Research When and

paper where it is Author Methodology Inference Parameters

Name published
The research encompassed experimental
testing, climate research, simulation tool
• PASCOOL project focused on passive cooling
development, and design guidelines.
techniques, studying natural ventilation (using
Experimental work utilized tracer gas
decay tracer gas methods), solar control, and
techniques for natural ventilation studies. Microclimate and site design
Matheos thermal mass effects to create energy-efficient
Advanced simulation tools were created, Solar control
Santamo alternatives to air conditioning.
Developmen including an airflow network model for Building form, layout, and
uris, A • Advanced simulation tools were developed,
ts on Passive 1997 in the multi-zone buildings, an enhanced thermal external finishing
Athanassi including an integrated thermal simulation
Cooling in Internation simulation program, and a test reference Thermal insulation
os, program that incorporates ventilation, shading,
Buildings-Re al Journal meteorological years (TRMY) tool. Climate Behavioral and occupancy
Argiriou, and thermal mass for improved building
sults from Solar research explored radiative, evaporative, and patterns
A performance analysis.
Recent Energy. ground cooling methods, resulting in a natural Internal heat gain control
Constanti • Key outputs included comprehensive design
Research cooling simulation tool. The project yielded Thermal mass
nos, resources (Passive Cooling Handbook, Electronic
comprehensive design resources: a Passive Natural ventilation
Balaras Metahandbook, Predesign Tool) and design
Cooling Handbook, Electronic Metahandbook, Solar control devices
strategies encompassing microclimate
Predesign Tool, and a novel Thermal
optimization, building form, envelope
Simulation Program integrating ventilation,
construction, and occupancy management.
shading, and thermal mass for sustainable
building design.
A study investigated thermal comfort in Indian
school classrooms using environmental Building Design
measurements and occupant surveys. Parameters:
• Thermal comfort analysis using PMV, PPD, and
Environmental factors were recorded at TSV indices revealed poor conditions in naturally
15-minute intervals over 8-hour periods in Orientation
ventilated Indian school classrooms, with PMV
Thermal Elsiever summer and winter. Fanger's models Window-to-Wall Ratio
often outside -0.5 to 0.5 range and PPD exceeding
comfort Building calculated PMV and PPD indices using a 1.2 met (WWR)
10%.
study in and metabolic rate estimate, while TSV was derived Window Size and
• Key environmental factors influencing comfort:
naturally Environme from ASHRAE 55-2013 standards. A survey of Placement
air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity,
ventilated nt Aradhan 500 participants across 10 schools gathered Shading Devices
radiant temperature, and globe temperature;
school Volume a Jindal data on thermal comfort perceptions. Data Building Layout
with ceiling and whole-building fans improving
classrooms 142 analysis employed SPSS 22.0 for descriptive Parameters for Building
conditions.
in composite , September and inferential statistics, examining Simulation and Analysis:
• Study utilized Fanger's models, ASHRAE
climate of 2018, Pages relationships between environmental factors, 55-2013 standards, and correlation analysis
India 34-46 subjective responses, and thermal comfort Air Temperature
between objective measurements (PMV/PPD) and
indices, utilizing Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Relative Humidity
subjective responses (TSV) to assess thermal
2011 for building simulation and Microsoft Air Velocity
comfort comprehensively.
Excel for data visualization, covering key Globe Temperature
concepts such as PMV, PPD, TSV, metabolic rate, Illuminance
and clothing insulation
This study employed a mixed-methods
approach to assess thermal comfort in Korean The study revealed that Korean kindergarten
kindergarten classrooms, combining children's thermal comfort is noticeably different Building Design
qualitative surveys of 300 children and their from adults, underscoring the need for Parameters:
teachers with quantitative environmental child-specific comfort models. Existing models
Hyunjun measurements. Data collection utilized
A field study like ASHRAE 55, ISO 7730, and EN 15251 don’t Orientation
Yuna, specialized equipment to measure indoor
of thermal accurately predict children's comfort, pointing to Window-to-Wall Ratio
Building Insick environmental factors such as air temperature,
comfort for the necessity for new or revised models. The (WWR)
and Nama, humidity, air velocity, and illuminance.
kindergarte research highlighted air temperature, relative Window Type and Size
Environme Jinman Analysis was conducted using SPSS 23.0,
n children in humidity, and air velocity as the key factors Shading Devices
nt Kima, incorporating descriptive and inferential
Korea: An influencing children’s comfort. This suggests that Building Envelope
Volume 75 Jinho statistics, along with multiple regression to
assessment kindergarten classrooms in Korea should be Indoor Environmental
, May 2014, Yanga, examine relationships between environmental
of existing designed with children's unique thermal needs Parameters:
Pages Kyoungh factors and comfort perceptions. The research
models and in mind, not just using adult-based standards.
