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Resource Material
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25

NCERT
Solutions
Geography
Chapter 4: Industries
Class
8

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 CHAPTER – 4
Industries
Activity
Question 1:
Trace the journey of your shirt from cotton field to your
wardrobe.
Answer:
Cotton yarn that is used in making cotton garments has to go
through a long journey from fields to our wardrobes. The first
step is naturally growing cotton in the fields which takes a long
time and lot of efforts. Cotton is found in small bud like
structures. During harvesting season, farmers pluck out cotton
buds and separate raw cotton. The raw cotton is then spinned on
a handloom or power loom. After spinning, cotton yarn is
weaved to make finished cotton cloth. This cloth is used by
tailors to make different garments and sold to retailers. We buy
garments from retailers and that is how it reaches us.
Activity
Question 1:
Give some examples of agro based industries.
Answer:
Agro-based industries are basically units which derive their raw
materials from agricultural products.
Some of the examples of agro-based industries are cotton and
jute textiles, sugar manufacturing industry or vegetable oil
producing industry.
Activity
Question 1:
Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the
manufacture of a leather shoe.
Answer:
Leather is a highly used material for making shoes. However,
the leather that goes into shoe making has to be processed before
it could be brought to use.
Inputs: Raw material in the form of unprocessed leather, labor,
machinery, an industrial unit.
Process: The process includes converting unprocessed leather
called hide into tough leather, and then spinning and finally
printing to give it a finished look.
Outputs: Finished leather is then turned into Leather shoes by
shoemakers.

Let’s do
Question 1:
With the help of an atlas identify some iron and steel industries
in India and mark their location on an outline map of India.
Answer:
 Exercise
Question 1 A:
Answer the following questions:
What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Answer:
The term industry refers to an economic activity. It is concerned
with the production of goods, extraction of minerals and
provisions of services. Industry runs with the help of both
human resources and machinery and use of various raw
materials.
Question 1 B
What are the main factors which influence the location of an
industry?
Answer:
The factors affecting the location of an industry are the
availability of raw material, availability of land, abundant water,
accessibility of labor, capital, transport connectivity and market
accessibility.
Question 1 C:
Which industry is often referred as the backbone of modern
industry and why?
Answer:
Iron and steel industry is often referred as the backbone of
modern industry. Right from a simple needle to the most
complex machinery is made from steel or tools made from steel.
i. Ships, trains, tracks, airplanes etc. are made largely with steel.
ii. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery.
iii. Minerals are mined with steel equipment.
iv. Agricultural equipments are also made from iron and steel.
Question 1 D:
Why cotton textile industry expanded rapidly in Mumbai?
Answer:
For any industry to survive, it needs some pre conditions in
terms of suitable climate, availability of labour, connectivity etc.
Cotton textile industry is no different. Rapid expansion of cotton
textile industry in Mumbai is due to favourable climatic
conditions i.e., warm moist climate, port for importing
machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour.
Question 1 E
What are the similarities between information technology
industry in Banglore and California?
Answer:
Both Bangalore and California are considered to be hubs of
Information Technology. Below we discuss some similarities
between these two.
Bangalore:
1. Bangalore is located in Deccan plateau of India.
2. The city is known for mild climate throughout the year.
3. Bangalore has the largest number of IT colleges and software
companies.
4. It is considered dust-free city.
5. It is located close to major roads and airports.
6. Suitable access to market and skilled workforce.
California:
1. Silicon Valley is a part of Santa Clara Valley in California.
2. The area has temperate climate.
3. Proximity to some of the advanced scientific and
technological research and educational centres of the world.
4. Pleasant climate with attractive and a clean environment.
5. It is also easily accessible to major roads and airports.
6. Good access to the market and skilled workforce.
Question 2 A:
Distinguish between the following:
Agro-based and mineral-based industry
Answer:
Agro – based Industry Mineral – based Industry
1. Agro – based industry use 1. Mineral based industries are
plant and animals based those industries that use
products as their raw mineral ores as their raw
materials. material.
2. Food processing, cotton 2. Iron and steel industry is
textile are examples of agro – major example of mineral
based industries. based industry.
Question 3 B:
Distinguish between the following:
Public sector and joint sector industry
Answer:
Public Sector Industry Joint Sector Industry
1. There industries are owned 1. Joint sector industries are
and operated by government. owned and operated jointly by
state and private entities.
2. Examples: Hindustan 2. Example:
Aeronautics Ltd., Steel Vistara airlines.
Authority of India Ltd.

