CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,
NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION
PowerPoint Lectures
Chapter 26
Hormones and the
Endocrine System TAYLOR
SIMON
DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 26: Big Ideas
The Nature of The Vertebrate
Chemical Regulation Endocrine System
Hormones and Homeostasis
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26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate
body functions
Ø Cells of an animal’s body must communicate with one another in
order to maintain homeostasis and to coordinate other functions
Ø Cells communicate through chemical signals (endocrine system)
and electrical signal (nervous system)
Ø Endocrine system releases hormones in the blood stream, while
nervous system generates nerve impulses
26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate
body functions
Ø How the endocrine system is different from the nervous system?
q Endocrine system
• Made of glands and other tissues
• Hormones acts on target cells
• Functions:
o Coordinate gradual changes
o Regulate long-term developmental processes
26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate
body functions
Ø How the endocrine system is different from the nervous system?
q Nervous system
• Made of neurons
• Nerve impulses move through synapses
• Functions:
o Direct immediate and rapid responses
26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate
body functions
Ø How the endocrine system is different from the nervous system?
26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate
body functions
Ø Neuro-secretory cells perform the function of both systems
§ Conduct electrical signals
§ Make and secrete hormones
Ø Some chemicals function in both systems such as epinephrine
26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main
signaling mechanisms
• Hormone signaling involves three stages:
1. Reception of the signal occurs when a hormone
binds to a specific receptor protein on or in the
target cell.
2. Signal transduction converts the signal from one
form to another.
3. Response is a change in the cell’s behavior.
26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main
signaling mechanisms
• Based on chemical properties, hormones can be classified into
two groups.
1. The water-soluble hormones include polypeptides
(proteins) and some modified versions of single amino
acids. Most hormones produced by the endocrine glands
are water-soluble.
2. The lipid-soluble hormones include the steroid
hormones, small molecules made from cholesterol.
26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main
signaling mechanisms
• Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the
phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, but they can
bring about cellular changes without entering their target
cells.
• Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones,
• pass through the phospholipid bilayer and
• bind to receptors inside the cell.
Water- Interstitial fluid
soluble
hormone Receptor
1 protein
Target cell Plasma
membrane
2
Signal
transduction
pathway
Relay
molecules
3 Cellular responses
Cytoplasmic or
response
Gene regulation
Nucleus
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Lipid- Interstitial fluid
soluble
hormone 1
Target cell
2
Receptor
protein
3 Hormone-
Nucleus receptor
complex
DNA
4 Transcription
mRNA
New
protein
Cellular response:
activation of a gene and
synthesis of new protein
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THE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of
more than a dozen major glands
• Some endocrine glands (such as the thyroid) primarily
secrete hormones into the blood.
• Other glands (such as the pancreas) have endocrine and
nonendocrine functions.
• Other organs (such as the stomach and heart) are primarily
nonendocrine but have some cells that secrete hormones.
26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of
more than a dozen major glands
q What stimulates an endocrine gland to produce a hormone?
Ø A change in ions or nutrients level
Ø A stimulation by nervous system
Ø Stimulation by another hormone
Please make sure to know at least one example of each mechanism!
26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of
more than a dozen major glands
q Effect of hormones have a wide range of effects
§ Regulation of metabolism
§ Regulation of certain levels of ions and nutrients
§ Control of reproduction, growth and development
§ Response to stress and environment
26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of
more than a dozen major glands
q Pineal Gland
§ pea-sized, located near the center of the brain, and
a. Experimental
§ Synthesizes and secrets melatonin:
o Controlled by a group of neurons in the brain that
receive light stimuli b. Winter
o Important for the sleep-wake cycle circadian
rhythms 6 P.M. 6 A.M.
c. Summer
26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of
more than a dozen major glands
26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the
pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine
systems
• The hypothalamus
• is the main control center of the endocrine system,
• receives information from nerves about the external environment and the
internal condition of the body,
• responds by sending out appropriate nervous or endocrine signals, and
• directly controls the pituitary gland, which in turn secretes hormones that
influence numerous body functions.
26.4 The hypothalamus, which is closely
tied to the pituitary, connects the
nervous and endocrine systems
• The hypothalamus
• blurs the distinction between endocrine and nervous
systems,
• receives input from nerves about the internal
conditions of the body and the external environment,
• responds by sending out appropriate nervous or
endocrine signals, and
• uses the pituitary gland to exert master control over
the endocrine system.
26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied
to the pituitary, connects the nervous and
endocrine systems
• The pituitary gland consists of two parts:
1. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes two hormones
synthesized in the hypothalamus.
2. The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland that synthesizes
and secretes hormones.
Brain
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Bone
26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to
the pituitary, connects the nervous and
endocrine systems
• The pituitary gland consists of two parts.
§ The posterior pituitary
• is composed of nervous tissue,
• is an extension of the hypothalamus, and
• stores and secretes oxytocin and ADH, which are
made in the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
Hormone
cell
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
Blood pituitary
vessel
Oxytocin ADH
Uterine muscles Kidney
Mammary glands tubules
q Posterior Pituitary
o Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
5) Blood is diluted due 1) Hypothalamus detects that
to low salt (Na+) conc. blood is too concentrated due
to high salt (Na+) conc.
Water dilutes
salt (Na+) in
4) Absorption of the blood 2) Posterior
water is increased pituitary gland
from kidney to blood is stimulated to
release ADH
3) ADH is carried
Less urine to kidney by blood
produced
q Posterior Pituitary
o Oxytocin
q Posterior Pituitary
o Oxytocin
§ the release of oxytocin in
both cases is an example
of control by positive
feedback
26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to
the pituitary, connects the nervous and
endocrine systems
§ The anterior pituitary
• synthesizes and secretes hormones that control the activity of
other glands and
• is controlled by two types of hormones released from the
hypothalamus:
• releasing hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary, and
• inhibiting hormones inhibit the anterior pituitary.
