TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - CAVITE

Carlos Q. Trinidad Ave., Salawag, Dasmarinas City

CT313
Construction Materials and Testing

Written Report
for
Portland Cement

Group 2

Submitted by:

Cacho, Jhon Dale B.

BET-CT-3B

Submitted To:

Ms. Farah Nicole Dela Cruz

September 30, 2023

 Table of Content

Title page ……………………………………………………………………………………………….i

Table of Content…………………………………………………………………………….………….ii

Portland Cement...………………………………………………………………………………………1

Composition of Portland Cement………………………………………………………………...……2

Properties of Portland Cement…………………………………………………………………...……3

ASTM Types of Cements……………………………….………………………………………...……4

Reference…………………………………………………………………………………………...……5
Portland Cement

The most widely used type of cement is Portland cement, which is used as a
fundamental component of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It is typically
created from limestone and was developed from other varieties of hydraulic lime in England at
the beginning of the 19th century by Joseph Aspdin. He gave it the name "Portland" because
when the cement had dried, it had a hue similar to stone mined on the Isle of Portland in Dorset,
England.

A limestone and clay combination were heated to high temperatures in a kiln to create
the clinker, which could then be crushed into a fine powder to create Aspdin's Portland cement.
This powder, when combined with water, would set, and harden over time, making it appropriate
for a variety of building purposes.

In the late 19th century, organizations like the British Standards Institution (BSI) and the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in the US and UK respectively established
requirements for the composition and characteristics of Portland cement.

With improvements in production technology and greater infrastructure development,

Portland cement's use around the globe surged over the 20th century.

Portland cement is now a common building material used all over the world. It is available in a
number of kinds, such as Type I, Type II, Type III, and others, each having unique qualities ideal
for particular purposes.
Composition of Portland Cement

Three-fourths of the mixture in regular Portland cement is made up of calcium silicate in

some form. This substance is in charge of making cement. In ceramic chemistry, the oxide
notation is used to typically represent the chemical composition.

Basic Composition of Portland Cement:

• Calcium oxide (CaO)

- This is one of the main ingredients in OPC and typically makes up around 60-
67% of its composition. Calcium oxide is derived from limestone or chalk.
- Its excess can make cement unsound.

• Silica (SiO2)
- It imparts strength to Cement. However, excessive Silica may lead to delayed
setting time of portland cement.

• Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

• Iron oxide (Fe2O3)

- It imparts colour and hardness to cement.

• Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
- Gypsum is added to OPC during the manufacturing process to control its setting
time.
Properties of Portland Cement

1. High compressive strength

- It is well-known for having a high compressive strength, which makes it the best
choice for usage in building projects that need for a sturdy material.

2. Good workability
- offers high workability, which enables easy shaping and molding into a variety of
forms and structures.

3. Versatility
- may be used to create many different types of building materials, including as
concrete, mortar, and stucco.

4. Durability
- very robust and resistant to a variety of external factors, including as exposure to
water, fire, and extreme temperatures.
ASTM Types of Cements

• Type I
- Portland cement is known as common or general-purpose cement. It is generally
assumed unless another type is specified.

• Type II
- Used as a precaution against moderate sulfate attack. It will usually generate
less heat at a slower rate than Type I cement.

• Type III
- Used when high early strength is needed. It is having more C3S than Type I
cement and has been ground finer to provide a higher surface-to-volume ratio,
both of which speed hydration. Strength gain is double that of Type I cement in
the first 24 hours.

• Type IV
- Portland cement is generally known for its low heat of hydration.
- Used when hydration heat must be minimized in large volume applications such
as gravity dams. Contains about half the C3S and C3A and double the C2S of
Type I cement.

• Type V
- Used as a precaution against severe sulfate action – principally where soils or
groundwaters have a high sulfate content. It gains strength at a slower rate than
Type I cement. High sulfate resistance is attributable to low C3A content.
Reference:

CIVL 1101 - Part 3 Properties of Portland Cement. (2023). Memphis.edu.

http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/everything_about_concrete/03_propertie

s.html

Properties of Cement- Physical & Chemical - Civil Engineering. (2023). Civiltoday.com.

https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/111-properties-of-cement-

physical-chemical-properties

Jamal, H. (2016). Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement | Calcium, Cilica, Alumina, Iron.

Aboutcivil.org. https://www.aboutcivil.org/composition-portland-cement

https://www.facebook.com/CivilEngineeringX. (2023). Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement

| Civil Engineering X. Civil Engineering X. https://civilengineeringx.com/traditional-

materials/properties-of-ordinary-portland-cement/

Portland Cement: Check Properties, Types, Manufacturing & More. (2023). Testbook.

https://testbook.com/civil-engineering/portland-cement
Portland Cement : A Brief History - The Screed Scientist®. (2014, June 20). The Screed

Scientist®. https://www.screedscientist.com/portland-cement-a-brief-history/

Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement. (2021). Civilengineeronline.com.

https://civilengineeronline.com/material/cement/properties.htm

https://www.facebook.com/fasiforyou. (2018, August 10). Ordinary Portland Cement -

Constituents, Properties, Types and Uses - The Constructor. The Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ordinary-portland

cement/23181/#Types_of_Ordinary_Portland_Cement

Code Concrete. (2021). Types of Portland Cement [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k72ACbF27Wk&ab_channel=CodeConcrete