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Editor,+a4 Jimit+R.+Patel Deheri

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Reports in Mechanical Engineering

Vol. 3, No. 1, 2022, pp. 37-45.


ISSN: 2683-5894, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31181/rme200103037j  37

Influence of viscosity variation on ferrofluid based long bearing

Jimit R. Patel 1, G. M. Deheri 2


1Department of Mathematical Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and
Technology (Charusat), Gujarat, India, e-mail: [email protected]
2 Department of Mathematics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India, e-mail:

[email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT


Article history: This paper deals with a theoretical analysis on the effect of viscosity variation
on a ferrofluid based long bearing. The model of Tipei considering viscosity
Received October 19, 2021 variation is deployed here. The magnetic fluid flow is governed by Neuringer-
Revised December 20, 2020 Rosensweig model. The pressure distribution is obtained after solving the
Accepted December 24, 2020 associated Reynolds type equation, which gives the load carrying capacity.
The computed results indicate that the increased load carrying capacity owing
to magnetization gets negligible help from the effect of viscosity variation.
Keywords:
Long Bearing,
Magnetic Fluid,
Viscosity Variation.

Copyright © 2022 Regional Association for Security and crisis management


and European centre for operational research.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Jimit R. Patel,
Department of Mathematical Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and
Technology (Charusat), Changa, Gujarat, India.
Email: [email protected]

1. Introduction
A magnetic fluid is a liquid that is strongly magnetized when an applied magnetic field is present. It is a
colloid made of nanoscale mono-domain ferromagnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid (water, oil or other
organic solvent). These particles float due to the Brownian motion and do not settle or aggregate under normal
conditions. Magnetic fluids are drawn by dielectric (nonconductive) and paramagnetic (magnetic fields) and
do not maintain magnetization in the absence of applied magnetic fields.
The magnetic fluid can be controlled using an external magnetic field, enabling a rich control-based
application. Recent interest in ferrofluids is related to technical applications such as instrumentation, vacuum
technology, lubrication, vibration damping, radar absorbing materials and sound. For example, liquid sealant
on hard disk drive shafts, vibration control and braking of vehicles, and improved heat transfer of electronic
devices are same. Other potential applications include micro/nano electromechanical systems: self-
manipulation of micro-channel flow, particle separation, nano-motors, microelectronic generators and nano
pumps. By the application of a suitable magnetic field, the viscosity of the ferrofluid increases leading to the
enhanced load carrying capacity (Odenbach, 2003), Chandra et al., 1992). A number of authors dealt with the
effect of magnetic fluid in different types of bearing for instance; Tipei (1982) in short bearing, Agrawal (1986),
Shah and Bhat (2003) and Deheri and Patel (2011) in slider bearing, journal bearing by Nada and Osman (2007)
and Patel el al. (2012), circular plates by Shah and Bhat (2000), Deheri and Abhangi (2011), Patel and Deheri
(2014, 2015), Patel and Deheri (2016) in Annular plates and Parrallel slider bearing by Patel and Deheri (2016)
. Most of all concluded that bearing performance might be increase due to magnetic fluid lubrication.

Journal homepage: https://www.frontpres.rabek.org


38  ISSN 2683-5894

The traditional hypothesis of long bearing is a well-established in literature [(Majumdar, 2008), (Hemrock
1994), (Szeri, 1998)]. In literature, most of the studies [(Urreta et al., 2009), (Deheri et al., 2010), (Deresses
and Sinha, 2011), (Patel and Deheri, 2016) and (Patel at al., 2016) considered that viscosity is constant, but it
is unrealistic approach due to some running conditions of bearing. Patel and Deheri (2019) examined the
performance of a magnetic fluid based short bearing considering the viscosity variation. It was established that
the positive effect of viscosity variation gets aided considerably by the ferrofluid lubrication. Patel and Patel
(2020) discussed the impact of the rotation of Ferro-particles and slip velocity at the boundary of Shliomis
model based squeeze porous curved annular plates. It was noticed that the bearing's performance enhanced due
to ferrofluid, considering the appropriate values of parameters for slip velocity and porosity.
Most of the accessible studies deal with either pressure and load carrying capacity or friction and wear. In
addition, only few papers have focused on viscosity variation aspects of lubrication for various bearings, solely,
from tribological performance point of view. Therefore, it was deliberation suitable to present a study of a
theoretical analysis on the effect of viscosity variation on a ferrofluid based long bearing.