Neurosecretory
cell of
hypothalamus
Blood
vessel
Releasing hormones
from hypothalamus
Endocrine cells of
the anterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones
TSH ACTH FSH Prolactin Growth
and (PRL) hormone
LH (GH)
Thyroid Adrenal Testes or Mammary Entire
cortex ovaries glands body
(in mammals)
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26.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A single hormone
can perform a variety of functions in different
animals
q Prolactin (PRL)
§ not a tropic hormone
§ directly stimulate mammary glands to produce milk
§ Versatile hormone with diverse effects in different animals
§ In Humans (childbirth-related functions) such as mammary gland growth,
milk production, and prevention of ovulation
§ In other vertebrates (childbirth-unrelated roles) such as broodiness in
birds, “water drive” in amphibians, and electrolyte balance in fish
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26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to
the pituitary, connects the nervous and
endocrine systems
q Growth hormone (GH)
§ Promotes protein synthesis and use of body fat for energy metabolism
§ Affects different tissues
§ In young mammals
§ Too many can cause Gigantism
§ Too little can cause pituitary dwarfism
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26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the
pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems
q Feedback control of the hypothalamus and pituitary
26.6 The thyroid regulates development and
metabolism
o The thyroid gland is located in the neck, just under the larynx (voice box).
o The thyroid gland produces two similar hormones: thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).
o TH is important for homeostasis and stimulate metabolism
o TH is crucial for animal’s development and maturation
§ metamorphosis in amphibians
§ development of bone and nerve cells
§ maintenance of BP, HR & muscle tone
§ digestive and reproduction functions
26.6 The thyroid regulates development and
metabolism
• Thyroid imbalance can cause disease.
• Hyperthyroidism leads to high blood pressure, loss of weight,
overheating, and irritability (Grave’s disease)
• Hypothyroidism leads to low blood pressure, being overweight,
and often feeling cold and lethargic.
26.6 The thyroid regulates development and
metabolism
§ Iodine deficiency can produce a goiter, an enlargement of the
thyroid.
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26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones
q Steroid sex hormones
§ affect growth, development, and
regulate reproductive cycles and sexual
behavior.
§ Sex hormone production is controlled
by a cascade pathway from
hypothalamus and AP gland
26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones
q Sex hormones include
• estrogens, which maintain the female reproductive system and
promote the development of female characteristics,
• progesterone, which prepare and maintain the uterus to support
a developing embryo, and
• androgens, such as testosterone, which stimulate the
development and maintenance of the male reproductive system.
26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones
q Imbalance of sex hormones can complicate the development of sexual
characteristics (e.g., androgen insensitivity)
⇒ The process of sex determination is driven by androgens
26.8 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: Pancreatic
hormones regulate blood glucose level
• The pancreas is a gland with dual functions.
1. It secretes digestive enzymes into the small
intestines.
2. It secretes two protein hormones, insulin and
glucagon, into the blood.
• Insulin and glucagon are said to be antagonistic
hormones because the effects of one oppose the
effects of the other.
• The balance in secretion of insulin and glucagon
maintains a homeostatic “set point” of glucose.
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Figure 26.8_3
REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE Insulin release
Beta cells of the pancreas Insulin stimulates
release insulin cells to take up glucose
Rising blood
glucose level Liver and muscle
stimulates the cells form glycogen
Effects of antagonistic pancreas stores
hormones Liver cell
Blood glucose level (mg/100 mL)
180 Glucose
Insulin
Glycogen
Stimulus
135
Carbohydrate-
rich breakfast Skeletal
90
Glucose level Blood glucose muscle cell
Glucose level at “set point” level decreases
45 “set point”
0 Glucagon release
Alpha cells of the pancreas
Time release glucagon into the blood
Declining blood Liver cells break down
glucose level glycogen stores and
stimulates the return glucose to the
pancreas blood
Glucose
Liver
Stimulus Glucagon cells
Lunch skipped
Glucose level Glycogen
at “set point” Blood glucose level
increases
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Figure 26.9_1
Capillary Insulin Blood
Glucose
Glucose
Insulin receptors
1 3 transporter
2 Facilitated
diffusion
Vesicle of glucose
containing
glucose
transporters
Normal glucose and insulin levels
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26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress
q It is made of two glands fused together: Medulla and cortex
q Both glands secrete hormones in response to stress
q They differ in the following:
Ø The type of stress that triggers the response
Ø The actual stimulant that releases the hormone
Ø The kinds of hormones that each gland releases
Ø The target tissues of each gland’s hormones
26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress
q Nerve signals from the hypothalamus stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete
epinephrine and norepinephrine, which quickly trigger the “fight-or-flight”
response.
q ACTH from the pituitary causes the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
and mineralocorticoids, which boost blood pressure and energy in response to
long-term stress.
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Stress from physical Stress from low blood sugar
threat, cold exposure, or decreased blood volume
or exercise or blood pressure
Nerve 1
Hypothalamus
signals 3
Releasing hormone
Cross section of Nerve cell Anterior pituitary
spinal cord Blood vessel
4
Nerve cell ACTH
Adrenal cortex
5
Adrenal medulla
ACTH
2
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine Effects of Effects of
mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids
• Glycogen broken down to glucose;
increased blood glucose (liver) • Retention of sodium • Proteins and fats
• Increased blood pressure ions and water by broken down and
• Increased breathing rate kidneys converted to glucose,
• Increased metabolic rate • Increased blood leading to increased
volume and blood blood glucose
• Change in blood flow patterns,
leading to increased alertness and pressure • Immune system may
decreased digestive and kidney activity be suppressed
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