ELECTRICAL

TECHNICAL
MANUAL

COMPILED BY
OLAWUYI ADEYEMI
 BASIC
ELECTRICAL WIRING

INSTALLATION GUIDE
First Edition

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
CH
TE
L
CAI
TR
EC

COMPILED BY
EL

ADEYEMI OLAWUYI
COPYRIGHT

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopied, recorded, or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the author.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not

L
A
represent a commitment on the part of any academy or third parties.

U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Electrical Safety 5
Electrical Hazards 5
Safety Precautions for Electrical Hazards 6

Basic Electrical Tools 7

Safety Tips When Using Electrical Tools 12

Electrical Terminologies 13

Cable Joints and Types 15

L
Types of Joints 15

A
Circuit 19

U
Types of Electric Circuits 20

N
Open Circuit 21

A
Closed Circuit 21

M
Short Circuit 22
Series Circuit 22
Parallel Circuit L 23
A
Radial Circuit 23
IC

Ring main wiring 24

N

AC Circuit 24
H

DC Circuit 24
C

Switch 25
TE

Characteristics of a Switch 26

Types of Switches 27
L
CA

Mechanical Switches 27
❖ Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST) 28
❖ Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT) 29
I
TR

❖ Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST) 29

Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT) 30
EC

Electronic Switches 31
EL

Protective Devices 32

Circuit Breakers 32

Types of Circuit Breakers 33

How To Install A Circuit Breaker 37

How to Calculate the Circuit Breaker Size 38

Circuit Breaker Size Calculation for Single Phase Supply 39
Circuit Breaker Size Calculation for Three Phase Supply 40
Fuse 41
Advantages of HRC Fuse: 44
Disadvantages of H.R.C Fuse: 45

Basic Electrical Wiring 46

Electrical Wiring/Installation 46
Types of Electrical Installation Systems 46
Electrical Wiring Colour Codes 49

Basic Electrical wiring Diagrams 50

Simple Lighting Circuits 50
How to Wire Electrical Receptacle or Socket (Outlets) 51

L
Replacing a Faulty Capacitor in a Ceiling Fan 52

A
Two-Way Switching Circuits 53

U
Electrical Wiring for Water Heater 55

N
How to Determine Proper Cable & Wire Sizes 56
Voltage Drop in Cables 56

A
Tables & Charts for Proper Cable & Wire Sizes 57

M
The Consumer Unit(Distribution Board/Panel) 59

Components In The Consumer Unit

L 59
A
3. Circuit breakers 60
IC

7. Blanks 61
8. Busbar 61
N

How To Install The Distribution board(Consumer Unit) 62

H

Safety Precautions 63
C

Changeover Switch 65
TE

Schematic Diagrams of Changeover Switch Installation 66

L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Electrical Safety
Electrical safety refers to any type of precaution taken to protect against electric
currents. The best safety measure is to avoid direct contact with a live wire.
We rely on electricity, but sometimes underestimate its capability of causing
injury. Even household current (240 volts) can stop your heart. Electrical
personnel need to be aware of the hazards electricity poses, such as shock, fire
and explosion, and either eliminate or control those hazards.

L
A
Electrical Hazards

U
● Electrical Shock

N
Electrical shock happens when current passes through the body. Electricity

A
travels through closed circuits, and people, sometimes tragically, can become

M
part of the circuit. When a person receives a shock, electricity flows between
L
parts of the body or through the body to the ground. This can happen if
A
IC

someone touches both wires of an energized circuit, touches one wire of the
circuit while standing unprotected or touches a metal part that has become
N
H

energized.
C

Electrocution refers to the injury or lethal dose of electrical energy. Electricity

TE

can also cause forceful muscle contraction or falls. The severity of injury
depends on the amount of current flowing through the body, the current's path
L
CA

through the body, the length of time the body remains in the circuit and the
current's frequency.
I
TR

● Fire/Explosion
EC

Electrical fires may be caused by excessive resistance that generates heat from
EL

any of the following:

1. Too much current running through wiring where overcurrent protection
fails or does not exist
2. Faulty electrical outlets resulting in poor contact or arcing
3. Poor wiring connections and old wiring that is damaged and cannot
support the load
 4. An explosion can occur when electricity ignites a flammable gas or
combustible dust mixture in the air. Ignition from a short circuit or static
charge is possible

Safety Precautions for Electrical Hazards

● Electricity is our enemy, if you give it a chance to kill you, Remember,
they will never miss it. Please read all caution and instructions.
● Disconnect the power source before servicing, repairing or installing

L
electrical equipment.

