The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller looks as follows – Difference Between Von

Pins 1 to 8 − these pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any other functions. It
is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.
Neumann and Harvard
Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial values.
Pins 10 to 17 − these pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions like
Architecture
interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.

In Von Neumann's design, the programs and data are stored in the same memory
space and treated as one. We will see the difference between Von Neumann and
Harvard Architecture based on metrics such as speed, performance, etc, which will help
clarify doubts regarding these architectures for the GATE exam preparation.

Key Differences Between Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture

Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture
The same physical memory is used to Separate physical memory is provided to
Pins 18 & 19 − these pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the system store instructions and data. store instructions and data.
clock. It is based on the stored-program
It is based on relay-based computer models.
concept.
Pin 20 − this pin provides the power supply to the circuit.
Common bus for transferring instructions Separate buses are used to transfer
Pins 21 to 28 − these pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher order
and data. instructions and data.
address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port. 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each of 8-bit, which can be configured as input or Two clock cycles are used to execute a A single clock cycle is used to execute a
Pin 29 − this is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read a output. Hence, total 32 input/output pins allow the microcontroller to be connected with the single instruction. single instruction.
signal from the external program memory. peripheral devices. It is cheaper in comparison to Harvard It is more expensive than Von Neumann’s
architecture. architecture.
Pin 30 − this is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
Used in microcontrollers and signal
enable/disable the external memory interfacing. Pin configuration, i.e. the pin can be configured as 1 for input and 0 for output as per the Used in personal computers.
processing.
Pin 31 − this is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to logic state.
demultiplex the address-data signal of port. Input/Output (I/O) pin − All the circuits within the microcontroller must be Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture
Pins 32 to 39 − these pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower order connected to one of its pins except P0 port because it does not have pull-up
Von Neumann's architecture was designed by renowned mathematician and physicist
address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this port. resistors built-in. John Von Neumann in 1945. Harvard Architecture originated from relay-based
Pin 40 − this pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit. Input pin − Logic 1 is applied to a bit of the D register. The output of transistor is computers that stored data in electro-mechanical counters and instructions on punched
tapes. Both architectures hold an important weightage in the GATE CSE syllabus.
turned off and the other pin remains connected to the power supply voltage over
a pull-up resistor of high resistance. What is Von Neumann Architecture?

The computers are based on the stored-program concept. A stored program keeps data
and program instructions in RAM, where instruction fetch, and a data operation cannot
occur simultaneously.