182-189 o Leeb, evaluated thermal comfort models (ASHRAE
preferences The findings emphasize the importance of Air Temperature
Jongryeul 55, ISO 7730, EN 15251) using a 7-point
of children considering children's age and activity levels Relative Humidity
Sohna Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) scale and when designing classrooms, guiding the Air Velocity
calculated Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and development of child-friendly building Illuminance
Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) guidelines that focus on their comfort and Thermal Comfort Indices
indices. Microsoft Excel facilitated data well-being.
processing, while the study accounted for
variables like age sex and activity level This
A mixed-methods approach is used to explore Passive cooling technologies like natural
current and future needs for passive cooling ventilation, wind towers, and evaporative
convective technologies in buildings. The study cooling effectively reduce cooling demands and
combines qualitative and quantitative enhance indoor comfort, especially in hot, dry
research, including a thorough literature climates. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Passive review to identify gaps and limitations in simulations reveal that optimizing building
Cooling of existing research. Case studies of buildings design and orientation can reduce cooling loads
Buildings: with passive cooling systems are analyzed to by up to 20% and improve comfort by 15%. In Building Geometry and
Present and assess their design, performance, and hot climates, these methods can cut cooling loads Orientation
Advanced
Future Santamo effectiveness in reducing cooling loads and by up to 60% and increase comfort by 40%. Building Envelope Design
Environme
Needs: uris, M., enhancing indoor thermal comfort. Natural Ventilation
ntal Wind
Recent Kolokotsa The study employs various techniques, Building information modeling (BIM) tools are Strategies
Engineerin
Progress on , D.. including computational fluid dynamics (CFD) crucial in analyzing and optimizing cooling Shading Devices and
g (2016)
Passive simulations using ANSYS Fluent and Autodesk system performance. Future research should Insulation
Cooling CFD, to study system performance under focus on developing advanced CFD tools, Thermal Comfort Indices
Convective different environmental conditions. Statistical integrating passive cooling with BIM and energy
Technologie analysis and data visualization tools are used management systems, and exploring new
to interpret results, focusing on cooling load materials and technologies for improved cooling
reduction, thermal comfort, energy efficiency. This will help bridge existing research
consumption, and system efficiency. Key gaps in understanding the impact of design,
concepts explored include convective heat climate, and system configuration on cooling
transfer radiative cooling natural ventilation performance
Research When and
paper where it is Author Methodology Inference Parameters
Name published
Building Design
Parameters:
Orientation
Window-to-Wall Ratio
A field experiment was conducted in 10
The neutral temperature for Taiwanese students Window Type
naturally ventilated and 26 air-conditioned
is around 26.5°C (79.7°F), with an acceptable Shading Coefficient
classrooms across seven universities in Taiwan
temperature range of 24.5°C (76.1°F) to 28.5°C Building Layout
to explore thermal comfort. A survey method
(83.3°F) for 80% of students, indicating a Floor Area Ratio
was used, distributing 1294 questionnaires to
preference for warmer conditions and tolerance Building Height
gather data on perceived thermal comfort,
Field Energy and of temperature variations. Roof Insulation
Ruey-Lun while recording physical measurements like
experiments Buildings Relative humidity significantly affects thermal Wall U-Value
g Hwang, air temperature, air movement, mean radiant
on thermal Volume 38, comfort, with a preferred range of 40-60%, while Glazing Ratio
Tzu-Ping temperature, and humidity. The data was
comfort in Issue 1 air velocity has a minor impact, with a preferred
Lin, analyzed using statistical methods with SPSS or
campus , January range of 0.1-0.5 m/s (0.36-1.64 ft/s). Passive Cooling
Nai-Jung R, following the ASHRAE methodology, and
classrooms 2006, Pages Factors like clothing insulation, activity level, Techniques:
Kuo assessed using indices like Predicted Mean Vote
in Taiwan 53-62 and psychological states (stress and fatigue) Natural Ventilation
(PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied
influence thermal comfort, with more clothing Shading Devices
(PPD), considering indoor air quality. Multiple
and higher activity levels increasing comfort, Evaporative Cooling
regression and correlation analyses were
while stress and fatigue reduce it, highlighting Radiative Cooling
employed to identify significant factors and
the need for localized thermal comfort Convective Cooling
examine relationships between physical
guidelines. Infiltration Rate
conditions and subjective comfort perceptions.
