Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP1424

FACTS: Present and Future

Namburi Nireekshana1 Saba Unissa2
Assistant Professor 160721734015
EEED BE, EEED
Methodist College of Engineering & Technology Methodist College of Engineering & Technology

B. Reetha Jaleja3 Cherala Mukta Tejaswi4

160721734002 160721734302
BE, EEED BE, EEED
Methodist College of Engineering & Technology Methodist College of Engineering & Technology

Patta Mangathayaru Mahitha5 P. Vaishnavi6

160721734014 160721734301
BE, EEED BE, EEED
Methodist College of Engineering & Technology Methodist College of Engineering & Technology

Abstract:- Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) I. INTRODUCTION

are pivotal in modernizing power systems, enhancing
their stability, controllability, and efficiency. Currently, Power systems are the backbone of modern society,
FACTS devices such as Static VAR Compensators (SVCs), ensuring the reliable generation, transmission, and
Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs), and distribution of electricity to meet the growing demands of
Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) are employed to industries, businesses, and households[1]. As global energy
manage power flow, mitigate system instabilities, and consumption continues to rise, power systems face increasing
improve voltage regulation across transmission networks. challenges related to efficiency, stability, and the integration
These technologies address present challenges, including of renewable energy sources. The importance of maintaining
the integration of renewable energy sources, reduction of a robust and flexible power grid cannot be overstated, as it
transmission losses, and enhancement of system reliability directly impacts economic development, technological
in the face of fluctuating power demands. However, the progress, and quality of life. To address these challenges, the
growing complexity of power grids, driven by the role of power electronics technology in power systems has
increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy, become more prominent, revolutionizing how electrical
electric vehicles, and distributed generation, necessitates power is managed and controlled[2].
advanced and scalable solutions. The future of FACTS lies
in the development of more sophisticated, adaptive, and Power electronics technologies, such as Flexible AC
intelligent devices that leverage real-time data analytics, Transmission Systems (FACTS), have transformed
artificial intelligence, and machine learning to optimize traditional power systems by enhancing their operational
power flow dynamically. Future advancements are capabilities. FACTS devices use advanced semiconductor
expected to focus on enhancing the interoperability of technology to provide dynamic control over voltage, power
FACTS with smart grid technologies, improving the flow, and reactive power, significantly improving grid
resilience of power systems against cyber-physical threats, stability and efficiency[3]. These technologies allow for more
and facilitating the transition towards more decentralized precise and rapid adjustments to power system parameters,
and sustainable energy systems. Moreover, the integration enabling better management of power quality, reduction of
of energy storage with FACTS devices could revolutionize transmission losses, and increased capacity utilization of
their functionality, offering not only reactive power existing infrastructure[4].
compensation but also energy balancing capabilities. This
paper explores the current applications of FACTS and The involvement of power electronics in power systems
envisions their future role in addressing the evolving is not limited to addressing present challenges; it also paves
challenges of global power systems, emphasizing the the way for future innovations. As power grids evolve
importance of innovation and strategic investment in the towards smarter, more resilient networks, the integration of
ongoing transformation of electrical networks. power electronics technologies like FACTS will play a crucial
role in supporting the transition to renewable energy,
Keywords:- Power Systems, Power Electronics, enhancing grid flexibility, and enabling real-time system
Classifications of FACTS Devices. control. This paper explores the current state and future
prospects of FACTS, highlighting their essential role in the
ongoing transformation of global power systems[5].

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ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP1424

