Background Research Guide

Background Research Guide

 INDEX
Letter from the Executive Board ............................................................... 4
Committee Overview ............................................................................. 5
Agenda................................................................................................. 6
Introduction .......................................................................................... 7
Crimes against Women .......................................................................... 8
What does women safety involve ? ....................................................................... 8
Statistics on Women’s Safety ................................................................................. 9
Challenges in addressing crime against women ................................................ 10
Frameworks and Govt. Initiatives in place .............................................. 12
Legal Frameworks .............................................................................................. 12
Government Initiatives ....................................................................................... 14
Issues with present approach ............................................................................. 16
Major Judicial Interventions ................................................................. 17
Recent Case Study and Related Developments ......................................... 18
RG Kar Medical College Rape Incident .............................................................. 18
Botched Up Police Investigation ..................................................................... 18
A case marred by negligence and allegations of a cover-up ......................... 19
Debate over women safety in public places resurfacing ? .................................. 19
Calls for Accountability and Systemic change .................................................... 20
Reform initiatives by West Bengal Govt. ............................................................. 20
Supreme Court has taken suo moto cognizance ................................................. 21
Recommendations by Union Health Ministry ...................................................... 22
President condemned the incident and called for Societal Introspection ........... 22
West Bengal “Aprajita” Anti-Rape Bill ................................................................ 23
Key Provisions of the Bill ................................................................................ 23
Challenges related to the Bill ......................................................................... 24
International Comparison ..................................................................... 25
India’s position in South Asia .............................................................................. 26
International Models ........................................................................................... 27
Viksit Bharat@2047 Mission & Nari Shakti .............................................. 27
Challenges that need to be addressed to achieve inclusive Viksit Bharat .......... 28
Key initiatives undertaken for Viksit Bharat@2047 ............................................. 29
N for Nari Shakti.................................................................................................. 30
From Women Development to Women-led Development .............................. 30
Conclusion ......................................................................................... 32
A Possible Way Forward ? ..................................................................... 32
Focus Questions .................................................................................. 34
Suggested Pattern for Researching ......................................................... 35
List Of Valid Sources ............................................................................ 36
Important Links .................................................................................. 36
 LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
Greetings Delegates!

It gives us immense pleasure to welcome you all to this simulation of Youth Parliament at
“Yuvamanthan MUNC’24”. We look forward to an enriching and rewarding experience.

The agenda for the session is “Deliberation upon the need of stringent legislations for
women security in light of Viksit Bharat Mission 2047”

This study guide is by no means the end of the research, we would very much appreciate it
if the Members are able to find new realms in the agenda and bring it forth to the committee.
Such research combined with good argumentation and a solid representation of facts is
what makes an excellent performance. In the session, the executive board will encourage
you to speak as much as possible, as fluency, diction, or oratory skills have very little
importance as opposed to the content you deliver. So just research and speak and you are
bound to make a lot of sense.

The Executive Board looks forward to an efficient & progressive committee as the issue is
very sensitive. We therefore, expect you all to play your roles with responsibility. Hopefully
we, as members of the Executive Board, do also have a chance to gain from this committee.

We regret any error that may have inadvertently crept into this guide and would appreciate
it if you could bring it to our notice. Please do not hesitate to contact us regarding any doubts
that you may have.

All the best!

Regards,

Vaibhav Tyagi Yuvraj Singh Thakur

Moderator Deputy Moderator
[email protected] [email protected]
I. COMMITTEE OVERVIEW
Youth Parliament means a platform for the youth to speak up, participate in the policy direction
and have an impact on the growth agenda of the country. It encourages young people to express
themselves in an organised manner and enable them to emerge as promising future leaders. The
Fourth All India Whips' Conference, held in Bombay in 1962, conceived the idea of encouraging
the Youth Parliament in educational institutions in order to further strengthen democracy.
The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs has also developed a web portal on Youth Parliament, with
the aim of spreading the spirit of democracy to every nook and corner of the country. It aims to
bring all educational institutions of the country under the ambit of National Youth Parliament
Scheme. Besides contemporary and current issues of national importance, some specific themes
on government policies and programmes like Beti Bachao - Beti Padhao, Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan, etc. may be suggested for discussion at Youth Parliament sitting.
The National Youth Parliament Festival was inspired by the Prime Minister's Mann Ki Baat
Address on December 31, 2017. In 2019, the inaugural National Youth Parliament Festival was
held, with the subject "Be the Voice of New India, Find Solutions, and Contribute to Policy." Its
goal is to encourage young people aged 18 to 25 to engage with public issues, understand the
common man's point of view, form their own opinions, and express them clearly. This programme
is open to all recognised educational institutions in the country. Kishore Sabha is for students in
Classes IX-XII. Tarun Sabha is for students at the Undergraduate/Postgraduate level.
National Youth Parliament is a unique initiative that teaches youth about parliamentary
procedures and political processes. Encourage young people to become involved in public
problems, grasp the common man's point of view, create their own opinions, and communicate
them clearly.
_____________________________________________________________________________
The simulation of Youth Parliament will be naturally carried out at a smaller scale, using roughly
50 participants. Members are requested to thoroughly read the Rules of Procedure (RoPs) of
Parliament to have a basic understanding about the simulation of the committee. The RoPs shall
also be explained by the Executive Board before beginning with the formal simulation of the
committee.
The two main political alliances in India as of September 2024 are:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA): The NDA is a centre-right alliance led by the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP). It is the ruling alliance at the central level and has governments in around 18
states and union territories. The NDA has around 40 constituents, including many smaller
regional outfits. Some of the key members of the NDA include the JD(U), TDP, Shiv Sena, etc.

Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A): The I.N.D.I alliance is a

centre-left alliance led by the Indian National Congress (INC). It is the main opposition alliance
at the central level and has governments in a few states. The I.N.D.I alliance has over 25
constituents, including many regional parties. Some of the key members of the I.N.D.I alliance
include the AITMC, DMK, NCP, AAP, RJD, JMM, etc.
Note - Representatives are especially requested to be well versed with basic principles of the
Constitution, domestic law, their party ideology, and display character role-play befitting
that of the allocated portfolio.