Ventilation Rate
Air Movement
Thermal Mass
Landscaping
A field study was conducted in three university
buildings with 900 students across 30
classrooms in India's composite climate to Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated
evaluate thermal comfort in naturally classrooms during summer in India's composite
Status of Manoj
ventilated classrooms during summer. Surveys climate is generally poor, with a mean comfort Building Design Parameters
thermal Kumar
were conducted from April to June 2015 using temperature of 28.5°C, exceeding the Window size
comfort in Building Singh,
the ASHRAE Standard 55 Class-II protocol to recommended range of 23-26°C. Window orientation
naturally and Sanjay
measure indoor air temperature, relative Adaptive opportunities like changing clothing, Wall thickness
ventilated Environme Kumar,
humidity, and air velocity. The data was opening windows, and using ceiling fans are Roof thickness
classrooms nt Ryozo
analyzed statistically to understand students' crucial in improving comfort, and designers Ceiling fan speed
during the Volume Ooka,
thermal sensations, preferences, and should prioritize creating cooler spaces to Room size
summer 128 Hom B.
acceptability of indoor conditions, with enhance comfort. Passive Cooling Techniques
season in , 15 January Rijal c,
comfort temperature predicted using Griffiths' The study recommends using passive cooling Natural ventilation
the 2018, Pages Gyanesh
method and adaptive models. Key factors strategies like shading and natural ventilation to Ceiling fans
composite 287-304 Gupta,
assessed included thermal comfort, sensation, improve thermal conditions, and highlights the Shading devices
climate of Anuj
preference, acceptability, and adaptive importance of providing adaptive opportunities Ventilation rate
India Kumar
opportunities like adjusting clothing, opening to significantly improve thermal comfort in
windows, and using ceiling fans, highlighting naturally ventilated classrooms.
their significance in maintaining thermal
comfort in naturally ventilated classrooms.
A case study approach was used to examine the The study highlights the effectiveness of passive
Date: 31
application of passive design techniques in design strategies tailored to the local climate in
Application December
office buildings within India's composite achieving sustainability, emphasizing their
of Passive 2023
climate zone. Researchers selected buildings cost-effectiveness and efficiency over active
Techniques Journal
that effectively implemented strategies such as methods, and demonstrating a significant
to Achieve Name: Author:
building orientation, fenestration, shading, positive impact on thermal comfort in office
Thermal IJRASET Ar.
earth touch, roof gardens, water features, and buildings.
Comfort and Journal for Pradeep Natural Ventilation
landscaping, and analyzed their impact on Implementing passive techniques led to a
Minimize Research in Kumar Shading Devices
thermal comfort and energy consumption. The noticeable reduction in energy consumption,
Energy Applied Yadav, Evaporative Cooling
study evaluated the effectiveness of these reducing the building's dependence on active
Consumptio Science and Ar. Radiative Cooling
passive strategies in achieving better thermal heating and cooling systems, and aligning with
n: A case of Engineerin Shailesh Thermal Mass
comfort and reducing energy consumption, global sustainability goals by reducing energy
Office g Kumar
and compared the findings with global use and improving environmental
Building in Technology. Yadav
sustainability goals to assess their contribution performance.
Composite
to reducing energy use and improving The research underscores the importance of
Climate, Journal
environmental performance. A review of passive design strategies as a primary approach
India Page no.:
relevant literature on passive design, thermal for achieving thermal comfort, lowering energy
2359- 2369
comfort, and energy efficiency supported the consumption, and supporting sustainability, with
1. Residents of traditional houses experience
higher thermal comfort than those in modern
1. Temperature and humidity data were
condominiums, thanks to features like high
collected using loggers from both traditional
ceilings and sand-based floors.
and modern condominium houses.
2. Condominium residents face significant
Indoor 2. A questionnaire survey was used to gather
Date: 2021 discomfort due to the multistory design, which is
Thermal information on residents' thermal sensations,
Journal Hailu, not well-suited to the local climate, leading many
Comfort preferences, and satisfaction levels.
Name: Haven to prefer outdoor spaces like balconies.
Analysis: A 3. The study sampled 100 houses, with 50
Urban 3. There is a cultural preference for traditional Multistory Design
Case Study traditional and 50 modern, using a formula to
Science Gelan, housing, with many condo residents expressing a Balconies and Corridors
of Modern determine the appropriate sample size.
Journal Eshetu desire to return to these designs, indicating a Thermal Mass
and 4. Thermal comfort was evaluated using
Page no.: disconnect between modern architecture and Natural Ventilation
Traditional indices such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and
The article Girma, local comfort preferences. Strategies
Buildings in Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD), and
appears on Yared 4. Future residential designs in hot-arid climates Shading Devices
Hot-Arid an adaptive thermal comfort model was
page 53 of should incorporate elements from traditional
Climatic applied to traditional houses.
volume 5, architecture, such as natural ventilation and
Region of 5. Quantitative data from temperature and
issue 3 thermal mass, to enhance indoor comfort.