II. FACTS: A LEADER IN TRANSMISSION III. CHANGING SCENARIO IN POWER

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS PARAMETERS: ROLE OF FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) represent Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are at the
a leading innovation in the field of transmission technology, forefront of the evolving power system landscape, driven by
revolutionizing how electrical power is managed and the need for enhanced flexibility, stability, and efficiency in
distributed across the grid. FACTS devices improve the modern grids. The integration of FACTS has fundamentally
efficiency, stability, and reliability of power transmission, changed how power system parameters such as voltage
addressing traditional limitations of electrical networks. By stability, power flow, and reactive power management are
allowing for real-time control of power flow and reactive controlled. Below are the key ways in which FACTS are
power compensation, FACTS enhance the ability of altering power system parameters[8]:
transmission systems to handle variable loads and integrate
renewable energy sources effectively[6].  Voltage Stability and Control:
FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Compensators
As a leader in transmission technology, FACTS offer (STATCOM) and Static VAR Compensators (SVC) have
several key advantages. significantly improved voltage stability across power
networks. These devices provide rapid voltage support,
 Enhanced Grid Stability and Control: especially during disturbances, by dynamically adjusting
FACTS devices, such as Static Synchronous reactive power. This capability is crucial for maintaining
Compensators (STATCOM) and Unified Power Flow voltage levels within desired limits, thus preventing voltage
Controllers (UPFC), provide rapid response to voltage collapse, especially in grids with high levels of intermittent
fluctuations and transient disturbances. This capability renewable energy.
enhances system stability, reduces the risk of blackouts, and
supports continuous operation even under adverse conditions.  Enhanced Power Flow Management:
Traditional power systems face challenges with optimal
 Increased Power Transfer Capability: power flow due to the physical constraints of transmission
FACTS enable existing transmission lines to carry more lines and varying load conditions. FACTS devices, such as
power without the need for extensive infrastructure upgrades. the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Thyristor-
By dynamically managing the power flow, FACTS devices Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC), enable real-time
can maximize the capacity of the grid, reduce congestion, and control of power flow along transmission lines. These
optimize the overall utilization of transmission assets. technologies allow operators to redirect power away from
congested paths, maximize line utilization, and improve
 Improved Power Quality and Reduced Losses: overall system efficiency without the need for costly
FACTS mitigate issues such as voltage sags, flickers, infrastructure upgrades.
and harmonics, significantly improving power quality. They
also minimize transmission losses by adjusting the reactive  Improved Reactive Power Compensation:
power in the system, contributing to more efficient energy Managing reactive power is critical for maintaining the
distribution. voltage levels necessary for the efficient operation of power
systems. FACTS technologies provide superior reactive
 Facilitation of Renewable Integration: power compensation compared to traditional methods. This
The growing integration of renewable energy sources enhancement reduces transmission losses, minimizes the
like wind and solar poses challenges to grid stability due to need for additional generation resources, and ensures that the
their intermittent nature. FACTS devices support this grid operates closer to its optimal state, especially under
integration by providing fast reactive power support, variable load conditions.
stabilizing voltage levels, and ensuring smooth power
transfer.  Dynamic Stability and Damping of Oscillations:
Power systems are prone to oscillations due to changes
 Scalable and Flexible Solutions: in load, faults, or integration of renewable energy sources.
FACTS technologies are modular and can be FACTS devices like the Static Synchronous Series
customized to address specific transmission challenges, Compensator (SSSC) and TCSC help dampen these
making them versatile tools for both new and existing grid oscillations, enhancing the dynamic stability of the system.
systems. By providing rapid adjustments to system impedance and
power flow, these devices mitigate oscillatory behavior, thus
As transmission technology continues to evolve, improving the reliability and robustness of the grid.
FACTS will play a crucial role in the development of smart
grids and the transition towards more sustainable, reliable,  Supporting Renewable Energy Integration:
and efficient power networks worldwide[7]. The shift towards renewable energy sources such as
wind and solar has introduced variability and unpredictability
in power generation. FACTS devices are pivotal in smoothing
out these fluctuations, providing voltage and reactive power
support to accommodate renewable energy’s intermittent

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ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP1424