Question 3:
Give two example of the following in the space provided.
(i) Raw Materials: …………and ……………..
(ii) End Products: …………and…………
(iii) Tertiary Activities: ………..and……….
(iv) Agro-based Industries: .................. and……
(v) Cottage Industries: ………and……….
(vi) Co-operatives:…………and…….
Answer:
(i) Iron ore, cotton (Iron ore is used as a raw material for Iron
and Steel Industry and Cotton is used as a raw material for
Cotton Textile Industry)
(ii) Cotton cloth, Spear and hammer (Cotton cloth is the end
product that comes out of cotton textile industry. Iron processed
in Iron and Steel industry is used for making spear and hammer.)
(iii) Commerce, Banking (Tertiary sector is known as the service
sector of economy. Tertiary sector provides services instead of
products.)
(iv) Food processing, Cotton textile (Agro based industries are
those industries whose raw materials come from agriculture.
Food processing industries use plants, vegetables and fruits all
of which comes from different forms of agriculture. Cotton
textile industry uses raw cotton as its raw material which also
comes through agriculture.)
(v) Basket weaving, pottery (Cottage industries are low scale or
village based industries. Such industries are operated by people
out of their own homes. The raw materials used are fairly simple
and there is minimal use of machineries.)
(vi) Amul, Mother Dairy (A co-operative is an organization
which is run in partnership by its members. Costs and profits are
shared by each member.)
Question 4:
Activity
How to identify a location for establishing an industry?
Divide your class into groups. Each group is a Board of
Directors faced with the problem of choosing suitable site for an
iron and steel plant Developed Dweep. A team of technical
experts have submitted a report with notes and a map. The team
considered access to iron-ore, coal, water and limestone, as well
as the main market, sources of labour and port facilities. The
team has suggested two sites, X and Y. the Board of Directors
has to take the final decision about where to locate the steel
plant.
Read the report submitted by the team.

● Study the map to find out the distances of the resources from
each site.
● Give each resources a “weight” from 1 to 10 according to its
importance. The greater the ‘pull’ of the factor on the industry,
the higher the weight from 1 to 10.
● Complete the table.
● The site with the lowest total should be the most satisfactory
site.
● Remember each group of directors can decide differently.
Answer:
Try Yourself
Report
Question 1:
Factors/Resources affecting the location of a proposed Iron and
Steel Plant on developed Dweep.
● Iron-ore: There are very large deposits of low grade iron-ore
in India. Long distance transportation of the ore would be
uneconomic.
● Coal: The only coal field contains rich deposits of high grade
coal. transportation of the coal is by railway, which is relatively
cheap.
● Limestone: This is widely available over the island, but the
purest deposits are in the Chuna mountains.
● Water: Both the tributaries of river Neel carry sufficient water
to supply a large iron and steel plant in all seasons. The sea
water, because of its high salt content is unsuitable.
● Market: It is expected that the chief market for the engineering
works of Rajdhanipur. Transports for the products mainly small
steel bars and light steel plates would be relatively low.
● Labour Supply: This will have to be recruited mainly from the
unskilled workers in the 3 fishing villages of Hill, Rah and Sing.
It is expected that most workers will commute daily from their
present homes.
● Port Facilities: These are at present minimal. There is a good,
deep natural harbor at port Pashimpuri developed to import
metal alloys.
Resource Distance Distance Weighting* Distance Distance
from X from Y 1 - 10 X weight X
for site weight
X for site
Y
Iron ore
Coal
Limestone
Water
Chief market
Labour
supply
Total =

Answer:
Resource Distance Distance Weighting* Distance Distance
from X from Y 1 - 10 X weight X
for site weight
X for site
Y
Iron ore 50 km 10 km 10 10 10
Coal 50 km 60 km 10 10 10
Limestone 60 km 10 km 10 10 10
Water 50 km 10 km 10 10 10
Chief market 15 km 65 km 10 10 10
Labour 15 km 65 km 10 10 10
supply
Total = 240 220 50 50 50
Both the sites, X and Y, have its own pros and cons. While for
site X, raw materials like iron ore and water are far, for site Y
market and labour is far.
a. We feel that site X would be more appropriate since labour
supply and market availability is crucial for the success of any
enterprise.
b. We feel that site Y is more appropriate since the proximity of
raw materials like iron ore, limestone and water will reduce the
cost of production a part of which can be invested in bringing in
skilled labour and transporting finished product to chief market.
CLICK TO DOWNLOAD NCERT SOLUTIONS
CLASS 8 (ALL SUBJECTS)
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