Ethiopia humidity measurements were analyzed with
5. The study emphasizes the importance of
statistical methods, while qualitative data from
context-sensitive design, highlighting that
the survey was analyzed through key
understanding local climate and cultural
informant interviews.
practices is essential for creating buildings that
meet occupants' thermal comfort needs.
Research When and
paper where it is Author Methodology Inference Parameters
Name published
1. The study analyzed the impact of building
envelope designs on thermal comfort and
1. The building envelope is essential for
Mirrahim energy consumption in high-rise buildings
determining thermal comfort and energy
i, located in hot-humid climates.
consumption in high-rise buildings in hot-humid
Seyedehz 2. A specific high-rise building was selected for
climates, with optimized designs leading to
ahra the case study, documenting its location,
significant energy savings and improved
orientation, and architectural features.
comfort.
Mohame 3. The research investigated various envelope
2. Exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)
d, Mohd parameters, including wall construction types,
walls outperformed other wall constructions, Passive Cooling Techniques:
Farid window-to-wall ratio, glazing types (single,
The effect of reducing cooling energy consumption by up to
double, low-e), and shading devices
building Renewable 15%. Exterior Insulation and
Haw, Lim (overhangs, louvers, fins).
envelope on and 3. Increasing the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) Finish System (EIFS)
Chin 4. Simulation tools used included EnergyPlus
the thermal Sustainable can lead to higher energy use and decreased Exterior Wall Insulation
for overall energy and thermal comfort
comfort and Energy comfort, but using low-e glazing and shading Cavity Wall Insulation
Ibrahim, simulations, OpenStudio for creating 3D
energy Reviews devices can mitigate these effects, with an Low-e Glazing
Nik models and running energy simulations, and
saving for Volume 53 optimal WWR of 30-40%. Overhangs
Lukman Radiance for analyzing daylighting
high-rise , January 4. Low-e glazing was found to reduce cooling Louvers
Nik performance.
buildings in 2016, Pages energy consumption by up to 10% compared to Fins
5. Thermal comfort was assessed using the
hot–humid 1508-1519 single-glazed windows. Natural Ventilation
Yusoff, predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted
climate 5. The study’s sensitivity analysis showed that Radiative Cooling
Wardah percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) indices, while
optimizing building envelope parameters can Evaporative Cooling
Fatimah energy consumption was measured in terms of
result in up to 20% energy savings and better
Mohamm cooling, heating, and total energy use.
thermal comfort.
ad 6. A sensitivity analysis was performed to
6. The study recommends architects and
determine how different building envelope
designers focus on EIFS wall construction, low-e
Aflaki, parameters affected thermal comfort and
glazing, and shading devices to enhance thermal
Ardalan energy efficiency, with the results highlighting
comfort and energy efficiency in high-rise
the importance of optimizing envelope design
buildings.
for improved performance in hot-humid
climates.
The study conducts a comprehensive literature 1. The study highlights the importance of passive
review on passive design concepts for design strategies for reducing energy
composite climates, drawing on secondary data consumption and improving thermal comfort in
from various sources, including books, buildings within composite climates.
research papers, and articles. 2. Effective passive design strategies include
Internation The qualitative analysis involves content shading techniques (like overhangs, louvers, and
al Journal analysis to identify key themes and strategies awnings), insulation, natural ventilation, Passive Cooling Techniques
of Research related to passive design in composite climates, landscaping, and courtyard design. Shading Techniques
in focusing on techniques such as shading, 3. Shading techniques are particularly effective Insulation Techniques
Trapti
Concepts of Engineerin insulation, natural ventilation, landscaping, at reducing solar radiation and enhancing Natural Ventilation
Dhakate1
Passive g, Science and courtyard design. thermal comfort. Radiative Cooling
Design in and The study considers thermal comfort 4. Insulation helps minimize heat transfer and Evaporative Cooling
, Mohd.
Composite Manageme parameters including indoor temperature, improves comfort, while natural ventilation Convective Cooling
Simroz
Climate nt relative humidity, and air movement, and boosts indoor air quality and reduces reliance on Solar Shading
Khan2
Volume-1, provides a systematic review of passive design mechanical cooling systems. Wind Catchers
Issue-10, principles. 5. Landscaping and vegetation contribute to Thermal Mass
October-201 While the study's reliance on existing literature energy savings and comfort, and courtyard Green Roofs
8 limits its scope and depth, it offers a design can also be beneficial in these aspects.
foundation for understanding the complex 6. The study concludes that integrating passive
relationships between climate, building design, design strategies can lead to significant energy
and thermal comfort, and informs the savings and better thermal comfort, with
development of effective passive design simulation tools aiding in the evaluation and
strategies. optimization of these strategies.
