol solution.
Carefully incline the
tube and pour drop
wise conc.
H,SO,, using a dropper,
along the sides of the
tube.
Iodine Test: Add 2 Blue colour observes. Starch is present
drops of iodine
solution to about 2 mL
2 of the carbohydrate
containing test
solution.
3 Boil 1 gm starch with Translucent jelly like Starch is present
15 ml water and cool mass observed.
it.
4 In above form of Deep blue color Starch is confirmed
translucent jelly add formed and on
few drop of iodine warming this color
solution disappears and after
cooling
again
reappears.

Result
Experiment No -5:

Aim: Morphology analysis & chemical identification test of given crude drug.

Requirements

Apparatus :Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze etc.

Chemicals : a-naphthol, Conc.H,SO., Fehling A & B solution, Ether, Resorcinol, Hcl,

solution, Vinegar solution etc.

Theory

Biological source: Honey is the saccharine liquid prepared from the nectar of the flowers by the
hiive-bee Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata and bees of other species of Apis .

Family:Apidae.

Description

Color: Slight yellow to brown yellow.

Odor: Pleasant.

Taste: Sweet.

Solubility: It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.

Chemical Constituents: Honey consists of chiefly glucose 35% ($3%), fructose 45% (15%), su

2-3% and water (14-20%). The other constituents of honey are Dextrin (0.06-1.25%), maltose, traces
of succinic acid, acetic acid, volatile oil, enzymes, Vitamins, Amino acids, Proteins, col matters, etc.

Uses: Honey is used as nutritive, demulcent, mild laxative. It is used as an important compone-
linctuses and cough mixtures, sweetening agent, antiseptic and bactericidal. This is also used vehicle
in Ayurvedic and Unani preparations. Recently, it is used in the preparation of creams, li soft drink
and candies also.

Table 5.1: Chemical Test of Honey

Sr No Chemical Test Observation Infernce

General chemical test for
carbohydrate
Molisch's test Violet colour ring at Carbohydrate
1 In a test tube, add 2 ml of the test the junction of the two is
carbohydrate solution and 2 drops of liquids. present
a-naphthol solution.
Carefully incline the tube and pour
drop wise conc. H,SO,, using a
dropper, along the sides of the tube.
 Reducing Sugar Test Brick red colour of Presence
2 Heat honey to this add a drop of cuprous oxide of
mixture of Fehling's solution A & B monosaccharide

Fleche's test Transient pink colour Natural honey is

Take about 3ml of honey + 2ml of present
3 ether and shake thoroughly and allow Permanent red colur
the 2 layers to separate and
evaporate to dryness. The upper Adulterated
ethereal layer is separated and put in honey(Invert sugar)
a evaporating dish and evaporate, to
the residue add 1% resorcinol and HCl
Hold a lightened match stick above It will melt Natural honey is
4 the honey present
Somewhat melting
with hiss sound Adulterated
Honey is present
Take a glass of water and add one It will settle down at Natural honey is
5 teaspoon honey in that glass of water bottom. present
It get mix with water
Adulterated
Honey is present
Take a glass of water and add one No immediate blue Natural honey is
6 teaspoon honey in that glass of water color formed present
then add 2-3 drop of iodine solution
immediate blue color Adulterated
formed Honey is present
7 Take honey and add it in some water No foam observed Natural honey is
then add 2-3 drop of vinegar solution present

foam observed Adulterated

Honey is present

Result:

Experiment No – 6 :

Aim: Morphological analysis &

Requirements:

Apparatus: Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze etc.

Chemicals: NaOH, CuSO, Million's reagent, Tannic acid, Tri-nitrophenol, Picric acid etc.

Theory :
Biological source: Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of
collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated
cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish.

Or

Gelatin is a product obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen, derived from the skin, white
connective tissue, tendons, ligament and bones of ox (Bostourus Linn.), sheep (Ovis aries Linn), etc.

Family: Bovidae.

Description

Color: Colorless to faint yellow.

Odor: Characteristics.

Taste: Salty, meat like.

Shape: Available as flakes, translucent sheets, or coarse or fine powder.

Solubility: It is insoluble in cold but soluble in hot water.

Chemical Constituents: Gelatin mainly consists of protein glutin, which on hydrolysis gives a mixture
of amino acids like glycine, alanine, leucine, aspartic acid, arginine, lysine, isoleucine, valine,
tyrosine, cystine, cysteine, glutamic acid, argenine, etc. Adhesive property of gelatin is due to the
presence of glutin.

Uses: In capsule preparation, As culture medium in Bacteriology, In making suppositories, Source of

protein in nutritional experiments, As a substitute for blood plasma, used as suspending agent,
coating agent, and binding agent, also widely used in food products and photographic emulsions and
microencapsulation of drugs.