II. AGENDA
“Deliberation upon the need of stringent legislations for
women security in light of Viksit Bharat Mission 2047”
III. INTRODUCTION
Crimes against women in India remains a pervasive and deeply concerning issue, challenging the
nation's progress towards gender equality and social justice. The brutal rape and murder of a
doctor in Kolkata highlights the current inadequacies in enforcing women safety measures.
Despite legislative measures and growing awareness, the incidence of violence against women
continues to be alarmingly high, as evidenced by the National Crime Records Bureau's annual
reports. From domestic violence and sexual assault to dowry-related crimes and human
trafficking, women in India face a wide spectrum of threats to their safety, dignity, and well-
being.
The roots of this persistent problem lie deep within India's complex social fabric, where
patriarchal norms, economic disparities, and cultural practices often intersect to perpetuate
gender-based violence. While urban areas have seen increased reporting and awareness, rural
regions still grapple with underreporting due to social stigma and lack of access to support
systems.
Addressing this complex problem requires not only enforcing existing laws more effectively but
also adopting a multifaceted approach that includes community engagement, enhanced support
systems, and comprehensive data analysis to create a safer and more equitable environment for
women.
IV. CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN
What does women safety involve ?
Women safety involves strategies,
practices and policies which aim to reduce
violence against women, including
women’s fear of crime. The most common
forms of gender-based violence includes:
▪ Domestic violence including partner
violence.
▪ Sexual violence including rape, sexual
abuse, sexual exploitation and trafficking.
▪ Vulnerability in public spaces
including public transportation.
Other recurrent forms of violence are
forced evictions from property, femicide,
missing women, honor crimes, harmful
traditional practices, violence against
women in times of war, murder and gun
violence.
Statistics on Women’s Safety
According to the Women, Peace, and Security Index 2023, India ranks 128th out of 177
countries. The index score for India is 0.58, which places it in the fourth quin tile for women’s
safety. As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), around 30% of women in India
between the ages of 15-49 have experienced physical, sexual or domestic violence.
Challenges in addressing crime against women
• Patriarchal Societal Norms: Patriarchal values that view women as subordinate
contribute to a culture of violence.
▪ For instance, Khap Panchayats often enforce rigid gender norms and endorse
practices that undermine women's autonomy.
• Exploitation at Workplace: Despite the enactment of the Sexual Harassment of Women
at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, India continues to grapple
with rampant cases of sexual harassment and exploitation of women in various work
environments.
▪ The NCRB data reveals an average of over 400 cases of sexual harassment at work
being reported annually.
▪ The recent report of Justice Hema Committee on examining workplace conditions
in Malayalam film industry reveals a pervasive culture of sexual exploitation in the
industry, highlighting severe gender disparities in pay and inadequate workplace
protections, including ineffective internal complaints committees.
• Lack of Safe Public Spaces: Unsafe public spaces increase women’s vulnerability to
crime. The lack of safe and well-lit streets, and inadequate public transport, can lead to
harassment and assaults.
▪ For instance, the infamous 2012 Delhi gang rape incident occurred in a poorly lit
area of the city, highlighting the dangers of inadequate public safety measures.
• Insufficient Infrastructure and Resources: Many areas lack the necessary infrastructure,
such as functional police stations, forensic labs, and emergency services, to handle and
investigate crimes effectively.
• Weak Law Enforcement and Judicial Systems: Inefficiencies in the legal system can
prevent effective justice.
▪ Victims often face a high burden of proof, which can lead to low conviction rates.
The requirement for substantial evidence and the legal complexity of cases can deter
victims from pursuing justice.
▪ The judicial process can be cumbersome, leading to prolonged trials and delayed
justice for victims. This can also discourage survivors from reporting crimes.
▪ For instance, the delay in the trial of Nirbhaya’s case and the initial leniency towards
the accused reflect systemic issues within law enforcement and the judiciary.
▪ Similarly, the low conviction rate in cases of sexual assault and domestic violence
demonstrates the shortcomings in enforcing laws. Eg. the NCRB data shows the
conviction rate for rape ranged from 27 to 28% in the 2018-2022 period.
• Systemic Issues: Corruption within the legal and law enforcement systems can impede
efforts to combat crimes against women, as bribery and misconduct may lead to
mishandling or dismissal of cases.
 ▪ For example, in several rape cases, as allegedly happened in recent Badlapur sexual
assault case, police delay FIR filing.
• Substance Abuse: Substance abuse is linked to increased violence against women.
Instances of violence often involve perpetrators under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
• Social Stigma and Victim Blaming: Victim-blaming attitudes discourage women from
reporting crimes.
▪ In cases where women are assaulted or raped, they often face stigma and blame from
their communities or even from law enforcement agencies.
▪ For instance, politicians often make irresponsible and loose comments on rape
incidents and victims, sometimes trivializing the severity of the crimes or placing
undue blame on the survivors.
• Gender inequality & Cultural Attitudes: Disparities in education, employment
opportunities, and decision-making power and traditional beliefs and practices contribute
to women's vulnerability.
▪ For instance, in some communities, practices like child marriage and restrictions on
women's mobility are common, reflecting deep-rooted patriarchal attitudes. Also,
the dowry system has led to numerous cases of dowry deaths and domestic violence.
• Lack of Education and Awareness: Limited education about women’s rights and legal
protections can leave women unprotected by preventing them from accessing justice and
support.
▪ Traditional beliefs and limited access to education can deter women from reporting
crimes or seeking justice, as seen in cases where victims of domestic violence remain
silent due to ignorance.
• Economic Dependency: Economic factors can also play a significant role. Women who
are economically dependent on male family members may find it difficult to escape abusive
situations.
▪ For example, many women in lower-income families face financial dependency on
their husbands, which can trap them in abusive relationships.
• Domestic Violence: Domestic violence often leads to more severe crimes. Women who
experience domestic abuse may also suffer from sexual assault or murder.
• Technological and Cyber Threats: With the rise of digital platforms, women face new
forms of harassment and abuse online. Cyberbullying, stalking, and the non-consensual
sharing of intimate images are increasingly common issues that require updated legal and
technical solutions.
• False Allegation: Registering fake rape cases can seriously undermine the credibility of
genuine victims. When people hear about false accusations, they may doubt the
truthfulness of real cases. This can deter victims from coming forward, leading to fewer
convictions and a greater sense of injustice.
V. FRAMEWORKS AND GOVT. INITIATIVES IN PLACE
Legal Frameworks
• International Conventions: India ratified key international conventions, including the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) in 1993.