The study conducts a comprehensive review of Reflective roof technologies, such as cool and
existing literature on reflective and green roof white roofs, can reduce the urban heat island
Cooling the mitigation technologies to mitigate the urban (UHI) effect by lowering roof surface
cities: A heat island (UHI) effect, collecting data from temperatures by up to 20°C, resulting in
review of global studies and experiments on roof and air decreased energy use. Radiative barrier roofs are
reflective temperatures, humidity, solar radiation, wind, also effective in reducing heat transfer through
Shading Devices
and green and building energy use. roofs, especially in hot and humid climates.
Natural Ventilation
roof Energy and The study examines the effects of reflective Green roofs offer various benefits, including
Santamo Evaporative Cooling
mitigation Buildings(2 roofs and green roofs on temperature, lower stormwater runoff, improved air quality,
uris, M. Radiative Cooling
technologies 017) stormwater runoff, air quality, and and increased biodiversity. They can lower roof
Green Roof Design
to fight heat biodiversity, using tools like EnergyPlus and temperatures by up to 15°C, reducing energy use
Parameters
island and ENVI-met to simulate energy use and thermal and improving thermal comfort.
improve performance. Both reflective and green roof technologies can
comfort in The study measures effectiveness through reduce energy consumption and enhance
urban areas temperature reductions, energy savings, and comfort during heatwaves by lowering heat
cost-benefit analyses, and notes limitations transfer through roofs. They can also reduce the
such as a narrow geographic focus and limited UHI effect by up to 3°C, improving comfort and
Research When and
paper where it is Author Methodology Inference Parameters
Name published
- The study uses simulations to assess how well
combining an earth-to-air heat exchanger The study by Maerefat and Haghighi investigates
(EAHE) and a solar chimney (SC) can cut the effectiveness of integrating earth-to-air heat
cooling loads in buildings. They use EnergyPlus exchangers (EAHE) and solar chimneys (SC) in
to model the energy performance of a typical reducing cooling loads in buildings located in
office building in Tehran, known for its hot and hot, dry climates, using EnergyPlus software to
dry climate. model and analyze a typical office building in
- They create a 3D model of the building with Tehran.
SketchUp and design the EAHE system, which The results show that combining EAHE and SC
Passive includes pipes buried underground for heat systems can cut cooling loads by up to 40%
cooling of compared to traditional cooling systems, with
Renewable Maerefat, exchange. The solar chimney is modeled as a Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger
buildings by vertical duct that absorbs solar radiation to optimal EAHE pipe diameter, length, and burial
Energy M. (EAHE)
using heat the air inside it. depth found to be 0.2 meters, 20 meters, and 2
Volume 35, Solar Chimney (SC)
integrated meters, respectively.
Issue 10 Haghighi, - Both systems are integrated into the building Natural Ventilation
earth to air model, and their effectiveness is tested using The study highlights that higher solar radiation
, October A.P. Shading Devices
heat EnergyPlus. They conduct a parametric study intensity and airflow rate improve the
2010, Pages Landscaping
exchanger to see how different factors like pipe diameter, performance of the solar chimney, enhancing the
2316-2324 Building Layout
and solar length, burial depth, air temperature, humidity, cooling load reduction, and that the integrated
chimney solar radiation, and airflow rate affect system offers significant energy savings with a
performance. payback period of around 5 years and up to 25%
- The study measures performance by looking reduction in CO2 emissions.
at cooling load reduction, energy savings, The findings suggest that integrating EAHE and
payback period, and CO2 emissions reduction. SC systems is a promising strategy for reducing
They validate their simulation results by cooling loads, saving energy, and lowering CO2
comparing them with experimental data from emissions, and recommends their consideration
other studies. in building design to lessen environmental
- The methodology incorporates concepts like impact.
earth-to-air heat exchangers, solar chimneys,
- The study found that green roofs can
significantly cool high-density urban areas, with
cooling effects reaching up to 2.5°C. More
- The study looked at how green roofs affect
vegetation (higher NDVI) enhances this cooling
. cooling in busy city areas using a mix of
effect, while higher building density reduces it.
Dong, remote sensing and statistical methods. They
- Areas with more vegetation and fewer
Jing gathered data from Landsat 8 satellites to get
buildings show greater cooling benefits from
land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation
green roofs.
