UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Properties of Fluids

Engr. Benhamin I. Mamalo

 Topic Outline
• Importance of Studying MSE
• Definitions
• Tetrahedron of MSE
• Historical Perspective
• Properties of Materials
• Classifications of Materials

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 Intended Learning Outcomes
• Familiarize topics in Materials Science and
Engineering
• Overview Materials Science and Engineering

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 Properties of Fluids
• Fluid Mechanics – is a physical science dealing with
the action of fluids at rest or in motion and with
applications and devices in engineering using
fluids
• Fluid statics – fluids at rest
• Fluid dynamics – fluids at motion
• Hydraulics – deals with the application of fluid
mechanics to engineering devices involving
liquids, usually water or oil.

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Types of Fluids
Fluids

Ideal Fluids Real Fluids

Non-
Newtonian
Newtonian

Pseodoplastic Delatant Bingham

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 Mass Density, ρ (rho)
• The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of
volume
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑀
𝜌=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉
Units:
English: slugs/ft3
Metric: gram/cm3
SI: kg/m3

Mass Density, ρ (rho) 6

 Mass Density, ρ (rho)
• For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the
specific gas constant and ideal gas law:
𝑝
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
Where:
p = absolute pressure of gas in Pa
R = gas constant Joule/kg-K

Mass Density, ρ (rho) 7

 Mass Density, ρ (rho)
Approximate Room Temperature Densities of
Common Fluids:
Fluid ρ in kg/m3
Air (STP) 1.29
Air (21oF, at 1atm) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1, 260
Mercury 13, 600
Water 1,000
Mass Density, ρ (rho) 8
 Specific Volume, Vs and
Specific Weight, γ
• Specific volume, Vs, is the volume occupied by a
unit mass of fluid
1
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌
• Specific weight or unit weight, γ, is the weight of
a unit volume of a fluid
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑊
𝛾=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔

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 Specific Weight, γ
• Units:
English: lb/ft3
Metric: dyne/cm3
SI: N/m3 or kN/m3

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 Specific Gravity
• Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of a
fluid’s density to some standard reference
density. For liquids and solids, the reference
density is water at 4oC (39.2oF).

𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑠=
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

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 Specific Gravity
• In gases, the standard reference to calculate the
specific gravity is the density of air.
𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑠=
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
For water at 4oC:
γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 = 9.81 kN/m3
ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3 = 1000 kg/m3
s = 1.0

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 Viscosity, μ (Mu)
• The property of a fluid which determines the
amount of its resistance to shearing forces. A
perfect fluid would have no viscocity.

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 Viscosity, μ (Mu)
• For small values of U and y, the velocity gradient
can be assumed to be a straight line and F varies
as A, U and y as:
𝐴𝑈 𝐹 𝑈
𝐹∝ 𝑜𝑟 ∝
𝑦 𝐴 𝑦
but
𝑈 𝑑𝑉
= 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐹
= 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜏
𝐴

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 Viscosity, μ (Mu)
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝜏∝ 𝑜𝑟 𝜏 = 𝑘
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
where the constant of proportionality k is called
the dynamic of absolute viscosity denoted as μ.
𝑑𝑉
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦

𝜏
𝜇=
𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑦

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 Viscosity, μ (Mu)
𝜏
𝜇=
𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑦
where:
𝜏 = shear stress in lb/ft2 or Pa
μ = absolute viscosity in lb sec/ft2 (poises) or Pa-sec
y = distance between the plates in ft or m
V = velocity in ft/s or m/s

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 Kinematic Viscosity, 𝜈 (Nu)
• Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic
viscosity of the fluid, μ, to its mass density, ρ.

𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
where,
μ = absolute viscosity in Pa-sec
ρ = density in kg/m3

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 Common Units of Viscosity
System Absolute, μ Kinematic, ν
English lb-sec/ft2 ft2/sec
(slug/ft-sec)
Metric dyne-s/cm2 cm2/s
(poise) (stroke)
S.I Pa-s m2/s
(N-s/m2)

Note:
𝑠
1 poise = 1 dyne∙ 𝑐𝑚2 = 0.1 Pa-sec (1 dyne = 10-5N)
1 stroke = 0.0001 m2/s

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 Surface Tension, σ (sigma)
• The membrane of “skin” that seems to form on
the surface of a fluid is due to the intermolecular
cohesive forces and is known as surface tension.
• Pressure inside a Droplet of Liquid:
4𝜎
𝑝=
𝑑
where:
σ = surface tension in N/m
d = diameter of the droplet in m
p = gage pressure in Pa

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 Capillarity
• Capillary action is the name given to the behavior of the
liquid in a thin-bore tube
• The rise or fall or a fluid in a capillary tube caused by the
surface tension and depends on the relative
magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the
adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing
vessel

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 Capillarity
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑
For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the
angle 𝜃 is 0o. Hence the formula becomes
4𝜎
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑
where:
h = capillary rise or depression in m
γ = unit weight in N/m3
d = diameter of the tube in m
σ = surface tension in Pa
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Capillarity
Contact Angles, 𝜃
Materials Angle, 𝜃
mercury – glass 1400
water - paraffin 107o
water – silver 90o
kerosene – glass 26o
glycerin – glass 19o
water - glass 0o
ethyl alcohol - glass 0o

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 Compressibility, β
• also known as the coefficient of compressibility
• fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit
change in pressure in a constant – temperature
process
∆𝑉
− 𝑉 1
𝛽= =
∆𝑝 𝐸𝐵
𝑑𝑉/𝑉
𝛽=−
𝑑𝑝

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 Compressibility, β
Where:
∆𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
∆𝑝 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑉
= 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑉

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 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity,𝐸𝐵
• The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid
expresses the compressibility of the fluid
• It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the
corresponding volume change per unit of volume
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑝
𝐸𝐵 = =
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑉
𝑉
Or
𝑑𝑝
𝐸𝐵 = −
𝑑𝑉/𝑉

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 Pressure Disturbances
• Pressure Disturbances imposed on a fluid move in
waves. The velocity or celerity of pressure wave
(also known as acoustical or sonic velocity) is
expressed as:
𝐸𝐵 1
𝑐= =
𝜌 𝛽𝜌

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 Property Changes in Ideal Gas
• For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the
equation of state is given by:
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Temperature is constant
𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2
Pressure is constant
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

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 Property Changes in Ideal Gas
• For adiabatic or Isentropic Conditions (no heat
exchanged)
𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑘
Or
𝑉1 𝑘 𝑝2
( ) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑉2 𝑝1
And

𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑘−1
=( ) 𝑘
𝑇1 𝑝1

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 Property Changes in Ideal Gas
Where:
𝑝1 = initial absolute pressure of gas
𝑝2 = final absolute pressure of gas
𝑉1 = initial volume of gas
𝑉2 = final volume of gas
𝑇1 = initial absolute temperature of gas in Kelvin
𝑇2 = final absolute temperature of gas in K
k = adiabatic exponent

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 Vapor pressure
• Molecular activity in a liquid will allow some of
the molecules to escape the liquid surface.
• Molecules of the vapor also condense back into
the liquid
• The vaporization and condensation at constant
temperature are equilibrium processes
• The equilibrium pressure exerted by these free
molecules is known as the vapor pressure or
saturation pressure

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 Vapor pressure
• Liquid near their boiling point or that vaporizes
easily are said to volatile liquid .
• The tendency toward vaporization is dependent
on the temperature of the liquid.
• Boiling occurs when the liquid temperature is
increased to the point that the vapor pressure is
equal to the local ambient (surrounding)
pressure.

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 Vapor Pressure
Fluid kPa, 20oC
Mercury 0.000173
Turpentine 0.0534
Water 2.34
Ethyl alcohol 5.86
Ether 58.9
Butane 218
Freon-12 584
propane 855
Ammonia 888

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 Summary
• First we have talked about the types of fluid
wherein we discussed the two categories:
ideal and real fluids
• We have also talked about the several
Properties of Fluids and Conversion Factors

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 References
• Munson. Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics

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