2. Analysis
The geometry of the infinitely long bearing displays in Figure 1. The bearing system is infinite in 𝑍
direction. The slider travels with uniform velocity 𝑢 in 𝑋 direction. In bearing system, 𝐿 is the length of the
bearing and the breadth 𝐵 is in 𝑍 direction.

u Moving plate
x h2
h
h1
y
Fixed plate

Figure 1. Geometry of the bearing system


In this study, it is considered that the lubricant film is isoviscous, incompressible and the flow is laminar.
As per the theory of Agrawal (1986), here assume the ferrofluid lubrication effect by taking the magnetic
field oblique to the stator. Prajapati (1995) produced the effect of various forms of magnitude of the magnetic
field. Following this discussion here, the magnitude of the magnetic field is taken to be
x
M 2 = kL2 (x⁄L)sin (1 − ) (1)
L
Here k is a suitably chosen constant from dimensionless point of view so as to produce a magnetic field of
strength over 10-23 (Bhat and Deheri (1995)).
Neuringer and Rosensweig (1964) produced a model for the consistent flow of magnetic fluids within the
presence of gradually changing external magnetic fields. This contained the succeeding equations:
ρ(q̅∇)q̅ = −∇p + η∇2 q̅ + μ0 (M ̅ ∇)H
̅ (2)
∇q̅ = 0 (3)
∇×H ̅=0 (4)
M̅ = μ̅H
̅ (5)
∇(H ̅ +M ̅) = 0 (6)
̅ being external magnetic field, μ̅
where ρ is the fluid density, q̅ stand for the fluid velocity in the film region, H
denotes magnetic susceptibility of the magnetic field, pindicates the film pressure, η signifies the fluid viscosity
and μ0 denotes the permeability of the free space. The points of concern about this aspects can be establish in
Bhat (2003), Prajapati (1995) and Patel and Deheri (2016).
Using equations (3)-(6), equation (2) becomes
μ0 μ̅ 2
ρ(q̅∇)q̅ = −∇ (p − M ) + η∇2 q̅
2
μ μ̅
This indicates that an extra term in pressure 0 M 2 is modification into the Navier-Stokes equation when
2
a magnetic fluid is considered as a lubricant.

Reports in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2022: 37 – 45


Reports in Mechanical Engineering ISSN: 2683-5894  39

Under the common assumptions of hydro magnetic lubrication (Bhat (2003), Prajapati (1995), Deheri et al.
(2005)) the modified Reynolds equation governing the pressure distribution is derived as
d μ0 μ̅M 2 h − λh2
[p − ] = 6μu ( ) (7)
dx 2 h3
while μ0 being the magnetic susceptibility, μ̅ denotes the free space permeability, μ is the lubricant
viscosity and λ stands for a constant to be determined.
It has been confirmed experimentally that the most elevated temperature happened in zones where the film
thickness was least (Tipei (1962)). Here one can think about the thermal impact considering the viscosity-
temperature connection as when the viscosity μ1 at h = h1 (lubricant inlet condition) is known, at that point
h q
μ = μ1 { }
h1
where q normally lies between 0 and 1 (according to the nature of the lubrication).

The boundary conditions are


p = 0 at x = 0 and x = L (8)
The following non dimension quantities are introduced
h1 − h2 x h32 h32 kμ0 μ̅ x h2
m= , h = h2 {1 + m (1 − )} , P = 2
p, μ ∗
= , X = , h̅2 = ,
h2 L μ1 uL μ1 u L L
h1
h̅1 = , A = 1 + m(1 − X) (9)
h2

Using equation (8) and (9) in equation (7), the dimensionless pressure is obtained in the form of,
q+1
μ∗ (h̅2 ) Aq−1 Aq−2
P = X(1 − X) + q [ − λ + C1 ] (10)
2 (h̅1 ) (−m)(q − 1) (−m)(q − 2)
where
q − 2 1 − (1 + m)q−1 1 (1 + m)q−2
λ=( ) , C = [ ]
q − 1 1 − (1 + m)q−2 1 q − 1 1 − (1 + m)q−2
The non-dimensional load carrying capacity then, is derived as
q+1
μ∗ (h̅2 ) 1 − (1 + m)q−1 {1 − (1 + m)q−1 }
W= + q [ − λ + C1 ] (11)
12 (h̅1 ) m2 q(q − 1) m2 (q − 1)(q − 2)
where
1
h̅32
W= w = ∫ PdX
μ1 uL4
0

3. Results and Discussion


Equation (11) determines the non-dimensional load carrying capacity of the Long bearing. It is manifest
μ∗
that the load carrying capacity enhances by as compared to the case of usual lubricant based bearing system.
12
This is possibly due to the fact that the viscosity of the lubricant gets augmented owing to magnetization, there
by leading to increased pressure and hence the load carrying capacity. A close glance at the expression of the
load indicates that the expression is linear with respect to the magnetization parameter. This means an
enhancement in the magnetization parameter would always result in better load carrying capacity. This can be
seen from the following graphical representations (Figure 2-5).
The effect of 𝑚, 𝑞 and ℎ1 ⁄L (= ℎ1/𝐿) on load carrying capacity with respect to 𝜇 ∗ remains negligible
(Figure 2-5). On the other hand the effect of ℎ1 ⁄L is quite significant.

Influence of viscosity variation on ferrofluid based long bearing (Jimit R. Patel)


40  ISSN 2683-5894

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 m= 5
0.5
m= 10
W
0.4
0.3 m= 15
0.2 m= 20
0.1
m= 25
0
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
µ*

Figure 2. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝜇 ∗ and 𝑚.