1 2 3

MICROCONTROLLER: Microprocessor based system design Microcontroller based system design is rather year 1980 for the use in embedded systems. Other 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8052
6
is complex and expensive simple and cost effective and Motorola MC68HC11 and AVR Microcontrollers, Microchip’s PIC Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a highly integrated single chip, which consists of on chip CPU (Central 12C5XX ,16C5X and 16C505 etc...
The Instruction set of The instruction set of a Microcontroller is very
Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable
microprocessor is complex with simple with less number of instructions. For,
Programmable Read Only Memory), I/O (input/output) – serial and parallel, timers, interrupt 7 16-bit Microcontrollers: When the microcontroller performs 16-bit arithmetic and logical
large number of instructions. ex: PIC microcontrollers have only 35
controller. For example, Intel 8051 is 8-bit microcontroller and Intel 8096 is 16-bit operations at an instruction, the microcontroller is said to be a 16-bit microcontroller. The
instructions.
microcontroller. The block diagram of Microcontroller is shown in Fig.2. internal bus width of 16-bit microcontroller is of 16-bit. These microcontrollers are having
A microprocessor has zero status A microcontroller has no zero flag.
8 increased memory size and speed of operation when compared to 8-bit microcontrollers.These
flag
are most suitable for programming in Highlevel languages like C or C++ .They find applications
in disk drivers,modems,printers,scanners and servomotor control. Examples of 16-bit
EVOLUTION OF MICROCONTROLLERS : microcontrollers are Intel 8096 family and Motorola MC68HC12 and MC68332 families, The
performance and computing capability of 16 bit microcontrollers are enhanced with greater
The first microcontroller TMS1000 was introduced by Texas Instrumentsin the year precision as compared to the 8-bit microcontrollers.
1974. In the year 1976, Motorola designed a Microprocessor chip called 6801 which replaced
its earlier chip 6800 with certain add-on chips to make a computer. This paved the way for the 32-Bit Microcontrollers: These microcontrollers used in highend applications like
new revolution in the history of chip design and gave birth to a new entity called Automative control, Communication networks,Robotics,Cell phones,GPRS & PDAs etc..For
“Microcontroller”. Later the Intel company produced its first Microcontroller 8048 with a EX:PIC32, ARM 7,ARM9 ,SHARP LH79520 ,ATMEL 32 (AVR), Texas Instrument’s –.
CPU and 1K bytes of EPROM, 64 Bytes of RAM an 8-Bit Timer and 27 I/O pins in 1976. TMS320F2802x/2803x etc.are some of the popular 32-bit microcontrollers.
Then followed the most popular controller 8051 in the year 1980 with 4K bytes of ROM,128
INTEL MCS 51 Family
Bytes of RAM , a serial port, two 16-bit Timers , and 32 I/O pins. The 8051 family has many
additions and improvements over the years and remains a most acclaimed tool for today’s
On chip On chip
circuit designers. INTEL introduced a 16 bit microcontroller 8096 in the year 1982 . Later Microcontroller RAM program Timers/Counters Interrupts Serial ports
INTEL introduced 80c196 series of 16-bit Microcontrollers for mainly industrial applications. (Bytes) memory
Microchip, another company has introduced an 8-bit Microcontroller PIC 16C64 in the year
1985.The 32-bit microcontrollers have been developed by IBM and Motorola. MPC 505 is a 8031 128 None 2 5 1
Fig(2) 32-bit RISC controller of Motorola. The 403 GA is a 32 -bit RISC embedded controller of
8032 256 None 3 6 1
IBM.
Distinguish between Microprocessor and Microcontroller 8051 128 4K ROM 2 5 1
In recent times ARM company (Advanced RISC machines) has developed and
S.No Microprocessor Microcontroller introduced 32 bit controllers for high-end application devices like mobiles , Ipods etc... 8052 256 8K ROM 3 6 1
A microprocessor is a general A microcontroller is a dedicated chip which is
1 purpose device which is called a also called single chip computer. TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS: 8751 128 4K EPROM 2 5 1
CPU Microcontrollers can be classified on the basis of internal bus width, architecture, 8752 256 8K EPROM 3 6 1
A microprocessor do not contain A microcontroller includes RAM, ROM, serial memory and instruction set as 4-bit,8-bit,16-bit and 32-bit micrcontrollers.
2 onchip I/OPorts, Timers, Memories and parallel interface, timers, interrupt 4-bit Microcontrollers: These 4-bit microcontrollers are small size, minimum pin count and
etc. circuitry (in addition to CPU) in a single chip. low cost controllers which are widely used for low end applications like LED & LCD display
Microprocessors are most Microcontrollers are used in small, minimum drivers ,portable battery chargers etc.. Their power consumption is also low. The popular 4-bit ARCHITECTURE & BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
3 commonly used as the CPU in component designs performing control- controllers are Renasa M34501 which is a 20 pin DIP chip with 4kB of ROM, 256 Bytes of
microcomputer systems oriented applications. The 8051 microcontroller is a very popular 8-bit microcontroller introduced by Intel in
RAM,2-Counters and 14 I/O Pins. Similarly ATAM862 series from ATMEL.
Microprocessor instructions are Microcontroller instructions are both bit the year 1981 and it has become almost the academic standard now a days. The 8051 is based
4 8-bit Microcontrollers : These are the most popular and widely used microcontrollers .About on an 8-bit CISC core with Harvard architecture. Its 8-bit architecture is optimized for control
mainly nibble or byte addressable addressable as well as byte addressable.
Microprocessor instruction sets are Microcontrollers have instruction sets catering 55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers only.The 8-bit microcontroller applications with extensive Boolean processing. It is available as a 40-pin DIP chip and works
5 mainly intended for catering to large to the control of inputs and outputs. has 8-bitinternal bus and the ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical operations on a byte at +5 Volts DC. The salient features of 8051 controller are given below.
volumes of data. instruction. The well known 8-bit microcontroller is 8051 which was designed by Intel in the

M.L.N.Rao, Asst. Prof. in Electronics, St. Joseph’s Degree & PG College, Autonomous, M.L.N.Rao, Asst. Prof. in Electronics, St. Joseph’s Degree & PG College, Autonomous, M.L.N.Rao, Asst. Prof. in Electronics, St. Joseph’s Degree & PG College, Autonomous,
Affiliated Osmania University, Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’. Page 2 Affiliated Osmania University, Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’. Page 3 Affiliated Osmania University, Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’. Page 4