nature. This ensures that renewable sources can be integrated  Cyber-Physical Security Enhancements:
into the grid without compromising system stability or As FACTS become more interconnected within the
performance. digital landscape of smart grids, the importance of
cybersecurity grows. Future developments will focus on
 Increased Transmission Capacity and Efficiency: enhancing the cyber-physical security of FACTS devices to
FACTS technologies enhance the operational capacity protect against potential cyber threats, ensuring the safe and
of existing transmission lines by managing line impedance reliable operation of power transmission networks.
and optimizing the power transfer. This reduces the need for
building new transmission infrastructure, which is costly and  High-Power Semiconductor Technologies:
time-consuming. FACTS can therefore increase the power Advances in power electronics, particularly in high-
handling capability of existing lines, making the grid more power semiconductor materials like silicon carbide (SiC) and
efficient and capable of meeting growing demand. gallium nitride (GaN), will significantly enhance the
performance, efficiency, and compactness of FACTS devices.
 Flexible and Modular Solutions: These materials allow for higher switching frequencies,
FACTS devices offer modular and scalable solutions reduced losses, and greater thermal stability, which will lead
that can be tailored to specific system needs. This flexibility to more efficient and robust FACTS solutions.
allows power operators to address localized problems within
the grid without extensive overhauls, adapting to changes in  Decentralization and Distributed FACTS:
demand patterns, generation mix, and grid configuration as With the increasing decentralization of energy
required. generation, the future will see more deployment of distributed
FACTS (D-FACTS) devices. These smaller, modular devices
These changes highlight the transformative impact of can be deployed closer to distributed energy resources
FACTS on power system parameters, making them (DERs) and along various points of the transmission network,
indispensable tools in managing modern electrical grids. By providing localized support and improving overall grid
offering enhanced control, stability, and efficiency, FACTS flexibility.
are critical in addressing the evolving challenges of today’s
power systems, paving the way for a more resilient and  Enhanced Voltage and Power Flow Management:
adaptive energy future[9]. Future FACTS devices will offer improved capabilities
for dynamic voltage control and power flow management,
IV. FUTURE TRENDS IN FACTS addressing more complex power scenarios, including the
(FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS) integration of offshore wind farms, large-scale solar plants,
and multi-terminal HVDC systems. Advanced control
The future of Flexible AC Transmission Systems algorithms will further optimize these devices for better
(FACTS) is closely linked to the evolving needs of modern performance under fluctuating conditions.
power grids, which are becoming more complex, dynamic,
and increasingly reliant on renewable energy sources[10]. As  Cost Reduction and Increased Accessibility:
transmission technology advances, several key trends are Ongoing technological advancements and economies of
expected to shape the development and deployment of scale are expected to reduce the cost of FACTS devices,
FACTS: making them more accessible for wider deployment. As these
technologies become more cost-effective, their adoption will
 Integration with Smart Grids and Digital Technologies: accelerate, particularly in emerging markets where grid
The future of FACTS will be deeply intertwined with infrastructure upgrades are urgently needed.
the evolution of smart grids. Advanced FACTS devices will
increasingly integrate with digital technologies such as These future trends position FACTS as a cornerstone
Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and technology in the next-generation power grids, offering
machine learning (ML). These technologies will enable real- enhanced capabilities to meet the demands of a rapidly
time monitoring, predictive analytics, and autonomous evolving energy landscape characterized by higher efficiency,
control of power flow, enhancing the responsiveness and greater resilience, and increased integration of renewable
adaptability of FACTS devices to changing grid conditions. energy[11].

 Advanced Energy Storage Integration: V. PROSPECTS FOR FACTS DEVICES IN INDIA

The coupling of FACTS with energy storage systems is
a significant trend that will redefine their capabilities. The generating stations in India are within the coal belts
Integrating battery storage with FACTS can provide not only in the east and south-east. The load centres are in the north-
reactive power compensation but also active power support, west, west and south. This has favoured long distance
enhancing grid stability and allowing for energy balancing. HVDCs, which are coming up rapidly. India’s power sector
This synergy will be crucial in managing the variability of is undergoing significant transformation, driven by rapid
renewable energy sources, providing both immediate and economic growth, increasing energy demand, and a strong
sustained responses to grid fluctuations. push towards renewable energy integration. The prospects for
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices in India
are highly promising, given their potential to address critical