Lin, coverage (NDVI), and also collected field data
Quantitative - Remote sensing techniques are effective in
Meixia on air temperature, humidity, and wind speed.
study on the assessing green roofs' cooling impacts, and GIS Building Density
Journal of - They processed the satellite images with
cooling analysis helps map these effects. Statistical Building Spacing
Cleaner Zuo, Jin ERDAS Imagine to get LST and NDVI data,
effect of modeling using the Law of Diminishing Marginal Roof Slope
Production which they combined with field measurements
green roofs Utility of Cooling Efficiency (DMUCE) was used to Roof Insulation
Lin, Tao for a complete dataset.
in a simulate these effects. Natural Ventilation
Volume - The study used a Spatial Autoregressive (SAR)
high-density - Software like ERDAS Imagine was used for Shading Devices
255 Liu, model to understand how green roofs' cooling
urban Area processing satellite images to get Land Surface Thermal Mass
, 10 May Jiakun effects vary across different areas and used
—A case Temperature (LST) and NDVI data. ArcGIS was Vegetation Type
2020, ArcGIS to map and analyze these effects.
study of used for mapping the spatial distribution, and Soil DepthOrientation
120152 Sun, - They ran sensitivity analysis to see how
Xiamen, SPSS handled statistical analysis. Aspect Ratio
Caige factors like NDVI, LST, building density, and
China - The study concludes that green roofs are a
green roof coverage influence cooling
viable solution for reducing urban heat islands
Luo, performance, considering air temperature,
and recommends their inclusion in building
Jianchen humidity, and wind speed as control variables.
designs, especially in densely built areas.
g - ERDAS Imagine, ArcGIS, and SPSS were used
- Future research should explore combining
for image processing, spatial analysis, and
green roofs with other urban strategies, assess
statistical analysis, respectively.
how design parameters affect their cooling
ability, and test these findings in different
climates.
- The study uses a case study approach to - The study underscores the benefits of passive
evaluate passive design strategies for design strategies in educational buildings,
improving thermal comfort in an educational especially in warm, humid climates, showing
building in Madurai, India. It combines field that features like large overhangs, clerestory
measurements and simulations for data windows, and high ceilings can notably lower
collection. indoor temperatures and boost comfort.
A passive - The simulation was carried out using - It highlights the importance of thoughtful
design EnergyPlus software, calibrated with the field building orientation, layout, and envelope Specific design elements:
solution to data. A 3D model of the building was created in design. For instance, a north-south orientation
enhance Journal of SketchUp, considering the building’s with a large overhang on the south side can cut Clerestory Windows
S.
thermal Building orientation, layout, and envelope features. indoor temperatures by up to 2°C, while high High Ceilings
Subhashi
comfort in Engineerin - Climate data for Madurai was sourced from ceilings with clerestory windows enhance Large Overhangs
ni a
an g the ISHRAE weather database. The simulation natural ventilation and reduce the need for air Awnings
,
educational Volume 18 incorporated the building's geometry, climate conditioning. Louvers
K.
building in , July 2018, data, and occupancy schedules to estimate - The use of EnergyPlus simulation tools proved Orientation
Thirumar
the warm Pages thermal performance. effective for assessing building thermal Natural Ventilation
an b
humid 395-407 - The ASHRAE 55-2013 model was used to performance and identifying design Evaporative Cooling
climatic assess thermal comfort, factoring in indoor air improvements. The simulation model accurately Radiative Cooling
zone of temperature, humidity, air velocity, and mean predicted indoor temperatures and comfort Convective Cooling
Madurai radiant temperature. conditions, aiding in design decisions.
- Simulation results were analyzed to identify - The study's findings also have implications for
effective passive design strategies for energy efficiency and sustainability. By adopting
enhancing thermal comfort, providing insights passive design strategies, architects can lower
for designing educational buildings in warm, energy use and carbon footprints, leading to
humid climates for better comfort and energy more sustainable educational buildings.
efficiency.
Research When and
paper where it is Author Methodology Inference Parameters
Name published
- The study gathered 1,554 datasets over 18
months to capture office occupants' thermal
sensations and preferences during the
Tewari, summer, using ASHRAE 55 seven-point and - The study finds that in India's composite
Comfort Temperature
Field study Priyam five-point scales. climate, office buildings with evaporative cooling
Indoor Humidity Range
on indoor - Comfort temperature was calculated at 28.8°C systems have a comfort temperature of 28.8°C,
Air Speed Range
thermal Mathur, (±1.9°C) using the Griffiths method, with higher than the typical 22-25°C range, showing
Energy and Building Orientation
comfort of Sanjay acceptable humidity and airspeed ranges of that people can adapt to warmer conditions,
Buildings Window-to-Wall Ratio
office 35-85% and 0.75-1.5 m/s. reducing the need for excessive cooling.
Volume Evaporative Cooling Systems
buildings Mathur, - Operative temperature and SET* helped - Adaptive thermal comfort theory is crucial for
199 Natural Ventilation
using Jyotirmay determine 80% and 90% acceptability limits, designing buildings that better match occupant
, 15 Shading Devices
evaporative which were compared to India's National comfort, especially in spaces using evaporative
September Thermal Mass
cooling in Building Code. cooling.