▪ India also endorsed the Mexico Plan of Action (1975) aimed at full gender equality
and ending gender discrimination and the UN General Assembly Session on
Gender Equality and Development and Peace for the 21st century.
• The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act, 2013: Framed on the basis of Vishakha Guidelines of the Supreme Court,
this act aims to create a safe working environment for women. It draws from the Indian
Constitution’s Article 15 and international norms like CEDAW.
▪ The Act provides a comprehensive framework to prevent and address sexual
harassment at work, ensuring protection and redressal for women.
▪ It defines sexual harassment to include unwelcome physical contact, sexual
advances, demands for sexual favours, sexually coloured remarks, and showing
pornography.
▪ It mandates the creation of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in organizations
with over 10 employees, defines sexual harassment, and sets procedures for filing
and investigating complaints.
• Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Also known as the Nirbhaya Act, it strengthened
penalties for sexual offenses, introduces the death penalty for repeat rape offenders, and
enhances provisions for the protection of survivors, including stricter definitions and
punishments for crimes such as rape, stalking, and harassment.
▪ The act defined new terms such as stalking and voyeurism as crimes with the
minimum sentence of rape changed from seven to ten years.
▪ Additionally, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018, was enacted to impose
stricter penalties, including the death penalty for the rape of a girl under 12 years of
age. The Act also requires that investigations and trials be completed within two
months each.
• The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO): Passed in 2012, it
comprehensively deals with the issue of sexual offences against children. POCSO not only
provides for the punishments for offences, but also sets out a system for support of victims
and improved methods for catching offenders.
• Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012): Acknowledges violence against women (VAW)
as a major issue, focusing on domestic violence and rape.
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: This legislation aims to prevent child
marriages, which disproportionately affect young girls, by setting the legal age of marriage
at 18 for women and 21 for men.
• The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This landmark legislation
provides a comprehensive definition of domestic violence and offers civil remedies to
protect women from abuse within the home.
• National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, 2001: Aims for women's
advancement and empowerment, addressing violence against women and providing
mechanisms for prevention, assistance, and action.
• The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act of 1986: It prohibits the
indecent representation of women in various forms, including advertisements, publications,
writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto.
• The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act (ITP) of 1956: It aims to prevent the
commercialization of vices and trafficking of women by outlining the legal framework that
prohibits running brothels and soliciting, while recognizing the legality of engaging in
prostitution itself.
Government Initiatives
• Nirbhaya Fund: The Government established the Nirbhaya Fund to support projects
enhancing the safety and security of women. The Ministry of Women and Child
Development serves as the nodal authority for reviewing and recommending proposals and
schemes for funding under this fund.
• Ujjawala Scheme: Aims at preventing trafficking, rescuing and rehabilitating victims of
trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation.
• One Stop Centres and Women Helplines: The Ministry of Women and Child
Development has introduced One Stop Centres to provide integrated support to women
affected by violence and a scheme for the Universalization of Women Helplines to offer
24-hour emergency and non-emergency assistance.
• Mahila Police Volunteers: It involves the deployment of Mahila Police Volunteers in
States/UTs, who serve as intermediaries between the police and the community, providing
assistance to women in distress.
• Women Safety in Trains: Introduction of the 182 Security helpline, CCTV cameras in
ladies' compartments, and the 'R-Mitra' mobile app for emergencies. Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation (DMRC) has dedicated women-only coaches, reserved seats, and dedicated
Central Industrial Security Force staff for safety.
• Safety and Security for Women Tourists: Measures include the 'Incredible India Help
Line,' Code of Conduct for Safe Tourism, and directives for state governments to ensure a
secure environment for tourists.
• Swadhar Greh Scheme: The Ministry of Women and Child Development administers the
scheme, aimed at assisting women facing challenging circumstances who require
institutional support for their rehabilitation. The scheme provides shelter, food, clothing,
healthcare, and ensures economic and social security to help these women live with dignity.
• Working Women Hostel Scheme: The Government implements this scheme to offer safe
and conveniently located housing for working women. The scheme also aims to provide
day care facilities for their children, where feasible, in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas
with employment opportunities for women.
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): The scheme aims to prevent gender biased sex
selective elimination, to ensure survival and protection of the girl child and to ensure
education and participation of the girl child.
• Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences: In 2019, the Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA) launched the "Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences" to assist
States and Union Territories in monitoring and tracking time-bound investigations in
sexual assault cases, as mandated by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018.
• Emergency Response Support System (ERSS): It provides a single emergency number
(112) and computer-aided dispatch of field resources to distress locations.
• Safe City Projects: It is an initiative of the Ministry of Home Affairs, in collaboration
with the Ministry of Women and Child Development under the Nirbhaya Fund, aimed at
creating a safe, secure, and empowering environment for women and girls in public spaces.
• Awareness Programs: The Government conducts awareness programs and publicity
campaigns on women’s rights through workshops, cultural events, seminars, training
programs, and media advertisements.
 • Mobile Apps:
▪ Suraksha: Designed to provide women with a quick and easy way to send distress
signals and their location to the police in case of an emergency.
▪ Amrita Personal Safety System (APSS): Wearable device for communication with
family and police.
▪ VithU: Emergency app that sends alerts to contacts.
• Other Initiatives:
▪ Mission Shakti - It has been launched by the UP govt. to make improvements to
women’s safety, and reduce the consequent violence and exploitation faced by them.
▪ Police pink booths - Launched by the Delhi government, these booths are dedicated
to addressing the grievances of women passersby.
▪ Shakti Criminal Laws (Maharashtra Amendment) Act - The Maharashtra
Assembly passed the Shakti Criminal Laws (Maharashtra Amendment) Act to
approve death penalty for heinous offences of rape and gangrape.
▪ Meri Saheli Initiative - Launched by the railway Protection force, this initiative
ensures security of lady passengers that are traveling by train by a dedicated Mahila
officers team.
▪ Online Movements and campaigns - #CallItOut because #ItsNotOK campaign,
#MeToo movement, have been launched to facilitate knowledge transfer and
coordinate efforts towards the prevention of harassment against women.