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP1424

challenges in the country’s power grid. Below are the key  Economic Benefits and Cost Efficiency:
factors that highlight the potential and future role of FACTS The implementation of FACTS devices can lead to
devices in India[12]: significant economic benefits by postponing or eliminating
the need for expensive grid expansion projects. By optimizing
 Enhanced Grid Stability and Reliability: the performance of existing transmission infrastructure,
India’s power grid faces frequent stability issues due to FACTS reduce the capital expenditure required for new lines
high load variability, fluctuating renewable energy and substations, offering a cost-effective solution for meeting
generation, and aging infrastructure. FACTS devices such as India’s growing power demands.
Static VAR Compensators (SVC) and STATCOMs can
significantly improve voltage stability, enhance reactive  Regulatory and Policy Support:
power compensation, and provide dynamic support to The Indian government’s focus on grid modernization,
maintain grid reliability. These technologies are crucial in renewable integration, and energy efficiency provides strong
regions with high demand volatility, such as industrial hubs regulatory support for the deployment of FACTS
and urban centers. technologies. Initiatives such as the Green Energy Corridor
and the National Smart Grid Mission highlight the
 Facilitating Renewable Energy Integration: importance of advanced transmission solutions, creating a
India has set ambitious targets for renewable energy, favorable policy environment for FACTS investments.
aiming to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by
2030. However, integrating large-scale wind and solar power  Opportunities for Technological Innovation and Local
into the grid poses challenges related to variability and Manufacturing:
intermittency. FACTS devices can help manage these issues India’s emphasis on self-reliance and technological
by providing fast-acting reactive power support, stabilizing innovation presents opportunities for local manufacturing of
voltage levels, and facilitating smooth power flow, thereby FACTS devices. Developing domestic capabilities in
enhancing the integration of renewables into the national grid. designing and producing these advanced technologies can
reduce costs, create jobs, and support the country’s broader
 Mitigating Transmission Congestion: industrial growth agenda.
India’s power grid often suffers from transmission
bottlenecks, especially in regions with high generation VI. CLASSIFICATIONS OF FACTS
capacity but limited transmission infrastructure. FACTS
technologies like Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) FACTS devices are categorized based on their
and Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) can functionality, connection to the power system, and the type of
optimize power flow, reduce line congestion, and improve the power electronic controllers they use. The classification helps
overall transfer capacity of existing transmission corridors. in understanding their role in improving grid stability, power
This is crucial for efficiently delivering power from flow control, and reactive power management. The
renewable-rich states to demand centers. classification of FACTS devices provides a clear
understanding of their roles in modern power systems. Shunt
 Improving Power Quality and Reducing Losses: devices manage reactive power and voltage stability, series
Power quality issues such as voltage sags, flickers, and devices optimize power flow and control line impedance, and
harmonics are prevalent in India, affecting industrial combined devices offer comprehensive management of
productivity and overall system efficiency. FACTS devices multiple power system parameters[13]. The choice of FACTS
can address these problems by providing precise control over device depends on the specific needs of the grid, such as
voltage and power flow, enhancing power quality, and enhancing stability, managing power flow, or integrating
minimizing transmission losses. This improvement is vital for renewable energy sources Here are the main classifications of
industries that rely on high-quality, stable power supply for FACTS:
their operations.
A. Classification by Connection Type
 Supporting Smart Grid Development:
India is actively working towards modernizing its power  Shunt Devices:
grid with smart technologies to enhance its operational These devices are connected in parallel with the power
efficiency and reliability. FACTS devices are integral to this system. They primarily provide reactive power compensation
development, offering advanced control and automation to support voltage control and stabilize the grid[14].
capabilities that align with smart grid objectives. Their ability
to interact with real-time data and intelligent control systems  Examples:
makes them essential components of India’s future smart grid
infrastructure.  Static VAR Compensator (SVC):
Uses thyristor-controlled reactors and capacitors to
manage reactive power dynamically.

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP1424

Fig 1 Schematic Diagram of SVC

 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM):

A voltage source converter that offers faster and more flexible reactive power support compared to SVC.

Fig 2 Schematic Diagram of STATCOM

 Series Devices:
These are connected in series with the transmission line. They control the line impedance and manage power flow along the
transmission path, enhancing the line’s power transfer capability.

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 Examples:

 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC):

Adjusts line impedance by controlling the insertion of capacitors and reactors.

Fig 3 Schematic Diagram of TCSC

 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC):

A converter-based device that provides controlled series compensation for dynamic power flow management.