2019, Pages Landscaping
the Kumar, - The study likely used statistical tools like R or - The study offers valuable insights into making
145-163 ASHRAE 55 Seven-Point
composite Sanjay Python for data analysis, though specific office buildings more comfortable and
Scale
climate of software wasn't mentioned. energy-efficient, stressing the importance of
Griffiths Method
India Loftness, - Adaptive thermal comfort theory was used to adaptive comfort and accurate modeling in
Vivian understand how thermal adaptation influences building design.
occupant perception, focusing on office
buildings with evaporative cooling systems in
Jaipur's composite climate.
- Advances in Passive Cooling by Mat
Santamouris reviews strategies like shading
devices, cooling towers, earth-air heat - This shows passive cooling can cut cooling loads
exchangers, green roofs, PCMs, natural by up to 80%, depending on climate, design, and
Airflow rates
ventilation, and radiative cooling systems. behavior.
Building envelope
- The research involved case studies - Building orientation and shading devices
Cooling load
monitoring buildings for temperature, significantly impact cooling needs, with north/
Energy consumption
humidity, airflow, and wind speeds, alongside south orientations and effective shading being
Evaporative cooling
experiments with models and mock-ups in particularly useful.
Green roofs and walls
wind tunnels and solar simulators. - Wind-driven natural ventilation and radiative
Heat gain
- Simulations using TRNSYS, EnergyPlus, and cooling can also reduce cooling loads, especially
Humidity
Advances in CFD software analyzed temperatures, solar in dry climates.
Indoor air quality
Passive Earthscan(2 Santamourradiation, airflow, and energy consumption. - Insulation, thermal mass, green roofs, and
Insulation
Cooling. 007) M. - Data validation was conducted through PCMs further decrease cooling loads, with green
Natural ventilation
Earthscan. comparisons with existing studies, and roofs reducing loads by up to 20% and PCMs by
Phase change materials
parametric analysis examined the impact of up to 30%.
(PCMs)
design factors like orientation, shading, - The study used tools like BIM, CFD, and
Radiative cooling
insulation, and thermal mass. software such as TRNSYS and EnergyPlus to
Shading devices
- Optimization techniques, such as genetic analyze factors like airflow and energy
Solar radiation
algorithms, were applied to refine these consumption.
Thermal energy storage
parameters for better performance. - Overall, the research highlights the
Thermal mass
- Advanced tools like BIM, CFD, energy audits, effectiveness of passive cooling techniques and
Wind speed
and life cycle assessments were used, along the value of design and simulation tools in
with software like MATLAB, Autodesk Revit, optimizing building performance.
and Excel to analyze airflow, cooling loads, and
energy use in buildings.
- The study finds that passive cooling strategies
- N.K. Bansal’s study on passive cooling in can effectively reduce energy use and improve
Indian composite climates uses a thermal comfort in buildings in India’s
mixed-methods approach, combining literature composite climates.
review and case studies of buildings in - Key parameters for evaluating these strategies
different climates. include indoor temperature, humidity, wind
- Thermal comfort was assessed with the speed, and solar radiation.
Shading Techniques
Passive Building Fanger comfort index, and energy - Building design elements like orientation,
Ventilation Techniques
cooling and consumption was estimated using energy window-to-wall ratio, and shading devices are
Insulation and Construction
strategies Environme audits. crucial for optimizing comfort and energy
Bansal, N. Techniques
for buildings nt, 29(2), - Building performance was simulated with efficiency.
K. Landscaping Techniques
in composite 293-301. DOE-2.1E software, considering factors like - The Fanger comfort index is deemed reliable
Water-Based Techniques
climates in (1994) temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar for assessing indoor comfort, and energy audits
Evaporative Cooling Systems
India. radiation. help estimate building energy consumption.
- The study also evaluated the impact of design - Performance simulations using software like
elements, such as building orientation and DOE-2.1E are important for evaluating energy
shading devices, on comfort and energy use. performance.
- The research underscores the importance of - The research highlights that passive cooling can
various parameters and design elements in be a sustainable alternative to mechanical
assessing passive cooling strategies. systems, offering valuable insights for architects
and designers in composite climates.
- Givoni’s 1991 study reviewed literature on
passive and low-energy cooling systems from
Building Design Parameters:
1970 to 1990, using keywords related to cooling - The study's conclusions are drawn from a
Orientation
techniques. comprehensive literature review analyzed with
Window-to-Wall Ratio
- The study included only empirical research descriptive statistics and graphical methods
(WWR)
on building performance, excluding theoretical using tools like SPSS, SAS, Excel, GraphPad,
Shading Devices
Performanc and lab-based studies. Climate Consultant, and Ladybug.