Issues with present approach

1. Delayed Justice - Due to policing and investigation hurdles the case takes long time to resolve
increasing the pendency of cases. The inefficiencies of the justice system, such as prolonged legal
processes and lenient punishments for sexual offenders, undermines public confidence in law
enforcement.
2. Laxity in conviction procedure - 39% of officers believe complaints of gender-based violence
are baseless. Prevalent culture of prompt registration of FIRs, lack of time-bound investigations
and ineffective collection of forensic evidence in sexual assault cases, lead to inordinate delays
in conviction of sexual harassment cases.
3. Half Hearted implementation - SC has called out the ‘authorities/management/employers‘
for failing to ensure a “safe and secure work place” for women. It has been observed that the
implementation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition,
Redressal) Act, 2013, has been half-hearted.
4. Ineffective utilization of public funds - Even though the budgetary allocation of the Nirbhaya
Fund has increased by 100% between 2013 to 2022, less than half of the allocation to the fund
has been used.
5. Less women in police forces - In India, women police officers is only around 11.7% against
the global average of about 24.7%. The low representation of women in police force causes
disproportionate levels of workload on them and leads to slower rates of charge-sheeting and
convictions.

VI. MAJOR JUDICIAL INTERVENTIONS

• Joseph Shine vs. Union of India (2018): This judgment decriminalized adultery, striking
down a colonial-era law that was often used to control women's sexuality and reinforce
patriarchal norms.
• Independent Thought vs. Union of India (2017): In this ruling, the Supreme Court
criminalized marital rape for girls under 18, addressing a significant loophole in child
protection laws.
• Laxmi vs. Union of India (2014): This case highlighted the issue of acid attacks on
women, prompting the Supreme Court to direct both central and state governments to
regulate acid sales and improve compensation and medical treatment for acid attack
survivors.
• Delhi Gang Rape Case (Nirbhaya Case) (2012): The brutal gang rape and murder of a
young woman in Delhi in 2012 sparked widespread protests and calls for stricter and more
effectively implemented laws. This case led to significant amendments in India’s criminal
laws, introducing harsher penalties for sexual offenses.
• Lillu vs. State of Haryana (2013): The Supreme Court held that the two-finger test
violates the rape survivor's right to privacy, physical and mental integrity and dignity.
• CEHAT vs. Union of India and others (2003): The Supreme Court had given several
directions regarding sex selection and sex selective abortion and for proper implementation
of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994 by stating that female feticide is a heinous
act and an indicator of violence against women.
• Vishakha and others vs. State of Rajasthan (1997): This landmark Supreme Court
judgment established the "Vishakha Guidelines" to prevent sexual harassment of women
at the workplace, providing a framework for employers to address and prevent such
harassment.
• Other Cases: In some cases like Delhi Domestic Working women’s Forum vs. Union of
India the Supreme Court held that rape is a severe violation of fundamental human rights,
infringing upon the victim's most cherished rights, such as the right to life and privacy
guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Court responded by providing
compensation to rape survivors.
VII. RECENT CASE STUDY AND RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
RG Kar Medical College Rape Incident
On August 9, 2024, the body of a postgraduate trainee doctor was tragically found in a seminar
room at RG Kar Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata. The young doctor had been brutally
assaulted, with an autopsy later confirming that she had been raped and murdered. Sanjay Roy, a
civic volunteer associated with the Kolkata Police, was arrested the following day after police
reviewed CCTV footage from the hospital. The autopsy revealed the horrific nature of the attack.
The victim had multiple injuries, including severe trauma to her face, abdomen, throat, and
genitals. There was evidence of bleeding from her eyes and mouth, and shards of glass were found
in her eyes, indicating the sheer brutality of the assault. Additional injuries were noted on her
belly, neck, left leg, right hand, and ring finger, along with deep nail marks on her back. The
investigation suggested that the murder took place in the early hours of August 9.
Sanjay Roy, who had a history of violent behaviour and was reportedly addicted to pornography,
confessed to the crime. He struck the victim with such force that her glasses shattered, driving
shards into her eyes. After committing the heinous act, Roy returned to a police barrack and slept
until the next morning. Police reconstructed the crime scene and gathered crucial evidence,
leading to Roy’s swift arrest.
This shocking incident has ignited widespread outrage and protests among junior doctors, trainee
doctors, and medical students, all of whom are demanding stronger security measures and justice
for the victim. The case has also cast a harsh light on the safety of women in West Bengal, raising
serious questions about the effectiveness of the current administration’s efforts to protect them.
BOTCHED UP POLICE INVESTIGATION
The heinous crime has sent shockwaves across the nation, laying bare the grotesque ineptitude of
the police investigation. This travesty has not only failed the victim and her family but also
exposed the systemic rot within the law enforcement agencies. From the outset, the investigation
was a catastrophic mess, marred by staggering negligence and incompetence. The police’s failure
to secure the crime scene promptly allowed crucial evidence to be potentially tampered with. The
arrest of Sanjay Roy was based on flimsy CCTV footage and a dubious confession extracted
under the influence of alcohol. The lack of rigorous forensic analysis and reliance on
circumstantial evidence raised serious doubts about the investigation’s integrity.
The police’s inability to provide a coherent timeline of events further eroded their credibility,
with conflicting statements from hospital authorities and the police adding to the confusion. The
Special Investigation Team (SIT) seemed more focused on damage control than uncovering the
truth. The Calcutta High Court’s decision to transfer the case to the Central Bureau of
Investigation (CBI) was a scathing indictment of the local police’s abject failure. The court’s
criticism of significant lapses by hospital authorities and the police’s handling of the case
highlighted the need for a competent and impartial investigation.
The people have no doubt that the police investigation was a botched and nonsensical exercise,
characterized by mishandling of evidence, reliance on weak circumstantial evidence, and a lack
of coherent strategy. This has not only delayed justice but also eroded public trust in law
enforcement agencies. It is imperative that the CBI conduct a thorough, transparent, and impartial
investigation to ensure justice is served and such lapses are not repeated.
A CASE MARRED BY NEGLIGENCE AND ALLEGATIONS OF A COVER-UP
Allegations have emerged suggesting that the authorities may have attempted to shield the real
culprits, further eroding public trust. The hospital administration, too, has faced scrutiny. Students
have accused officials of neglecting repeated calls for enhanced security, with the removal of the
hospital superintendent viewed as a reactionary measure. The swift reappointment of the former
principal, amidst protests, has fuelled suspicions of a cover-up.
The TMC government’s reluctance to transfer the case to the CBI until public and judicial
pressure mounted only deepens these concerns. As the case is now with the CBI, there is an urgent
need for a thorough and impartial investigation to restore public confidence.