Fig 4 Schematic Diagram of SSSC

 Combined Series-Shunt Devices:  Examples:

These devices combine both series and shunt
functionalities to offer comprehensive control over voltage,  Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):
power flow, and reactive power simultaneously[15]. The most versatile FACTS device, capable of
controlling voltage, impedance, and phase angle, allowing for
full power flow management.

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Fig 5 Schematic Diagram of UPFC

 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC):  Examples: TCSC, SSSC, UPFC

Manages power flow across multiple transmission lines
by using multiple series converters. VII. CONCLUSION

B. Classification by Type of Controller Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) represent

a critical advancement in modern power systems, offering
 Variable Impedance Devices: significant improvements in the stability, control, and
These devices use passive elements like capacitors and efficiency of electrical grids. In the present context, FACTS
reactors controlled by thyristors. They adjust the system devices such as Static VAR Compensators (SVC), Static
parameters indirectly by altering impedance. Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM), and Unified
Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) play an essential role in
 Examples: SVC, TCSC addressing the complex challenges faced by power systems
worldwide. These devices provide dynamic reactive power
 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-Based Devices: compensation, enhance voltage stability, and optimize power
These devices use high-speed switching converters (like flow, allowing existing transmission lines to operate closer to
IGBTs) to provide more precise and faster control over power their thermal limits while maintaining system reliability.
system parameters. They can generate or absorb reactive FACTS have become indispensable in managing the
power without needing external passive elements. variability of renewable energy sources, such as wind and
solar, thereby supporting the global shift towards cleaner
 Examples: STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC energy.

C. Classification by Functionality FUTURE SCOPE

 Reactive Power Compensation: Looking to the future, the role of FACTS in power
Devices that primarily provide reactive power support systems is set to expand even further. The increasing
to maintain voltage levels and improve power quality. complexity of modern grids, driven by the integration of
distributed generation, electric vehicles, and microgrids, will
 Examples: SVC, STATCOM demand more advanced and adaptive solutions. Future
developments in FACTS technology will likely focus on
 Power Flow Control: incorporating artificial intelligence, machine learning, and
Devices focused on managing and optimizing the flow advanced control algorithms, allowing these devices to
of power through transmission lines to reduce congestion and respond more quickly and accurately to grid disturbances.
increase transfer capacity. Moreover, integrating FACTS with energy storage systems
could revolutionize their functionality, providing both
 Examples: TCSC, SSSC, UPFC reactive power support and active power management
capabilities.
 Stability Enhancement:
Devices that help stabilize the grid by damping power The continued evolution of FACTS will be vital in the
oscillations and enhancing dynamic stability during transition towards smart grids, enhancing the resilience,
disturbances. efficiency, and flexibility of power networks. As the demand

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ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP1424

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2024. [Online]. Available: NAMBURI NIREEKSHANA graduated from JNTU
https://www.ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT24J Hyderabad with 75% aggregate and received Master of
AN1868.pdf Technology from JNTU Hyderabad with 76%, research
scholar in Annamalai University .He is working as assistant
professor in Methodist college of engineering & technology.

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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B. Reetha Jaleja Is pursuing B.E in the Dept of Electrical Cherala Mukta Tejaswi Is pursuing B.E in the Dept of
and Electronic Engineering in Methodist College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in Methodist College
Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad. She completed of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad. She completed
intermediate in Srichaitanya Jr.College and completed school diploma in TRR College of Technology and completed school
in Bhashyam High School, Malkajgiri, Secundrabad. in Sri Chaitanya School, Hyderabad

P. Vaishnavi Is pursuing B.E in the Dept of Electrical and

Patta Mangathayaru Mahitha Is pursuing B.E in the Dept Electronic Engineering in Methodist College of Engineering
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in Methodist College & Technology, Hyderabad. She completed diploma in Govt
of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad. She completed polytechnic College, Mahabubnagarand completed school in
intermediate in smt.A.Syamala Devi Jr.College, Hyderabad TS model school, Gandeed
and completed school in Shree Hanuman Vyavamshala
School, Koti Hyderabad

Saba Unissa Is pursuing B.E in the Dept of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering in Methodist College of Engineering
& Technology, Hyderabad. She completed intermediate in
Srichaitanya Jr.College and completed school in SriSai
Vidyalay High School, Hyderabad

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