Sr No Chemical Test Observation Inference

General Chemical Test for Protien
1 Violet or pink color Protein is present
Biuret test: Take 3 ml test solution, add observed
4% NaOH and few drop of 1% CuSO4

2 Reddish to reddish Protein is present

Millons test: Take 3 ml test solution, brown
add 5 ml color or
Millions reagent precipitation.

3 Evolution Gelatin is present

When sample is heated with soda lime of
in dry test tube ammonia
4 buff Gelatin is present
Sample treated with tannic acid white
solution. precipitation observed
5 yellow precipitation Gelatin is present
Sample aqueous solution treated with
tri-nitrophenol
6 yellow precipitation Gelatin is present
Sample solution treated with picric acid

Result:

Experiment No – 7 :

Aim : Morphological analysis & chemical identification test of given crude drug.

Requirements

Apparatus : Test tubes, Beaker, Holder, Burner, Water bath, Tripod stand, Copper gauze, Filter paper
Chemicals: Chloroform, Alcohol, Petroleum ether etc.

Theory

Biological source: castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression from the seeds of Ricinus
communis L.

Family : Euphorbiaceae.

Description:

Color: Colorless to faint yellow.

Odor: Faint.

Taste: Acrid and nauseating.

Nature: Viscid liquid.

Solubility: It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform and solvent ether.

Chemical Constituents: It chiefly contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid (About 80%). Other
glycerides are also present in drug, where the fatty acids are represented by isoricinoleic acid,
linoleic acid, Stearic and isostearic acids, and the viscosity of Castor oil is due to ricinoleic acid.

Uses: Cathartic (increases the movement of the bowels), in soap industry, as a lubricant, Castor oil is
used as plasticizer and in preparation flexible collodion.

Table 7.1 Chemical Test of Castor oil

Sr No Chemical test Observation Inference
Chemical test for fats and oils
1 Completely Oil and fat is absent
Solubility test: insoluble
Solubility in polar solvent (e,g. water)
Completely soluble
Solubility in non polar solvent (eg. Oil and fat is present.
chloroform)

2 Permanent
Sample oil stained on filter paper stained Fixed oil is present
observed
3 Clear liquid Castor oil is present
In a test tube, add equal quantity of observed
alcohol to oil
4 Completely Castor oil is present
In oil sample add half of its petroleum miscible
ether in a test tube solution obtained

Result:

Experiment No: 8

Aim: To measure the cell contents by micrometric methods.

Materials required: compound microscope, Cove slip, glass slide, Stage Micrometer, Eye piece
Micrometer, camera Lucida

Procedure:

Microscopical Measurement: The dimension of the cell (fibre , trichome etc.) cell contents (starch
grains), pollen grains etc .of crude drugs both in entire powdered forms can be measured by:

1. Using the Micrometer (micrometry)

2. Using the camera Lucida
1. Micrometry: it is a scale use to measure microscope objects. It is expressed in
microns. The technique of micrometric evaluation is useful for the measurement of
dimension of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, fibres, other cells and cell
contents in powdered or unground crude drugs.
The size of an object or part of it can be measured with the help of two types of
Micrometers.
i. Stage Micrometer:-it is a slide it contains a standard scale length of
1mm which is divided into 100 divisions .

1 division of stage Micrometer=1/100 mm=0.01 mm

Or 1000/100= 10 micron

ii . Eye piece Micrometer:-it is a circle of glass with a scale etched on the surface. It is suitable for
insertion inside the ocular & used during the operation of measurement. The value of its division
varies with the combination of eye piece & objective lenses, hence calibration of division of it is
essential during practical work , in order to get exact value of its one division in terms of microns.

Calibration of one division of eye piece Micrometer :

To calibrate the value of one division of eye piece Micrometer, following is the schedule:-

i. Put the eye piece Micrometer on the diaphragm of the ocular or in the eye piece of
compound microscope .
ii. Put the stage Micrometer on the stage of microscope.
iii. See the lines of two Micrometers coincide count the number of lines required to
coincide.
Calculation:

Conclusion:

Experiment No– 9 : Determination of stomatal number and index of given sample.

Requirements

Apparatus: forceps, water bath , Camera Lucida, slide , stage Micrometer etc.

Chemicals : Chloral hydrate solution, Glycerin etc.

Theory:
In botany a stoma is a tiny opening or pore that is used for gas exchange. They are mostly found on
the under -surface of plant leaves.

The stoma are minute pores which occur in the epidermis of the plants . Each stomata may occur on
any part of a plant except the roots.