Debate over women safety in public places resurfacing ?

The aftermath of the RG Kar Medical college rape and murder case has reignited the old debate
on women’s safety in public places 12 years after the 2012 Nirbhaya rape-murder case protests.
According to the data of the C-Voter, a large number of voters in West Bengal are ‘highly
concerned’ when a female family member steps out alone.
The survey was conducted over 1,220 respondents in West Bengal via Computer Assisted
Telephonic Conversation (CATI) there from 27-28 August. According to the survey, across all
political spectrum, people in the state are highly concerned when a female family member steps
out alone.
According to the C-Voter’s survey, the fear around women’s safety does reflect the politics of
the respondent. BJP supporting respondents were almost twice as likely to fear a female family
member stepping out alone than the ruling Trinamool Congress.
According to the survey, nearly 44% of the BJP supporting respondents said they were ‘highly’
concerned, followed by 39.6% supporters of other parties. Nearly 30% of the INDI Alliance
supporting respondents and 24% of the ruling All India Trinamool Congress supporters (AITC)
showed this level of concern.
In fact, slightly more AITC supporters feel very confident that nothing will happen to their female
family members while stepping out alone, than any other political group. About 24.3% AITC
supporters felt highly confident of women’s safety, only 14% BJP, 16% INDI Alliance and 17%
of the other parties’ supporting respondents felt this confidence.

Calls for Accountability and Systemic change

The RG Kar incident has ignited a wave of protests among students, doctors, and medical staff.
It has not only shattered the sense of security within the medical community but has also exposed
deep flaws in the safety and administrative protocols of the institution.
At the heart of the protests is a demand for justice for the victim and a call for comprehensive
safety reforms across medical colleges in West Bengal. Students and doctors are outraged by the
administration’s failure to protect one of their own, despite repeated pleas for enhanced security
measures. The hospital’s alleged negligence, coupled with the state’s ineffective response, has
fuelled anger and frustration among the protesters.
The medical community is also demanding accountability from both the hospital administration
and the state govt, particularly Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee, who also serves as the health
minister. The protesters argue that the government’s response has been inadequate, focusing more
on controlling the narrative than addressing the underlying issues that led to this tragedy.

Reform initiatives by West Bengal Govt.

On August 17, 2024 the West Bengal government unveiled a series of robust measures to bolster
the safety of women in workplaces in various sectors, particularly in state- run hospitals where
night shifts are common. These initiatives include the establishment of designated resting rooms
and the creation of CCTV-monitored 'safe zones' to provide a secure environment for female
employees during late hours.
In response to the ongoing protests actors the state, the Hon'ble Chief Advisor to West Bengal
Chief Minister outlined these safety measures during a press conference, which includes:
• Rattirer Sathi: One of the key initiative announced is the extension of the 'Rattirer Sathi
- Helpers of the Night' programme, which initially focused on hospitals and medical
colleges. Now, this flagship programme will be expanded to cover hostels and other
establishments/workplaces that require women to work during night shifts. The programme
will deploy volunteers dedicated to provide safety support to women during nighttime work
hours.
• Mobile Application: In addition, the State Government is developing a mobile application
equipped with an alarm system. This application can be downloaded by women, which will
allow them to communicate with local police stations in case of emergencies, ensuring.
This app is designed to be easily downloadable and accessible, providing a direct line of
communication for women in distress. The government had additionally released helpline
numbers 100 and 112, urging their extensive use during any panic or emergency situation.
• Buddy System: The government emphasized the relevance of fostering a supportive work
environment and is encouraging both state and private sector workplaces to implement a
buddy system, where women will form two-member teams. These teams will be tasked
with staying in constant communication during night shifts, keeping each other informed
about their activities to enhance safety and mutual support.
• Other Measures: Security checks and breathalyzer tests will be implemented at medical
colleges, super specialty hospitals and district hospitals. Furthermore, the government
requested all organisations to establish a Vishaka Committee on sexual harassment at the
workplace, if one is not in place. The government also announced that night police patrols
will be conducted at medical colleges, hospitals, women's hostels and similar places to
enhance workplace safety. It had also recommended maintaining the right ration of male
and female security staffers at workplaces. It had also recommended maintaining the right
ratio of male and female security staffers at workplaces.
"Adequate drinking water facilities will be provided on all floors in hospitals and related
facilities. Identity cards must be displayed by all faculty, staff and security personnel at medical
colleges and hospitals. A security officer will be assigned by the police to all medical colleges,
hospitals and district hospitals for overall security supervision," reads the list of measures.

Supreme Court has taken suo moto cognizance

It is time for India to rise to the challenge of protecting all its citizens, especially its women, who
have been let down time and again. In a significant development, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has
taken suo moto cognizance of this alleged rape case and the matter was heard on August 20, 2024
wherein a three judge bench led by Hon'ble Mr. Chief Justice of India, D.Y. Chandrachud voiced
serious concerns about the lack of safe working conditions for doctors and other medical
professionals in hospitals all over the country, with particular emphasis on the vulnerabilities
faced by women in the profession.
The court highlighted the creation of a National Task Force comprising of doctors from diverse
specialties, tasked with recommending comprehensive guidelines to be implemented nationwide
to ensure a safe working environment. In line with this, the court also made an earnest appeal to
the medical community, urging doctors to resume their work and reassuring them of the
judiciary's commitment to safeguarding their safety and security.