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 q = 0.1
0.5
q = 0.3
W

0.4
0.3 q = 0.5
0.2 q = 0.7
0.1
q = 0.9
0
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
µ*

Figure 3. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝜇 ∗ and 𝑞.

0.8
h2/L = 0.025
0.6
h2/L = 0.05
W

0.4
h2/L = 0.075
0.2 h2/L = 0.1
h2/L = 0.125
0
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
µ*

Figure 4. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝜇 ∗ and ℎ2/𝐿.

Reports in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2022: 37 – 45


Reports in Mechanical Engineering ISSN: 2683-5894  41

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 h1/L = 0.2
0.5
h1/L = 0.4
W
0.4
0.3 h1/L = 0.6
0.2 h1/L = 0.8
0.1
h1/L = 1
0
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
µ*

Figure 5. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝜇 ∗ and ℎ1/𝐿.

The opposite nature of ℎ1 ⁄L and ℎ2 ⁄L (= ℎ2/𝐿) on the distribution of load with respect to 𝑚 is observed
in Figure 6-8.

0.16

0.15

0.14 q = 0.1
0.13 q = 0.3
W

0.12 q = 0.5
q = 0.7
0.11
q = 0.9
0.1
5 6 7 8 9
m

Figure 6. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝑚 and 𝑞.

0.25
0.23
0.21
0.19 h2/L = 0.025
0.17
h2/L = 0.05
W

0.15
0.13 h2/L = 0.075
0.11 h2/L = 0.1
0.09
h2/L = 0.125
0.07
5 6 7 8 9
m

Figure 7. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝑚 and ℎ2/𝐿.

Influence of viscosity variation on ferrofluid based long bearing (Jimit R. Patel)


42  ISSN 2683-5894

0.106
0.104
0.102
h1/L = 0.2
0.1
h1/L = 0.4
W
0.098
0.096 h1/L = 0.6
0.094 h1/L = 0.8
0.092
h1/L = 1
0.09
5 6 7 8 9
m

Figure 8. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝑚 and ℎ1/𝐿.

In Figure 9 and 10, Again the trends of load carrying capacity with respect to 𝑞 remains oppositr for ℎ1 ⁄L
and ℎ2 ⁄L, the decrease in load carrying capacity being more at the initial stag for ℎ1 ⁄L.

0.28

0.23
h2/L = 0.025
0.18 h2/L = 0.05
W

h2/L = 0.075
0.13
h2/L = 0.1
h2/L = 0.125
0.08
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
q

Figure 9. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝑞 and ℎ2/𝐿.

0.12
0.115
0.11
0.105 h1/L = 0.2
0.1 h1/L = 0.4
W

0.095 h1/L = 0.6


0.09
h1/L = 0.8
0.085
h1/L = 1
0.08
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
q

Figure 10. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to 𝑞 and ℎ1/𝐿.

Figure 11 says that role of ratios ℎ2 /𝐿 and ℎ2 /𝐿 remain crucial for bearing design.

Reports in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2022: 37 – 45


Reports in Mechanical Engineering ISSN: 2683-5894  43

0.48
0.43
0.38
0.33 h1/L = 0.2
0.28 h1/L = 0.4
W

0.23 h1/L = 0.6


0.18
h1/L = 0.8
0.13
h1/L = 1
0.08
0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125
h2/L

Figure 11. Variation of 𝑊 with respect to ℎ2/𝐿 and ℎ1/𝐿.

Equation (11) also makes it clear that this type of bearing system sustains some amount of load even in the
absence of the flow, which is very much unlikely in the case of a conventional lubricant based bearing system.
The load can be further raised, by choosing a suitably range of viscosity variation.
The graphical pictures offer the suggestions that, the viscosity variation effect remains at the most nominal
so far as the load bearing capacity with respect to magnetization is concerned. Also, the viscosity variation
turns in a little aid to 𝜇 ∗ in augmenting the load capacity.

4. Conclusion
Studies have been made to deal with the effect of viscosity variation on the performance of a conventional
lubricant based bearing system. But, literature facts to give the effect of viscosity variation on long bearing
with a magnetic fluid lubricant. So, it was thought appropriate launch an investigation into the performance of
a magnetic fluid based long bearing considering viscosity variation.
This investigation offers the suggestion that the magnetic fluid plays a vital role in augmenting the bearing
performance. Undoubtedly, the effect of viscosity variation fails to deliver positively for this type of bearing
system always. It at all this type of bearing system is to be used then suitable magnetic strength must be given
due priority. However, it is strongly felt that if designed properly, this type of bearing system may be put in
use by the industry.
This investigation beacons the researchers to extend this analysis in the following directions:
1) Extending the analysis of this work to incorporating the roughness effect on the bearing system, as always
bearing surfaces are rough to some extent (may be negligible).
2) This analysis can be conducted by considering the other two magnetic fluid flow models namely: Jenkins
and Shliomis.

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge with due respect the comments and suggestions of
Editors.

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Influence of viscosity variation on ferrofluid based long bearing (Jimit R. Patel)

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