A
● Always wear adequate safety gloves when touching electrical wires (even

U
insulated ones)

N
● Inspect your surroundings before working on power lines or power

A
M
stations
● Deal with any wetness or dampness on your person or surroundings
L
A
before working with electricity
IC

● Electrical wires or devices should only be repaired by qualified and

N

authorized personnel
H

● Ensure that all electrical devices are grounded before dealing with them
C

● Make sure electrical circuit breakers are in place before performing

TE

maintenance on electrical devices

L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Basic Electrical Tools
1. Tape Measure/Meter:
A standard tape measure is used for all kinds of field measurements, such as
setting heights for switches and outlets, centering lighting fixture boxes, and
marking surfaces for cutouts. Other types in this category include the wheel
meter, see diagrams below

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H

First image: Wheel meter and second Image: Tape meter

TE

2. Hammer
L

A hammer is used to secure electrical boxes equipped with nail-on brackets to

CA

wall studs and other framing members in a home. You’ll also need one to drive
I
TR

wire staples when anchoring new electrical cable to framing members.

EC
EL
The Hammer is also used for creating paths in the wall to lay conduits (pipes)
that will house the wires or circuit in a full conduit wiring or half conduit.

3. Torpedo level (Spirit Level)

A small level, such as a torpedo level, fits easily in a tool pouch and is used to
make sure your work is level and plumb. A great installation starts with level
boxes and straight switch and outlet receptacles(switch boxes, sockets outlets).
A torpedo level should be part of every homeowner's standard toolkit; it will
have plenty of uses beyond electrical work.

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE

4. Philips Screwdriver:
L
CA

Electricians keep screwdrivers with them at all times, for removing and installing
cover plates, outlets, switches, and many other devices. It's best to have a few
I
TR

different lengths of Phillips screwdrivers, as well as #1, #2, and #3 tip sizes.
Screwdrivers with insulating rubber jackets covering the handles are designed
EC

for better safety when doing electrical work.

EL

Image: Philips Screwdriver

 5. Straight Blade Screwdrivers:
As with Phillips screwdrivers, you will likely need more than one size of
straight-blade screwdrivers. If you have to choose just one, pick a medium
blade; it will suit most projects.
Straight-blade screwdrivers are also available with insulated handles for better
safety when doing electrical work.

L
A
U
N
A
M
6. Needle-Nose Pliers L
Another essential specialty electrical tool is a pair of needle-nose pliers (also
A
IC

called long-nose pliers). It will be used for bending and twisting wires whenever
you are making screw-terminal connections. The long, narrow tip makes this a
N
H

great tool for detailed work. Most needle-nose pliers also include cutting jaws
C

for trimming wires.

TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
 7. Linesman Pliers
A pair of linesman pliers is an electrician's do-it-all tool. It has a squared-off end
that is great for twisting wires together, a center
cutting blade for trimming wire, and a grip area
between the handles for pulling wire.
Casual DIYers may be able to get by without this
tool, but anyone who does regular electrical
work will want to own a pair of linesman pliers.

L
A
U
N
8. Diagonal Cutting Pliers

A
Diagonal cutting pliers, sometimes called side snips or dikes, are used to cut

M
wires. They are specially designed with a cutting edge that goes down to the tip
L
of the jaws, allowing you to get into tight areas to trim wires. Some types can
A
IC

also have a built-in voltage detector to sense live wires. You can also find
combination tools that include wire-stripping slots built into the handles.
N
H

This is a second-tier specialty tool: Casual DIYers may not need it, but those
C

who do regular electrical work will find it very useful.

TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL

9. Fishing Tape
A fish tape is used to pull stranded or solid wire conductors through metal or
PVC conduit. Cable lube is available to assist you in pulling the wires through
the conduit. A fish tape can also be helpful when you are pulling NM cable
through wall cavities.
This is a tool used when making wiring improvements, such as adding or
extending circuits.