President condemned the incident and called for Societal Introspection

In a strong and emotional response, Hon'ble President Droupadi Murmu had condemned the
brutal murder and rape of a trainee doctor in Kolkata on August 28, 2024. In her first official
statement on the alleged case, the President expressed deep dismay at the ongoing violence
against women in India, declaring, "Enough is Enough." She even called for an urgent honest,
unbiased introspection within society to address these grievous acts. The horrific incident at RG
Kar Medical College and Hospital has shocked the nation, sparking widespread protests and
raising serious concerns about women's safety. "What is more depressing is the fact that it was
not only the incident of its kind; it is part of a series of crimes against women," she added.
Meanwhile, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is currently investigating the case. As a
society, we just demand justice-not merely for the victim and her family, but for every woman
who lives in fear of such heinous acts.
West Bengal “Aprajita” Anti-Rape Bill
The West Bengal Assembly has passed the Aparajita Women and Child (West Bengal Criminal
Laws Amendment) Bill, 2024 which aims to address issues of violence against women. It includes
provisions for capital punishment and the harshest penalties for rape and sexual harassment.
KEY PROVISIONS OF THE BILL
• Proposes Amendment to BNS 2023, BNSS 2023 and POCSO 2012 Act: The proposed
bill aims to amend several legal provisions, including those in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
(BNS) 2023, the Bhartiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023, and the Protection of
Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 (POCSO). It is intended to apply to survivors and
victims across all age groups.
• Death Penalty for Rape: The Bill proposes capital punishment for individuals convicted
of rape if the act results in the victim’s death or leaves her in a vegetative state.
▪ Under BNS Laws, the penalties for rape are as follows: a fine and a minimum of 10
years imprisonment for rape; a minimum of 20 years imprisonment for gang rape,
which may extend to life imprisonment; and a minimum of 20 years of rigorous
imprisonment for rape resulting in the victim's death or a vegetative state, with the
possibility of life imprisonment or the death penalty.
• Time-Bound Investigations and Trials: Investigations into rape cases are mandated to be
completed within 21 days of the initial report and trial to be completed within 30 days.
Extensions are permissible only with written justification from a senior police officer.
▪ Under BNSS laws , the time limit for investigation and trial is 2 months from the
date of FIR.
• Establishment of Fast-Track Courts: It also mandates the creation of 52 special courts
dedicated to expediting the handling of sexual violence cases.
• Aparajita Task Force: The Bill calls for the establishment of a specialized task force at
the district level, led by a deputy superintendent of police dedicated to investigation of rape
and other atrocities against women and children.
• Stricter Penalties for Repeat Offenders: The legislation proposes life imprisonment for
repeat offenders, with the possibility of the death penalty if the circumstances warrant it.
• Protection of Victims’ Identities: The Bill includes provisions to protect the identities of
victims, ensuring their privacy and dignity during the legal process.
• Penalties for Delaying Justice: It introduces penalties for police and health officials who
fail to act promptly or tamper with evidence. This aims to hold authorities accountable for
any negligence in the judicial process.
• Publication Restrictions: The Bill imposes strict penalties for un-authorized publication
of court proceedings related to sexual offences, with potential imprisonment of 3 to 5 years.
CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE BILL
• Constitutional Validity: The Aparajita Women and Child (West Bengal Criminal Laws
Amendment) Bill, 2024 seeks to amend central laws, raising concerns about its
constitutional validity and jurisdictional issues.
▪ Under Article 246 of the Indian Constitution, states have the authority to legislate
on issues listed in the State List. However, the concurrent jurisdiction over criminal
laws introduces complexity. If the bill overrides the central law, it needs a President's
assent.

• Unrealistic Timeframe: Completing investigations within 21 days is a significant

challenge given the complexity of rape cases and the existing backlog in the legal system.
• Legal Challenges: There have been many instances in which state amendments to central
laws have been contested in Courts. For instance:
▪ State of West Bengal v. Union of India (1964): In this the Supreme Court
invalidated the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955, for conflicting with the
central Land Acquisition Act, 1894, affirming Parliament's supremacy.
▪ KK Verma v. Union of India (1960): In this case the Supreme Court struck down
the Madhya Pradesh Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1958, for inconsistency with
central laws.
These cases underline the judiciary's stance on central legislation's supremacy over state
amendments.
 • Implementation Challenges: The Bill’s effective implementation may face hurdles,
requiring upgrades to law enforcement infrastructure and specialized training for police
and judicial officers.
• Overburdened Courts: Indian courts face severe delays, with cases taking an average of
over 13 years to resolve. This backlog could hinder timely trials following the expedited
investigations.
• Legal Rights of the Accused: The legal framework guarantees the right to a fair trial for
the accused, which can prolong the process through appeals and mercy petitions.
Note: Criminal law in India is regulated by both state and central governments, as it falls under
the concurrent list of the Constitution, enabling both levels to legislate on the subject.

VIII. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

‘Women Peace and Security Index 2023’ released by the Georgetown Institute for Women,
Peace, and Security, in which India has been ranked 128th out of 177 countries. This ranking
places it in the fourth quintile for women's safety. The top two spots have been bagged by
Denmark and Switzerland, indicating them as the safest for women, while Afghanistan has been
ranked at the bottom, making it the worst country for women to survive, according to the report.
The report also states that India is among the top 10 worst countries for political violence targeting
women in 2022. Mexico tops this list with 537 such events, followed by Brazil (327), while India
ranks 7th on this list with 125 events targeting women (for every 100,000 women) specifically
for political violence. The global average for such events is only 16.

India's position in South Asia

International Models

IX. VIKSIT BHARAT@2047 MISSION & NARI SHAKTI

The ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’ agenda is a comprehensive vision plan by the Government of India,
aiming to transform India into a developed nation by the year 2047, marking the 100th
anniversary of its independence. The vision encompasses various aspects of development,
including economic growth, social progress, environmental sustainability, and good governance.
The soul of Indian Version of notion of development is emphasised through Hon’ble PM’s
Sankalp of Panch Pran, with Viksit Bharat being one of them and of utmost importance. The four
pillars of Viksit Bharat are Yuva (Youth), Garib (Poor), Mahila (Women) and Kisan
(Framers). Other aspects like happiness ought to be the central pursuit in this journey. Without
achieving happiness, development has no meaning. Ironically, the nations have developed, but
people are not happy.