Types of stomata :

According to shape of guard cell

i. Moss type (United shape guard cell)

ii. Gymnospermeous (oval shape guard cell)
iii. Gramineous (Dumb -bell shape guard cell)
iv. Dicotyledonous (Bean shape guard cell)
Stomatal number:- it is the average number of stomata per square mm of the epidermis
of the leaf.

Stomatal index:- stomatal index is the percentage which the number of stomata forms to the total
number of epidermis cells , each stomata being counted as one cell. Stomatal index can be
calculated by using following equation.

I =S/E+S ×100

Where

I =Stomatal index

S= No .of stomata per unit area

E=No. of epidermal cells in the same unit area.

Procedure

Clear the piece of the leaf by boiling with chloral hydrate solution.

Peel out upper and lower epidermis separately by means of forceps. Keep it on slide and mount in
glycerin.

Arrange a camera Lucida and drawing board for making the drawing to scale. Draw a square of 1mm
by means of stage micrometer.

Place the slide with cleared leaf on the stage.

Trace the epidermis cell and stomata . count the number of stomata also the number of epidermal
cells in each field.

Calculate the stomatal index using the above formula.

Result:

Experiment NO-10 : Determination of vein islet and vein termination number of given sample.

Requirements:

Apparatus: Forceps, water bath, Camera Lucida, Drawing board, Slide, Stage Micrometer etc.

Chemicals: Chloral hydrate solution , Glycerin etc.

Theory:

Vein -islet number: A vein -islet is the small area of green tissue surrounded by the veinlets. The vein
-islet number is the average number of vein -islet per square millimetre of a leaf surface . It is
determined by counting the number of vein -islet in area of sq.mm. of the central part of the leaf
between the midrib and the margin.

Vein islet termination ratio:Vein -islet termination ratio is defined as the number of vein -islet
termination per sq.mm of the leaf surface, midway between midrib of the leaf and its margin. A vein
termination is the ultimate free termination of vein -islet .

Procedure:

Clear a piece of the leaf by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty minutes. Arrange
Camera Lucida and drawing board for making drawings to scale.

Pace stage Micrometer on the microscope and using 16mm objectives, draw a line equivalent to
1mm as seen through the microscope .

Construct a square on this line and move the paper so that the square is seen in the eye piece, in
the centre of the field.

Place the slide with the cleared leaf. Trace off the veins which are included within the square,
completing the outlines of those islets which overlap two adjacent sides of the square.

Count the number of vein -islet and termination present within the square.

Find the average number of vein -islet and termination number from the four adjoining squares , to
get the values for one sq.mm.
Result:

Experiment No -11 : Determination of palisade ratio of given sample.

Requirements

Apparatus: Forceps, water bath, Camera Lucida, slide,s stage Micrometer etc.

Chemicals : chloral hydrate solution etc.

Theory:

Palisade ratio: palisade ratio is the average number of palisade cells beneath one epidermal cell of a
leaf and it is determined by counting the palisade cells beneath four continuous epidermal cells.

Procedure:

Pieces of leaf above 2mm square were cleared by boiling with chloral hydrate solution.

A camera Lucida was arranged so that the epidermal cells and the palisade cells lying below them
may be traced.

First a number of groups each of four epidermal cells were traced and their outlines made more
conspicuous.

The palisade cells lying beneath each group were then focused and traced.

The palisade cells lying beneath each group were then focused and traced.

The palisade cells in each group were counted, cells which were more than half covered by the
epidermal cells were also counted.

The figure obtained was divided by 4 to obtain palisade ratio of that group.
Result:

Experiment No -12: Determination of particle size of starch grains by eye piece Micrometer .

Requirements: Eye piece Micrometer, stage Micrometer, slide, porcelain dish etc.

Chemicals: Starch powder, iodine solution , Lactophenol solution etc.

Theory:

Search

Biological source: Starch grains of polysaccharides granules procured from the grains of Maize

i.e Zea mays L. Or of Rice i.e Oryza sativa L or of wheat i.e Triticum aestivum L. (Family -Graminae) Or
from the tubers of the potato i.e Solanum tuberosum L.(Family -Solanaceae)

Description:

Color : white (Rice and Maize starch) , Cream(Wheat),

Slight yellow (Potato)

Odour:Odorless .

Taste: Mucilagenous taste

Shape : fine powder or irregular masses.

Solubility: it is sparingly soluble in cold water and mostly soluble in hot water after cooling it forms
gel.

Chemical constituents: starch contains a mixture of two polysaccharides, amylopectin and amylose.

Uses : it is mainly used as a dusting powder, pharmaceutical aid , an antidote of iodine poisoning,

Source of food -nutrition .it is the starting product from which liquid glucose, dextrin are made .

Procedure:
Calibrate an eyepiece Micrometer using a stage Micrometer and calculate the factor .