Wall Thickness and
e and - Data extraction focused on climate, cooling - Findings indicate that passive and low-energy
Energy and Insulation
applicability systems, building features, and performance cooling systems are beneficial in warm and hot
Buildings, Roof Design
of passive metrics, analyzed using descriptive statistics climates, especially where energy consumption
17(3), Givoni, B. Landscaping
and and graphical methods. is a concern.
177-199
low-energy - Tools used included SPSS and SAS for - Key design considerations include building
(1991) Passive Cooling Techniques:
cooling statistics, Excel and GraphPad for charts, and orientation, window-to-wall ratio, and shading
Natural Ventilation
systems Climate Consultant and Ladybug for climate devices to enhance the effectiveness of these
Evaporative Cooling
data. cooling systems.
Radiative Cooling
- The study examined parameters like thermal - The study offers practical recommendations for
Night Ventilation
comfort, building design, climate conditions, architects and designers to reduce cooling
Earth Cooling
and energy use, using descriptive and energy use in buildings.
Solar Shading
graphical analysis along with climate
classification systems.
Research When and
paper where it is Author Methodology Inference Parameters
Name published
- The study used a case study approach with
both qualitative and quantitative methods to
assess passive cooling strategies in urban
design.
- It involved a literature review, site visits, - The study employs a case study approach with
Building Design
observations, and interviews with architects, both qualitative and quantitative methods,
Parameters:
urban planners, and building users to gather including literature reviews, site visits, and
data on climate, urban morphology, and interviews with professionals to evaluate passive
Orientation
building design. cooling strategies in urban design.
Window-to-Wall Ratio
- Data analysis included content analysis of - Data analysis involves content analysis,
Shading Devices
literature and interviews, statistical analysis statistical tools (SPSS, R), GIS (ArcGIS, QGIS), and
Insulation
Application Building for performance metrics (temperature CAD software (Autodesk Revit, SketchUp) for
Passive Cooling
of passive Research & Baruch, reduction, energy savings, user satisfaction), evaluating performance metrics and creating 3D
Techniques:
cooling Informatio G. G., & and GIS for spatial analysis using tools like models.
strategies in n, 32(2), Carmeliet ArcGIS or QGIS. - Key concepts include urban morphology,
Natural Ventilation
urban 172-186. ,J - CAD software, such as Autodesk Revit or building design parameters, and landscaping
Shading
design (2004) SketchUp, was used for 3D modeling of case effects on passive cooling.
Insulation
studies. - Findings indicate passive cooling significantly
Thermal Mass
- The study explored urban morphology reduces energy use and improves comfort, with
Evaporative Cooling
impacts, including street orientation and green effectiveness tied to design considerations.
Radiative Cooling
spaces, and building design parameters like - Recommendations emphasize integrating
Landscaping (Vegetation,
orientation, window-to-wall ratio, and shading passive cooling in design and suggest future
Water Features, Pavement
devices. research on simulation tools and diverse
Materials)
- Limitations included a small sample size and climates.
potential biases, with recommendations for
future research focusing on improved
simulation tools and broader climate zone
investigations.

Building Design
Parameters:
- The study compared passive cooling
- Vernacular architecture effectively uses passive Building Orientation
techniques in vernacular and contemporary
cooling (e.g., natural ventilation, shading, Street Width
architecture using a multi-step approach.
thermal mass), while contemporary architecture Courtyard Design
- It involved a literature review, site visits, and
Comparative often relies on energy-intensive mechanical Building Form
Internation case studies of 10 buildings (5 vernacular, 5
analysis of cooling. Window-to-Wall Ratio
al Journal contemporary) in various Indian climates.
passive - Vernacular design features enhance passive Facade Design
of - Data collection included site measurements
cooling cooling, unlike contemporary designs with glass Roof Design
Sustainable Priya, M. and secondary sources, with analysis using
techniques facades that impede it. Insulation
Built A., & qualitative and quantitative methods.
in - The PMV index showed vernacular architecture Thermal Mass
Environme Shastry, - Thermal comfort was assessed with the PMV
vernacular generally provides better indoor comfort; CFD Passive Cooling
nt, 8(1), S. N index, 3D modeling was done with Autodesk
and simulations confirmed the effectiveness of Techniques:
53-65. Revit, and CFD simulations analyzed airflow
contempora natural ventilation and shading.
(2019) and temperature.
ry - The study emphasizes integrating passive Natural Ventilation
- SPSS was used for statistical analysis of
architecture cooling into contemporary design for energy Shading Devices
cooling techniques and comfort levels.
efficiency and recommends using a Thermal Mass
- The study underscores the effectiveness of
mixed-methods approach and policy changes to Evaporative Cooling
using diverse methods and tools to evaluate
promote passive cooling. Radiative Cooling
passive cooling strategies.
Convective Cooling
Landscaping
Green Walls
Green Roofs