Challenges that need to be addressed to achieve inclusive Viksit Bharat

• Rising Population Growth and Demographic Changes
▪ Example: 33% of India’s population is aged 20-29 in 2024, but by 2047, the
proportion of younger and older working-age populations will both be around 28%.
• There are also challenges of infrastructure, inequalities and high gender gap.
▪ Example: As per the Global Gender Gap Report, 2023, in terms of gender parity,
India is at 127 out of 146 nations.
▪ India’s ranking on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) is 134
out of 193 countries.
• Other challenges: Concerns raised by the India Employment Report 2024
▪ Concern of Poor Employment Conditions:
i) The slow transition to non-farm employment has reversed.
ii) Women largely account for the increase in self-employment and unpaid
family work.
 iii) Youth employment is of poorer quality than employment for adults.
iv) Wages and earnings are stagnant or declining.
• Less Participation of Women Workforce: India’s female labour force participation rate
(LFPR) remains among the world’s lowest.
• High Gender Gap: Women’s LFPR (32.8%) in 2022 was 2.3 times lower than men’s
(77.2%).
▪ India’s low LFPR is largely due to the low female LFPR, which was much lower
than the world average of 47.3% in 2022, but higher than the South Asian average
of 24.8%.
▪ Improvement Observed: Female LFPR declined by 14.4% points between 2000 and
2019 but raised by 8.3% points between 2019 and 2022.
• Challenges of Youth Employment: There has been a rise in youth employment, but the
quality of work remains a concern, especially for qualified young workers.
▪ The unemployment rate among educated youths grew to 30.8% in 2019 from 23.9%
in 2000, but fell to 18.4% in 2022.
▪ In 2022, the share of unemployed youths in the total unemployed population was
82.9%. The share of educated youths among all unemployed people also increased
to 65.7% in 2022 from 54.2% in 2000.
▪ The unemployment rate among youths was six times greater for those who had
completed secondary education or higher (18.4%) and nine times higher for
graduates (29.1%) than for persons who could not read or write (3.4%) in 2022.
▪ This was higher among educated young women (21.4%) than men (17.5%),
especially among female graduates (34.5%), compared to men (26.4%).

Key initiatives undertaken for Viksit Bharat@2047

Other steps: The government’s free ration scheme, Ayushman scheme, 80% discounts on
medicines, the PM Samman Nidhi scheme for farmers, houses for the poor, tapped water
connections, and construction of new toilets will continue at a fast pace.
 • The Union government will provide Rs 75,000 crore as interest-free loan for 50 years to
support reforms by states for realizing the vision of ‘Viksit Bharat’.
▪ Interim Budget 2024: Rs. 11 lakh 11 thousand 111 crore has been allocated for
capital expenditure. This will not only lead to the construction of 21st-century
modern infrastructure in Bharat, but also create countless new opportunities for
employment for the youth

N for Nari Shakti

India's development journey is closely interlinked with the empowerment of its women.
Recognizing this critical connection, the central government has placed Nari Shakti at the
forefront of its agenda over the past nine years. The government understands that women's
empowerment is not a one-time solution; it requires a comprehensive approach that addresses
their needs throughout their lives. In this regard, welfare programs have been designed to support
women at different stages, enabling them to overcome socioeconomic barriers and achieve
wholesome empowerment.

FROM WOMEN DEVELOPMENT TO WOMEN-LED DEVELOPMENT

Over ten years, the government's efforts have led to remarkable progress in women's
empowerment. The number of female police personnel has increased significantly, and women
athletes have brought laurels to the country with their remarkable achievements. Enrolment of
women in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) has also
witnessed significant growth.
By shifting the narrative from women as recipients of welfare to agents of empowerment, the
government has been successful in hugely transforming Indian women’s lives. From addressing
gender discrimination to promoting education, health, housing, entrepreneurship, and safety,
these initiatives have brought about tangible improvements in the lives of women and contributed
to the nation's overall progress. Today, it is not just about women's development but women-led
development.
• Nari Shakti Adhiniyam passed giving 33% reservation to women
• Abolition of Triple Talaq empowering Muslim women
• 69% of the loans have been sanctioned to women entrepreneurs under PMMY and 84%
of the beneficiaries under Stand-Up India are women.
• Entry of women as Agniveers commenced in all the three Services
• 43% STEM graduates in India are women which is highest in the world
X. CONCLUSION
The persistent challenge of crimes against women in India demands a comprehensive, multi-
pronged approach to address this deeply entrenched societal problem. The grim statistics
presented in the NCRB report serve as a sobering reminder that more needs to be done to ensure
the safety and dignity of women in India. The road ahead requires a steadfast commitment from
all stakeholders to work in tandem towards creating a safer and more equitable environment for
women. This endeavor must focus on proactive interventions that tackle the underlying social,
cultural, and economic factors that perpetuate gender-based violence. Strengthening the
implementation of existing laws, enhancing gender sensitization programs, and providing
comprehensive support services for survivors are crucial steps. Ultimately, the fight against
crimes targeting women in India requires a sustained, concerted, and compassionate response
from all corners of society. By working towards a future where women's rights and safety are
inviolable, India can make meaningful progress towards achieving true gender equality and social
justice.

XI. A POSSIBLE WAY FORWARD ?

All the stakeholders beginning from the government, the enforcement authorities, civil society
and the public and especially the men should do all they can to make sure that women in India
can live their lives without having to worry about heinous crimes and being treated with dignity.
Here’s a possible roadmap:
• Strengthening Implementation: Existing laws and policies need to be implemented more
effectively. This requires better training of law enforcement personnel, streamlining
judicial processes, and ensuring accountability at all levels.
• Fast-Track Courts: Establish fast-track courts and enhance punishment for grave cases
like rape, as recommended by Justice Verma Committee. Increase women's representation
in the judiciary.
• Gender Sensitization: Comprehensive gender sensitization programs should be
introduced in schools, colleges, and workplaces to address the root causes of gender-based
violence and discrimination.
• Enhanced Police Training: Improve training for police officers to handle gender-based
violence cases more sensitively and effectively. This includes better evidence collection,
victim support, and case documentation.
▪ For example, implementing specialized police units like SHE Teams, a division of
Telangana Police, for enhanced safety and security of women.
• Improved Survivor Support Systems: Expand and enhance support systems for survivors
of violence, including counseling services, rehabilitation programs, and economic
assistance to help them rebuild their lives.
 • Economic Empowerment: Promote women's economic independence through education,
skill development, and employment opportunities. Financial autonomy can reduce
women's vulnerability to violence and exploitation.
• Technology Utilization: Leverage technology for better reporting and tracking of crimes
against women. This could include user-friendly mobile apps for reporting crimes and AI-
powered systems for data analysis.
• Increased Women's Representation: Boost the representation of women in law
enforcement and the judiciary to bring diverse perspectives and potentially improve the
handling of gender-based violence cases.
• Regular Impact Assessments: Conduct periodic evaluations of existing schemes and
policies to assess their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments.
• Media Responsibility: Encourage responsible reporting of crimes against women in the
media, focusing on systemic issues rather than sensationalism.

What can men do and be for women’s safety?