4 5 6
 Fig 3: Block diagram of 8051 Microcontroller

The architecture of the 8051 microcontroller can be understood from the block
diagram. It has Harward architecture with RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) concept.
The block diagram of 8051 microcontroller is shown in Fig 3. below1.It consists of an 8-bit Address Bus (A8-A15) (output):
ALU, one 8-bit PSW(Program Status Register), A and B registers, one 16-bit Program ACCUMULATOR (ACC): The accumulator is an 8-bit register associated with the ALU. The register ‘A’ in the
The address bus pins are ranges from A8 to A15 and these are mainly applicable to the most considerable memory
counter , one 16-bit Data pointer register(DPTR),128 bytes of RAM and 4kB of ROM and four 8085 is an Accumulator. It is used to hold one of the operands of an arithmetic or logical operation. It serves
parallel I/O ports each of 8-bit width. as one input to the ALU. The other operand for an arithmetic or logical operation may be stored either in the address bit.
memory or in one of the General Purpose Registers (GPR). The final result of an arithmetic or logical operations
SALIENT FEATURES : The salient features of 8051 Microcontroller are placed in the Accumulator. Such instructions do not require any other register or memory location because Address Bus and Data Bus: (Input/Output):
The address bus is a group of sixteen lines i.e A0-A15. The address bus is unidirectional. These are time
there is no other operand .There is one typical instruction DAD rp, for 16-bit addition for which one of the 16-
i. Two 8-bit registers, A (accumulator) and B register. multiplexed address/data i.e they serve dual purpose. They are used for 8 bit LSB of the memory address or I/O
bit operands is kept in H-L pair and the other in the B-C or D-E pair . The result is placed in the H-L pair.
ii. Two 16-bit registers, program counter and (data pointer) DPTR address during 1st clock cycle of a machine cycle. Again they are used for data during 2nd and 3rd clock cycle.
iii. 8-bit flag register or Program Status Word (PSW) General Purpose Registers (GPR): The 8085 microprocessor contains six 8-bit general purpose registers. They
Address Latch Enable (ALE)(output)– It is an Address Latch Enable signal. It goes high during first T state of a
iv. One 8-bit stack pointer are: B,C,D,E,H and H and L register. To hold 16 bit data a combination of two 8-bit registers can be employed .
v. Inter ROM of 4 KB machine cycle and enables the lower 8-bits of the address to be latched either into the memory or external latch.
The combination of two 8-bit registers is known as a register pair. The valid register pairs in the 8085 are: B-
vi. 128 bytes on chip data memory (RAM). C,D-E and H-L. The programmer cannot from a register pair by selecting any two registers of his choice. The H-  IO/M’ (output) – It is a status signal which determines whether the address is for input-output or memory.
Internal RAM consists of L pair is used to act as memory pointer and for this purpose it holds the 16-bit address of a memory location. When it is high(1) the address on the address bus is for input-output devices. When it is low(0) the address
Four register banks, each containing eight registers The general purpose registers and the accumulator are accessible to programmer. He can store data in these on the address bus is for the memory.
16-bytes of Bit Address registers during writing his program.  SO, S1 (output) – These are status signals sent by the microprocessor. They distinguish the various types of
80 bytes of general purpose data memory. operations such as halt, reading, instruction fetching or writing.
vii. 8-bit data bus Special Purpose Register (SPR): S1 S0 Operations
viii. 16-bit address bus 0 0 HALT
ix. Four Parallel ports each of 8-bits (PORT0, PORT1,PORT2,PORT3) with a total of  Program Counter (PC): It is a 16-bit special purpose register. It is used to hold the memory address of 0 1 WRITE
32 I/O lines the next instruction to be executed. It keeps the track of memory addresses of the instructions in a 1 0 READ
x. Two -16 bit timers: T0 and T1 program while they are being the execution of an instruction so that it points to the address of the next 1 1 FETCH
xi. Serial Data Reciever and Serial Data Transmitter. instruction in the program at the end of the execution of an instruction.
 Stack Pointer (SP): It is a 16 bit special purpose register. The stack is a sequence of memory locations Power Supply and Clock Frequency:
 Vcc – +5v power supply
M.L.N.Rao, Asst. Prof. in Electronics, St. Joseph’s Degree & PG College, Autonomous, set aside by the programmer to store / retrieve the contents of Accumulator. Since stack works on LIFO
 Vss – Ground Reference
Affiliated Osmania University, Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’. Page 5 (Last-In-First-Out) principle, its operation is faster compared to normal memory locations. The contents  XI, X2 (input)– These are the terminals to be connected to an external crystal oscillator which drives an
7 8 9
internal circuitry of the microprocessor to produce a suitable clock for the operation of microprocessor. The