Homework 6 Answer Key Math 318

√ √
Problem 2.5.9. If z is defined by z = e(log(z))/2 for√the branch of the R log
√ function defined by the
condition −π/2 ≤ arg(z) ≤ 3π/2, find an antiderivative for z and then find γ zdz, where γ is any path
from −1 to 1 which lies in the upper half-plane.
√
Proof. Let f (z) = z = elog(z)/2 and let g(z) = 32 e3 log(z)/2 , then we can verify that g is an antiderivative
for f by computing its derivative:

d 2 3 log(z)/2 2 d 6e3 log(z)/2 elog(z) elog(z)/2 zelog(z)/2 √

g ′ (z) = e = e3 log(z)/2 (3 log(z)/2) = = = = elog(z)/2 = z
dz 3 3 dz 6z z z
Now let γ : [0, 1] → C be any path in the upper half plane with γ(0) = −1 and γ(1) = 1, then by Theorem
2.5.6 we have
√
Z
z dz = g(γ(1)) − g(γ(0)) = g(1) − g(−1)
γ

Then
2 3 log(1)/2 2 2
e
g(1) = = e0 =
3 3 3
2 2 2 2i
g(−1) = e3 log(−1)/2 = e3(ln |1|+iπ)/2 = e3πi/2 = −
3 3 3 3
so we conclude that
√
Z
2
z dz = (1 + i)
γ 3

Problem 2.5.10. Prove that if f is analytic in an open set containing a rectangle R, then the path
integral of f around the boundary of this rectangle is 0.
Proof. Let U be an open set that contains a rectangle R and let γ be the path around the boundary of the
rectangle and let γ1 , γ2 , γ3 , γ4 be the paths along each side of the rectangle with the same orientation as γ.
Then for 2 opposite edges on the rectangle draw the diagonal line and let τ be the path along the diagonal
and −τ the path going the opposite way, which we can draw in the following picture:

Then we have that

Z Z Z Z XZ Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz − f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz
γ γ τ τ i=1 γi τ −τ

Let ∆1 be the triangle obtained by following γ1 , then γ2 , then τ and ∆2 be the triangle obtained by following
γ3 , then γ4 , then −τ , then from the above and using Cauchy’s Integral Theorem for triangles we find that
Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 0
γ ∆1 ∆2

since Z Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz
∆1 γ1 γ2 τ
 Z Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz
∆2 γ3 γ4 −τ

Problem 2.6.1. Prove that a function which has complex derivative identically 0 on a convex open set
U is constant on U .
Proof. Let f : U → C be an analytic function with f ′ (z) = 0 for z ∈ U . Let a, b ∈ U and let γ : [0, 1] → U
be the straight line path connecting a and b so γ(0) = a and γ(1) = b. Then since f is an antiderivative for
f ′ we have from Theorem 2.5.6 that
Z Z
0= 0 dz = f ′ (z)dz = f (γ(1)) − f (γ(0)) = f (b) − f (a)
γ γ

so f (a) = f (b) for any a, b ∈ U so f is constant.

ez
R
Problem 2.6.12. Use Cauchy’s Integral Formula to calculate |z|=1 z
dz

Proof. Assuming that the path meant by |z| = 1 means the path γ that goes around the unit circle in the
positive direction once, we get Indγ (z) = 1 and since f (z) = ez is analytic on C we get from the Cauchy
Integral Formula that: Z z
ez
Z
e
dz = dz = 2πie0 = 2πi
γ z γ z−0

Problem 2.6.13. Use Cauchy’s formula to show that

Z Z
1 1
2
dz = πi 2
dz = −πi
|z−1|=1 z − 1 |z+1|=1 z − 1

Proof. As in the previous problem, let γ1 be the path along the circle |z −1| = 1 once in the positive direction
and γ2 be the path along the circle |z + 1| = 1 once in the positive direction. Now observe that
1 1
=
z2 − 1 (z − 1)(z + 1)
1 1
And since z−1 is analytic on C − {1} and z+1 is analytic on C − {−1} so from the Cauchy Integral Formula
we find that Z Z 1
1 z+1 1
2−1
dz = dz = 2πi = πi
γ1 z γ1 z − 1 1 + 1
Z Z 1
1 z−1 1
2
dz = dz = 2πi = −πi
γ2 z − 1 γ2 z + 1 (−1) − 1