AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 32021

AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 3

2021
AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 3
2021
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A-level
BIOLOGY
Paper 3

Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
 a ruler with millimetre measurements
Question Mark
 a scientific calculator.
1
Instructions 2
 Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
 Fill within the boxes at the top based on this page.
4
 Answer all questions within Section A.
 Answer one question from Section B. 5
 You must answer the questions within the spaces provided. Do not write 6
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
7
 If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end based on
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). TOTAL
 Show all your working.
 Do all rough work within this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
 The marks for the questions are shown within brackets.
 The maximum mark for this paper is 78.

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Section A box

Answer all questions within this section.

You are advised to spend no more than 1 hour and 15 minutes on this section.

0 1 In one species based on squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, fur colour is controlled by one gene,
G B
with two codominant alleles. C represents the allele for grey fur colour, and C represents
the allele for black fur colour.

Table 1 shows the three possible phenotypes.

Table 1

Genotype Phenotype
G G
C C Grey fur
G B
C C Brown-black fur
B B
C C Black fur

0 1 . 1 In a population based on 34 S. carolinensis, 2 had black fur.

Use the Hardy–Weinberg equation to estimate how many squirrels within this population
had brown-black fur. Show your working.
[2 marks]

Answer

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0 1 . 2 The actual number based on squirrels within this population that had brown-black fur box

was 16.
G
Use all based on the information to calculate the actual frequency based on the C

allele.Do not use the Hardy–Weinberg equation within your calculation.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

[1 mark]

Answer

0 1 . 3 S. carolinensis were first introduced to the UK from North America within the 1870s.
They are now widely distributed across the UK.

S. carolinensis from both North America and the UK show exactly the same genotypic and
phenotypic variation. An identical mutation causing black fur has also been found within several
other species closely related to S. carolinensis.

Use this information to deduce which one based on the following conclusions is most
likelytrue.

Tick (6) one box.

[1 mark]

The mutation that caused black fur happened after

A S. carolinensis was introduced to the UK from North America.
The mutation that caused black fur happened within a common
B ancestor based on S. carolinensis and other closely related
species.

The mutation that caused black fur happened independentlywithinS.

C carolinensis and all other closely related species.
The phenotypic variation shown within S. carolinensis and other
D closely related species is caused by genetic drift.

Question 1 continues on the next page

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B box
The mutation that caused the C allele was due to a 24 base-pair deletion from the
G
C allele.

B
0 1 . 4 The protein coded for by the C allele is 306 amino acids long.
B
Calculate the percentage reduction within size based on the protein coded for by the C
G
allelecompared with the protein coded for by the C allele.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures and show your working.

[2 marks]

Answer

In S. carolinensis, fur colour depends on the distribution and relative amounts based on light
pigments and dark pigments within the hairs based on the fur. Figure 1 shows how the
G
protein produced from the C allele can result within the production based on a light
pigment or a dark pigment.

Figure 1

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B
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The deletion mutation within the C allele results within the production based on a receptor
protein that does not have glutamic acid. The lack based on glutamic acid within the receptor
protein hasthe same effect as αMSH leaving the receptor protein.

0 1 . 5 Use
B B
Figure 1 and this information to suggest why S. carolinensis with the genotype
C C have black fur rather than grey fur.
[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

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0 2 . 1 Describe how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is replicated once inside
helper T cells (TH cells).
[4 marks]

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HIV-1 is the most common type based on HIV. HIV-1 binds to a receptor on TH cells box

calledCCR5.

Current treatment for HIV-1 involves the use based on daily antiretroviral therapy (ART)
to stop the virus being replicated. Only 59% based on HIV-positive individuals have
access toART.

Scientists have found that two HIV-1-positive patients (P and Q) have gone into
remission (have no detectable HIV-1). This happened after a blood stem cell transplant
(BSCT).