The participation of men in eradicating abuses carried out to women is very essential.
• Promote Respect and Equality: Armed with this guide, teach boys and young men on
how they can respect all women. Promote the sense of justice and sense of acceptance.
• Be an Active Bystander: If you see any aggression or bullying, either in its crudest form
or in its subtlest of manifestations, then you need to act safely. The long struggle for
women’s rights led to creating a tool to fight and report sexual harassment. Be with women
through this process of harassment or assault.
• Educate people: Teach about the concept of consent, as well as healthy and unhealthy
relationships. This knowledge should be shared.
• Challenge Gender Norms and Roles: men can engage themselves in cleaning activities,
taking care of child or even caring for the elderly. This is very effective in eliminating
stereotyping of gender roles in the society. Promote women’s right in decision making at
home as well as in other social aspects.
• Promote Safe Workplaces: If you are in the management or a committee charged with
organizational affairs provide for women safety at the workplace. Encourage those policies
which protect the employees against workplace harassment and discrimination.
• Advocate for Legal Reforms: Encourage and call for proper enforcement of laws in as
much as they protect the women. It will help in legal awareness and enable people to report
cases hence reducing cases of criminal activities.
• Be a Role Model: Ensure that you are polite to the female individuals you come across in
your day to day activities. Teach the youngsters what it is like to stand for women’s rights
and be their supporter.
XII. FOCUS QUESTIONS
• How effective are the current laws in India regarding women’s security, and what gaps
exist in addressing modern challenges? How do the challenges in ensuring women’s
security differ in rural and urban areas?
• How do societal norms, gender roles, and cultural perceptions impact the enforcement of
laws for women’s security? Should legislation also address these underlying issues?
• How well are law enforcement agencies equipped to handle cases of violence against
women? What additional training or resources might they need? Should there be more
specialized units focused on women’s safety?
• What specific legal reforms are necessary to strengthen women’s security? How should
new legislation consider the intersectionality of caste, religion, and socio-economic status
to protect the most vulnerable women?
• What reforms are needed within the judicial system to ensure that cases related to women's
security are handled more effectively and sensitively?
• What are the potential unintended consequences of implementing stringent women's
security laws, and how can they be mitigated?
• What support systems should be in place for victims of violence to ensure they can safely
report crimes and seek justice? How can these measures be integrated into the broader
legislative framework?
• With the rise of digital infrastructure and smart city projects under Viksit Bharat 2047, how
can technological innovations like AI, surveillance, and data analysis be utilized to improve
women's safety in both urban and rural areas?
• How crucial is the representation of women in governance, law enforcement, and policy-
making for the creation of effective and responsive legislation aimed at women’s safety
under the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision?
• What role does education and public awareness play in fostering a culture of respect and
security for women? How can legislations enforce educational reforms that promote gender
sensitivity and empowerment
• What measurable indicators should be used to track progress in women’s security over the
next few decades? How can these be incorporated into policy reforms as part of the Viksit
Bharat Mission 2047?
• How can collaborations between government agencies, private organizations, and civil
society contribute to enhancing women’s safety, and should there be legislative mandates
for corporate responsibility in this regard?
• What international best practices in women's safety and legislative frameworks could India
adopt or adapt to strengthen its legal measures? How can these international examples help
frame more stringent and effective laws in India?
XIII. SUGGESTED PATTERN FOR RESEARCHING
To start researching on the agenda of the committee, participating members should do the
following:
1. Start researching your respective portfolio and his/her political affiliations. As no definite
document may be found which contains the stand of a party or an individual on a specific
agenda, the delegates must do the tedious yet rewarding work of going through past news
clippings/ magazine articles/party website/individual’s website/social media handles/
YouTube videos to find statements on the said agenda. Further, a detailed understanding
can be gained by studying the ideology and principles adopted by the party/individual.
2. After gaining knowledge about the portfolio, the delegates must start their research on the
agenda at hand. This must be done by researching further upon the agenda using
information given in the guide and from other sources such as academic papers,
institutional or governmental reports, national reports, news articles, blogs etc.
3. Characterize the agenda into sub-topics and prepare speeches and statements on them. The
delegates should also prepare a list of possible solutions and actions the Youth Parliament
can suggest/adopt on the issue.
4. Assemble proof/evidence for any important piece of information/ allegation you are going
to use in committee and keep your research updated using various news sources,
specifically government studies or data released by the same.
5. To have an edge in the committee in terms of debate, delegates must also research about
the other portfolios and try to find their contradictory statements or controversial stands on
various issues to raise allegations/ substantial questions in the committee.

Lastly, we would expect all the delegates to put in serious efforts in research and preparation for
the simulation and work hard to make it a fruitful learning experience for all. Feel free to contact
the undersigned if you have any queries or doubts.

Note: This guide is not meant to be exhaustive or authoritative. The brief is meant only to provide
the participants with a modicum of information upon which further research can be built and
does not in any manner whatsoever reflect the views or political leanings of the Executive Board.
The Executive Board shall maintain neutrality at all points in time and do not have any political
affiliations.

Happy Researching !!
XIV. LIST OF VALID SOURCES
• Government Reports
• PTI, PIB
• Government Websites
• Government run News channels i.e., RSTV, LSTV, DD News
• Standing Committee Reports/ Commission Reports
• Judicial Archives (Supreme Court/High Courts)
• RTI Proofs
• Parliamentary Standing Committee Reports
• Questions and Answers of the Parliament

XV. IMPORTANT LINKS

Constitution of India - https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india
Laws related to Women - http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/List-of-Laws-Related-to-Women
Ministry of Women & Child Development - https://wcd.gov.in/
Ministry of Home Affairs - https://www.mha.gov.in/en
Ministry of Law & Justice - https://lawmin.gov.in/
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting - https://mib.gov.in/
Supreme Court Judgement Archives - https://main.sci.gov.in/judgments
Law Commission of India - https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/
Government Bill Archives - https://sansad.in/ls/knowledge-centre/government-bills
Lok Sabha Q/A’s - https://sansad.in/ls/questions/questions-and-answers
Rajya Sabha Q/A’s - https://sansad.in/rs/questions/questions-and-answers
Press Trust of India - https://www.ptinews.com/
Press Information Bureau - https://pib.gov.in/indexd.aspx
RTI Archives - https://rtionline.gov.in/