Unit Three

Conceptual Understanding: Cells are the basic units of all organisms,

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
differ in key structural features, but both can perform all functions
necessary for life.

BIO.1C: Students will relate the diversity of organelles to a

variety of specialized cellular functions.
BIO.1C.1: Develop and use models to explore how specialized structures
within cells (e.g., nucleus, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast,
centrosomes, and vacuoles) interact to carry out the functions necessary
for organism survival.
 Animal vs Plant Cell

Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

*a nucleoid is a region in a prokaryote where the DNA is located. It is not encased, so the DNA is
exposed.
 BIO.1C.2: Investigate to compare and contrast prokaryotic cells
and eukaryotic cells, and plant, animal, and fungal cells.
Kingdom Example Cell type Number Important Mode of
of cells structures nutrition

Eubacteria E.coli Prokaryote Unicellular Peptidoglycan Autotroph or

in cell wall; heterotroph
Streptococcu
s Nearly no
internal
organelles
(except for
ribosomes)

Archaebacteria Halophiles Prokaryote Unicellular NO Autotroph or

Peptidoglycan heterotroph
Thermophiles in cell wall;

Nearly no
internal
organelles
(except for
ribosomes)

Protists Amoebas Eukaryote Some Nucleus with Autotroph or

unicellular; many heterotroph
Paramecium some membrane
multicellular; bound
colonial organelles;

Cell wall

Fungi Yeast Eukaryote Some Nucleus with Heterotroph

unicellular; many
Mushrooms membrane
Some bound
Multicellular organelles;

Cell wall with

chitin

NO Chloroplast

Plants Mosses Eukaryote Most Nucleus with Autotroph

multicellular; many
Grasses very few membrane
unicellular bound
Trees (green algae) organelles;

Cell wall with

cellulose

Chloroplast
 Animals Insects Eukaryote Multicellular Nucleus with Heterotroph
many
Vertebrates membrane
bound
organelles;

NO Cell wall
and NO
Chloroplast

Centrioles for
animal cell
division

BIO.1C.3: Contrast the structure of viruses with that of cells, and

explain why viruses must use living cells to reproduce.
 Remember, viruses lack all of the features of living things. They do
not have the cellular machinery to replicate, thus the need to hijack a
host cell and use the ribosomes and other structures of the host to
replicate.
Conceptual Understanding: The structure of the cell membrane allows
it to be a selectively permeable barrier and maintain homeostasis.
Substances that enter or exit the cell must do so via the cell
membrane. This transport across the membrane may occur through a
variety of mechanisms, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
osmosis, and active transport.

BIO.1D: Students will describe the structure of the cell

membrane and analyze how the structure is related to its
primary function of regulating transport in and out of cells to
maintain homeostasis.
BIO.1D.1: Plan and conduct investigations to prove that the cell
membrane is a semi-permeable, allowing it to maintain
homeostasis with its environment through active and passive
transport processes.

o When we covered the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, we

explained that the phospholipid bilayer is made of many smaller and
moveable parts.
o We also explained that because phospholipids have hydrophobic tails,
the means by which some materials move across the membrane is
selectively permeable (meaning that some material can get through, but
others cannot) because some materials cannot interact with those
hydrophobic tails. Some materials can only enter through special channel
proteins or pores. Some materials, due to their size or nature, cannot
enter the cell.
 For example, glucose can be moved into the cell by using special
channels within the cell membrane, but starch cannot be moved
 out of cell because it is just too big.
o One definition that was covered to help you remember selectively
permeable: Transporters (transport proteins): selective; only lets certain
substances through.
Simple diffusion- The movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration, DIRECTLY across the
membrane, without the use of energy.

Facilitated diffusion- The movement of particles from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration, BY MEANS OF A
TRANSPORT PROTEIN across the membrane, without the use of energy.

Active transport- uses energy (ATP) to move materials either with OR

against their concentration gradient by means of special channels or
pumps.
BIO.1D.2: Develop and use models to explain how the cell deals with
imbalances of solute concentration across the cell membrane (i.e.,
hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic conditions, sodium/potassium
pump).

 Plants and animals react differently in hypertonic, isotonic, and

hypotonic solutions. Isotonic environments are good for animals
because it allows for normal movement of water (osmosis) into and
out of the cell, creating an isotonic environment.
 Plants prefer hypotonic solutions because as water enters the cell,
the cell membrane presses against the cell wall, causing the plant to
be more rigid and stand upright (turgid).
When water moves through osmosis, it moves from areas of higher water
concentration to areas of lower water concentration. When there are more
solutes in the water, water will move from higher concentrations of
WATER to lower concentrations of WATER. When you drink a lot of salt
water, your cells will lose water because your cells have less solutes in them
compared to the salt water that you drink. This would cause you to
dehydrate even faster.
Conceptual Understanding: Cells grow and reproduce through a
regulated cell cycle. Within multicellular organisms, cells repeatedly
divide for repair, replacement, and growth. Likewise, an embryo
begins as a single cell that reproduces to form a complex, multicellular
organism through the processes of cell division and differentiation.

BIO.1E: Students will develop and use models to explain the role
of the cell cycle during growth, development, and maintenance
in multicellular organisms.
BIO.1E.1: Construct models to explain how the processes of cell
division and cell differentiation produce and maintain complex
multicellular organisms.

 If a cell is not specialized, it is called a stem cell.

 Stem cells are influenced by the cells around them to
differentiate and specialize.
 If a cell is specialized, it is referred to as differentiated.
 NOTE: Prokaryotes do not specialize. They only are one cell, so
that cell needs to be able to perform all cellular tasks.
 Degrees of stem cells differentiation
o Totipotent- can differentiate into anything.
o Pluripotent- can differentiate into most cell types.
o Multipotent- can only differentiate into a few cell types.
 BIO.1E.2: Identify and describe the changes that occur in a cell
during replication. Explore problems that might occur if the cell
does not progress through the cycle correctly (cancer).
 Reread the section on the cell cycle with regards to what happens in
each phase. There are mechanisms that control when the cell is
supposed to leave G1 of interphase. The most common are:
o Growth factors- encourage growth and cell division (outside
the cell)
o Cyclins-promote mitosis after a certain concentration of the
protein is met (Maturation Promoting Factor). (Inside the cell)
 In cancer, there is no G1, and mitosis is not regulated anymore.

The Cell Cycle

 Check the cell cycle notes for the diagrams of mitosis. The cell cycle goes in this
order:
_________________Interphase________-->__________________ Mitosis_____________ --->cytokinesis ---> repeat

G1, then S (DNA COPIED), then G2 --->Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase ---> cytokinesis --> G1
BIO.1E.3: Relate the processes of cellular reproduction to asexual
reproduction in simple organisms (i.e., budding, vegetative
propagation, regeneration, binary fission). Explain why the DNA of
the daughter cells is the same as the parent cell.

 These cells are still going through asexual reproduction. Budding

(some simple animals), vegetative propagation (some plants),
regeneration (like skin cells), binary fission (bacteria).
 Since asexual reproduction produces clones, clones are exact
copies of their parents. Thus, if a cell makes an exact copy of its
DNA during the s-phase of interphase and divides from one cell
into two cells, then the two cells produced are identical in their
DNA because there is no genetic recombination (no sperm or
egg) here.