FIELD METHODS NOTES Lecture: August 16, 2023

Pre-Lectio Key Points Research- means to search/study with intensity

Theory- a science where you have a deep understanding - “re” means intensity
of what is going on that you can make a prediction of
- “serche” means to search
something that has never happened before
-it generates conversation and solve problems
-it is the highest level of understanding
-it tests ideas
-it explains what we know about phenomena
that has already happened, give ideas and -with an untested idea, one turns it to a
understanding of what is happening, and gives hypothesis and tests it multiple times to get to
us predicting powers of things yet to happen the point of theory
Hypothesis- idea about something that is not tested yet Hypothesis- must be educated
(or something you don’t know about yet) (supported by literature) and testable
(fallible)
Scientific Method- reminds us that do whatever it takes
to not fool yourself to thinking something is true, even if Theory- highest level of understanding
it is not yet (and vice versa)
Untested idea → hypothesis → theory
-nature is the ultimate judge, it does not agree
with you if you are wrong SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

-make sure that all methods and tools -first starts with a given question or problem, that is
allow nature to manifest in whatever backed up by literature
way it can to guide you
-these questions/problems emerge from
-it is to deduce what must be true based on experience, which then proceeds to be
what you already knew was true operationalized

-one result, however, is not the answer, as you Operationalization- defining psych constructs
would need corroboration from different into observable and measurable terms
experiments and investigations
Ex: Operationalize depression as a psychological
-results must yield objective truth construct

Asking questions/Skepticism- a path of inquiry to what is 1. Observation (looking at

true experience/or the symptoms and
manifestations of depression)
-the degree to what you believe that something
is true should be proportionate to the evidence 2. Measurement (support
that supports it manifestations through tests)

-skepticism questions what one is unsure of but Goals of Science:

recognizes when valid evidence is presented
-Describe | Explain | Predict | Control/Change
-whatever it is you want to think is true, you
Tools of Science:
must find another way to demonstrate it other
than your testimony -Observe | Measure | Experiment

Objective Truth- truth/fact that has multiple and -there are two approaches in performing the scientific
repeated research that align with each other; it is method:
ALWAYS TRUE
Constructivist/Relativist- concerning multiple
realities, encapsulating personal
definitions/stories (QUALITATIVE)
 Positivist- one objective reality that can be done Lecture: August 30, 2023
through sampling (QUANTITATIVE)
THEORY FORMULATION
Lecture: August 23, 2023
Ex: Resilience (define resilience using the most
Steps in the Research Process appropriate literature/theory)

1. EXPERIENCE- observing the environment and looking Definition/Theory 1: Hardiness (Kobasa)- a

for notable psychological constructs to explore response to stressful situations, comprising
three components (3C’s): Commitment,
2. OPERATIONALIZE- from experience, one must pull out
Challenge, Control
a construct and see how it goes down to becoming a
variable Definition/Theory 2: Grit Theory (Duckworth)-
personality that is defined as the Perseverance
Variable- it is anything that can be coded
and Passion to reach goals attainable after years
-it should vary (not a constant) of work

-are not constructs, rather they are Definition/Theory 3: Resilience as defined by

manifestations of them Zolli and Healy- it is the ability to maintain one’s
core purpose and integrity in the face of
Ex: depression as a psych construct: adversity
-first step is to look out for experience, -in this example, definition of resilience is also dependent
like feelings of being gloomy and in on the context, like:
distress
-In the context of the military personnel in the
-once you have this experience, pull out Armed Forces of the Philippines, the appropriate
the psychological construct of definition to identify resiliency is Hardiness
“depression” (Kobasa)
-one must look for literature or -for conditions around Disaster and Mental
theory Health, the definition of Resilience by Zolli and
Healy can be applied
-if there is a theory explaining
the construct, it is approached -in an academic setting, resilience can be
in a POSITIVIST manner demonstrated by the Grit Theory
-if no theory is available, -it is important to note that when you have a topic that is
approach it in a in touch with the context, theory will be evident
CONSTRUCTIVIST way
-EXAMPLE: The construct of Resiliency using the
3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD- formation of a psychological definition of Zolli and Healy
construct to a measurable variable using this order:
“The ability to maintain one’s core purpose and
a. Context/Experience integrity in the face of adversity”
b. Question/Problem -the variables that can be pulled out from this definition
could be the maintenance of: (1) Purpose, (2) Integrity,
c. Hypothesis
with the context being “face of adversity”
d. Method (survey, test, interview)
-from these variables, you can now create your own
e. Results measurement by formulating questions (kung survey ang
method) based on the interpretation of Purpose and
f. Conclusion Integrity
 Review Lecture: Sept 11, 2023

Hypothesis- it is an inference; an educated guess backed SCIENTIFIC METHOD

up by literature/theory
Quantitative Qualitative
-it is again testable and fallible
Problem/Question Question
H0- null hypothesis (it is the default in all hypothesis
formulation) (the participant is the
Hypothesis/Operationalize one operationalizing)
Null Hypothesis Testing- the more fallible the
(constructs and theory)
hypothesis, the stronger it is

Ex: “it will rain tomorrow” compared to “it will

Methods Method
rain 2mm at 2PM tomorrow” (with the latter
being the stronger hypothesis)

-in testing the null hypothesis, it is important to Results Findings

remember that it is NOT TO PROVE/ACCEPT, but
to SUPPORT the possibility of something
Conclusion Summary
H1- alternate hypothesis

Type 2 Error (False Negative)-when one FAILS to reject

null (and rejects alternative)- the test is not significant
(ex: upon your research, you find that there is no
significant evidence for the observed effect, then it is not
significant, random lang siya na discovery)

-another example would be “mixed signals”

where one assumes the existence (not not) of
feelings

-if it is a Type 2 error, you assume

(accept the null) that there are no
feelings involved, even with the
possibility of it existing (bale if nag
assume ka na wala, pero meron, ang
result lang kay “sayang")

-much preferred outcome to happen as

it is less bad than having a Type 1 Error

-when one REJECTS the null (fails to reject alternative)-

the test is significant

Type 1 Error (False Positive)- rejecting a null

hypothesis when it is in fact correct

Ex: Mixed signals with Type 1 Error -assuming

that the person has feelings even if there is none
(which is worse, as it hurts more; umasa ka
ganern)

-much worse as it involves a more serious scope

once proven to be false (like in convicting an
innocent person of committing a crime)