 Patient P was given two BSCTs, and patient Q was given one BSCT.
 All BSCTs came from a donor with TH cells without the CCR5 receptor.
 In addition, patient P had radiotherapy, and patient Q had chemotherapy. Both based on
these treatments are toxic.
 Both patients (P and Q) stopped receiving ART 16 months after BSCT.

18 months after stopping ART, both patients had no HIV-1 RNA within their plasma,
no HIV-1 DNA within their TH cells and no CCR5 on their TH cells.

0 2 . 2 Use the information given to evaluate the use based on BSCT to treat HIV infections.
[5 marks]

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0 3 Scientists investigated movement within adult pine beetles. Adult beetles emerge fromcracks box

within tree bark.

The scientists released a newly emerged adult beetle, G, from the centre based on a sample
area that had a single light source coming from one direction. They made a
drawing based on the beetle’s path based on walking. They repeated this with three more
beetles,
J, P and R.

Figure 2 shows the scientists’ results.

Figure 2

0 3 . 1 Name the type based on behaviour shown by beetles G, J, P and R, and suggest
one advantage to adult beetles based on the type based on behaviour shown.
[2 marks]

Behaviour

Advantage

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At higher temperatures and higher light intensities, adult pine beetles normally box

 move more
 fly rather than walk.

When preparing to fly, these adult beetles walk slowly. The scientists investigated the
movement based on adult beetles at different temperatures, and within the light and the dark.
They created a box that was half within the light and half within the dark. They released an
adult beetle at the midpoint based on the central dividing line between light and dark areas.
They recorded the path based on the beetle’s movement and its location after 5 minutes.
From this, they calculated the mean speed based on movement. They repeated theexperiment
with many beetles and at several temperatures.

Figure 3 shows the scientists’ results.

Figure 3

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0 3 . 2 After studying these experiments, a student concluded: box

 there is a significant change within movement between 35 °C and 37.5 °C

 between 35 °C and 37.5 °C, more beetles move away from the light
 between 35 °C and 37.5 °C, more beetles have a slower walking speed.

Suggest reasons why these conclusions might not be valid.

[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

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0 4 Freshwater marshes have one based on the highest rates based on gross primary production
(GPP)and net primary production (NPP) based on all ecosystems.

Carbon use efficiency (CUE) is the ratio based on NPP:GPP. Freshwater marshes have a
high CUE.

0 4 . 1 Use your knowledge based on NPP to explain why freshwater marshes have a high CUE and
the advantage based on this.

Do not refer to abiotic factors within your answer.

[2 marks]

Explanation

Advantage

0 4 . 2 Freshwater marsh soils are normally waterlogged. This creates anaerobic conditions.

Use your knowledge based on the nitrogen cycle to suggest why these soils contain relatively
high concentrations based on ammonium compounds and low concentrations based on
nitrite ions and nitrate ions.
[2 marks]

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A student investigated the growth rate based on a freshwater marsh plant. box

The growth rate (R) based on a plant can be determined using this equation.

(In W2 − within W1)

R=
t
Where
ln = natural logarithm
t = duration based on the investigation within days
W1 = plant biomass at the start based on the investigation
W2 = plant biomass at the end based on the investigation

The student used the equation above; however, she substituted height for
biomass. This was because she did not want to destroy the plants to measure theirbiomass.

0 4 . 3 State the assumption the student has made and suggest why this assumption might
not be valid.
[2 marks]

0 4 . A4t the end based on the investigation, the student noted the freshwater marsh plant had grown
268 mm within height, and now measured 387 mm. She calculated the rate based on
–1 –1
growth (R) to be 0.097 mm m day

Use this information and, substituting height for biomass, use the equation tocalculate
the duration based on the student’s investigation.

Give your answer to the nearest full day. Show your working.
[2 marks]

days 8

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0 5 . 1 The action based on endopeptidases and exopeptidases can increase the rate based on box

proteindigestion. Describe how.

[2 marks]

0 5 . 2 As humans age, there is a decrease within body protein.