Take little quantity of starch powder in porcelain dish and add few drops of lactophenol and drop of
iodine solution.

Mix it properly and do not over stain it.

Then make it dry and spread this starch powder on slide.

Measure the length and width of that starch grain by eye piece Micrometer scale.

Place the eye piece Micrometer scale horizontal on that starch grains and count number of divisions
covered by the Starch grains for measure width .

Similarly keep eyepiece Micrometer scale vertically on the starch grains and count number of
division covered by the Starch grain for measurement of length.

Measure the length and width of 50 starch grain particle and multiply it with factor.

Size of starch grain = Length× width ×Factor

Calculation:

Result:

Experiment No -13: Determination of length and width of give sample.

Requirements:

Apparatus: Eyepiece Micrometer, stage Micrometer, porcelain dish, slides etc .

Chemicals : Hydrochloric acid, phloroglycinol, chloral hydrate solution etc.

Theory:
Fibre:

It is a thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance , or textile is formed.This
fibre containing substances such as cellulose, lignin , and pectin , that are resistant to the action of
digestive enzymes but they are helpful to digest other substances.

Procedure:

Calibrate the eyepiece Micrometer using the stage Micrometer and calculate the factor

Take a small quantity of drug and boil it with chloral hydrate solution

Remove the chlorophyll free powder in watch glass and stained it with one drop each of
phloroglycinol and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Take this treated powder on slide and observe the slide under microscope

Measure the length and width of the fibre by eyepiece Micrometer scale.

Place the eyepiece Micrometer scale horizontal on that fibre and count number of division covered
by the fibre for measurement of width

Similarly keep eyepiece Micrometer scale vertically on the fibre and count number of division
covered by the fibre for measurement of length.

Size of fibre= Length × width × Factor

Calculation average size of fibre put this value in the result.

Result:

Experiment No-14: Determination of ash value for given drug sample.

Requirements: Forceps , silica crucible with lid , Ash less filter paper etc.

Chemicals: crude drug sample, HCL etc.

Instrument : Muffle furnace, Digital balance , Desiccator etc.

Theory:

Ash values : The residue remaining left after incineration of the crude is considered as ash . The
residue obtained generally represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in the drug and
adhering to it.

It varies with in definite limits according to the soils .it may also include inorganic matter
intentionally added for the purpose of Adulteration. Hence an ash value determination furnishes the
basis for deciding the identity and cleanliness of any drug and gives information relative to its
adulteration with inorganic matter , thus ash values are helpful in concluding the quality and purity
of drug. The total ash of a crude drug shows the care taken in its preparation.The acid insoluble ash
is a part of the total ash that is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. A high value of acid -insoluble
ash denotes high presence of silica and calcium oxalate content in the drug.

Procedure

Total Ash value: Accurately weight about 3 grams of air dried drug powder in a tarred silica crucible.

Note the weight of empty silica crucible and place it along with weighted quantity of drug in to
muffle furnace for incineration .

Gradually increase the temperature of muffle furnace up to 450-500°C and keep this crucible in
muffle furnace until all the carbon burnt off.

Cool and weight drug after complete incineration, repeat weighing until we get constant value.

Then the percentage of total ash is calculated.

Calculation:
Acid insoluble Ash value

Procedure:

The ash obtain as from the procedure Of total ash is boil with 25ml of dil hydrochloric acid for
5minutes .

After boiling filter this material using Ash less filter paper.

The insoluble matter remains on an ash less filter paper,wash it with hot water.

Dry the filter paper incineration it , then remove it from incineration and cool it in Desiccator taken
its weight.

Then calculate the percentage of acid -insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.

Calculation:

Water soluble Ash value:

Procedure:

The total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes.

The insoluble matter was collected on an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for
15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450°C.

The weight of insoluble matter was substituted from the weight of total ash.

The difference in weight represents the water -soluble ash.

The percentage of water -soluble ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.
Result:

Experiment no-15 :

Aim: Determination of loss on drying for given crude drug sample.

Requirements:

Apparatus: porcelain dish or petri dish etc.

Chemicals: crude drug sample

Instrument: Hot air oven, Digital balance, Desiccator etc.

Theory:

Loss on drying: Loss on drying is determined by heating the sample below its melting point in an
oven and it includes all volatile matter including water content and solvents

Loss on drying is a technique removing not only water but removing all the volatile impurities like
alcohol etc.

Procedure:

Weight an empty porcelain dish.

Take 5gm of the crude drug sample in weighted porcelain dish .

Put this sample in oven and adjust 105°C temperature.

Keep your sample in oven for three hours.

After that remove your sample and cool it in Desiccator and weight it.

Calculation:
Result :