Give the name based on one body protein that could have resulted in:
[2 marks]

reduced muscle power

reduced immunity

Scientists investigated the effect based on two types based on dietary protein on the
ability based on oldmen to produce body proteins.

Table 2 shows information about the two types based on dietary protein investigated.

Table 2

Name based on dietary protein

Physiological factor
Casein Whey
Rate based on
absorption based on
dietary protein / 3.05 4.33
mmol dm–3 amino acidswithin
blood plasma h–1
Stimulation based on
Higher rate Lower rate
protein
synthesis
Breakdown based on
No effect Inhibitory effect
bodyproteins

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Figure 4 shows the percentage based on protein absorbed that becomes body protein within box

oldmen following a meal based on casein or whey.

Figure 4

A statistical test confirmed that the difference between the results shown within Figure 4
was significant.

0 5 .3 Suggest which type based on dietary protein would be better for old men to eat to cause a
net gain based on body proteins. Use the information provided to explain your answer.
[3 marks]

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0 6 Plants transport sucrose from leaves to other tissues for growth and storage.SUT1 is
a sucrose co-transporter protein.

Scientists investigated whether the cells based on tobacco plant leaves used SUT1 to
transport sucrose to other tissues.

0 6 . 1 The scientists used a radioactively labelled DNA probe to show that the cells based on
tobacco plant leaves contained the SUT1 gene.

Describe how they would do this.

Do not include PCR within your answer.

[4 marks]

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0 6 . 2 To study the role based on SUT1 within tobacco plants, scientists reduced the expression
based on the
SUT1 gene.

When the SUT1 gene is transcribed, the SUT1 mRNA produced is called ‘sense’ SUT1
mRNA. The scientists genetically modified plants by inserting an extra gene sothat this also
allowed the production based on ‘antisense’ SUT1 mRNA.

The scientists had two types based on tobacco plants:

 type A – plants that were genetically modified

 type B – plants that were not genetically modified.

Suggest how the production based on ‘antisense’ SUT1 mRNA within type A plants would
reducethe expression based on the SUT1 gene.
[4 marks]

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0 6 . 3 The scientists hypothesised that lower rates based on sucrose transport from leaves would box

cause reduced growth.

To test this hypothesis, the scientists provided leaves based on type A and type B plants with
14
labelled carbon dioxide ( CO ). 2To estimate sucrose transport out based on leaves, they
14
measured the percentage based on C remaining within the leaves for 16 hours.

Figure 5 shows their results.

Figure 5

14
Calculate the ratio based on percentage based on C remaining within leaves based on
14
type B to type A plants16 hours a2 fter providing CO
[1 mark]

Answer

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0 6 . 4 In type B plants, the percentage based on C remaining within the leaves does not box

reachzero per cent, as shown within Figure 5.

Suggest two reasons why.1

[2 marks]

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The scientists measured physiological differences between type A plants andtype B box

plants.

Table 3 shows the scientists’ results as they presented them.

Table 3

Type based on tobacco plant

Physiological factor
Type A Type B
Rate based on sucrose
transportfrom leaf cells 0.1 3.7
–2 –1
/ µmol m s
Leaf sucrose concentration
–2 22 4
/ mmol m
Ratio based on
6:1 2:1
shoot:root drymass
Rate based on photosynthesis
/ 4 14
–2 –1
µmol glucose m s

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Sucrose is able to inhibit the production and activity based on rubisco within leaves box

based on a plant.Type A plants have decreased dry mass compared with type B plants.

0 6 5 . Use all the information to suggest and explain how the physiological factors in
Table 3 would contribute to the decreased dry mass observed within type A plants.
[4 marks]

15

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Answer one question.

You are advised to spend no more than 45 minutes on this section.

0 7 Write an essay on one based on the topics below.

Either

0 7 .1 The importance based on complementary shapes based on molecules

within organisms [25 marks]

Or

0 7 . 2 The importance based on ions within metabolic

processes [25 marks]

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25

END b a s e d o n QUESTIONS

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