L
A
U
N
A
M
10. Multimeter L
A
A voltmeter is used to read voltage levels and verify that circuits are “live” or off.
IC

Unlike a circuit tester, this tool gives you reading on how much voltage is being
N

carried. More sophisticated forms of the tool are known as multimeters, and
H

they can not only read voltage levels but also amperage, resistance, and DC
C

voltage and amperage. They do, however, require practice to learn how to use
TE

them properly.
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Other Tools used as an electrical personnel includes, Spanners, electrical
testers, Utility knife, wire strippers, Allen keys and Allen Hex sets, flashlights,
drilling machine, etc.

Safety Tips When Using Electrical Tools

1. Regularly inspect your tools
2. Always wear personal protective equipments (use gloves if tools have
exposed metal parts or conductive parts)
3. Carry with care and never carry tools up a ladder without proper planning.

L
A
If you need to carry tools to a high level, use a bag or hoist them in a

U
bucket.

N
4. Do not pocket sharp object or tools

A
5. Be aware of your surroundings when using tools either hand tools or

M
power tools. L
6. Always use the right tools for the right job
A
IC

7. Operate tools according to manufacturer’s instructions

8. After using a tool, clean and return to proper storage place
N
H

9. Do not work with oily hands or greasy hands.

C

10. Always protect your eyes or wear eye protection.

TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Electrical Terminologies
Voltage: also called electromotive force (EMF) is the quantitative expression of
the potential difference in charge between the two points in an electrical field.
The greater the voltage, the greater the current flow. Voltage is what makes
electric charges move. It is the 'push' that causes charges to move in a wire or
other electrical conductor. Voltage is measured in volts(V)

Mathematically, V = IR where I - current in Amps(A) and R - resistance

L
(Ohms)(Ω)

A
.

U
Voltage can either be direct or alternating. A direct voltage maintains the same

N
polarity at all times. In an alternating voltage, the polarity reverses direction

A
M
periodically. Example of a source for direct voltage is the battery and the
alternating source from electric generators. L
A
IC

Current: Current is the rate at which electrons flow past a point in a complete
N

electrical circuit. At its most basic, current = flow.

H

An ampere (A), or amp, is the international unit used for measuring current. It
C

expresses the quantity of electrons (sometimes called "electrical charge")

TE

flowing past a point in a circuit over a given time. Current is also classified into
L

two which included DC -Direct current (in batteries, rectifying circuits etc) and
CA

AC - Alternating current (in electric generators, power transformers etc)

Direct current (dc):
I
TR

● Represented by the symbols or on a digital multimeter.

EC

● Flows only in one direction.

● Common source: batteries or dc generator.
EL

Alternating current (ac):

● Represented by the symbols or on a digital multimeter.

● Flows in a sine wave pattern reverses direction at regular intervals.
 ● Common source: household electrical receptacles powered by a public
utility.

Resistance: This is the measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical

circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega
(Ω).

Capacitance: Capacitance is the ability of a component or circuit to collect and

store energy in the form of an electrical charge.

L
A
Capacitors are energy-storing devices available in many sizes and shapes and

U
it is measured in farads(F).

N
A
Power: This is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred in an

M
electrical circuit. We have three types of power to be discussed which includes:
L
1. Reactive power (measured in VAR)
A
IC

2. Apparent power (measured in VA)

3. Real/True power (measured in Watts, W)
N
C H

Frequency: In an AC circuit, frequency is the number of cycles per second in

TE

an ac sine wave. Frequency is the rate at which current changes direction per
second. It is measured in hertz (Hz), an international unit of measure where 1
L
CA

hertz is equal to 1 cycle per second.

I
TR

Circuits: An Electric Circuit is the conductive path for flow of current or

electricity is called electric circuit or electrical circuit. There are many types of
EC

circuits in electrical engineering some of which includes, Series circuit, Parallel

EL

circuit, ring circuit, radial circuit, open circuit, closed circuit, short circuits, etc.

Switch: A Switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a

circuit. In simple words, a Switch can make or break an electrical circuit. Every
electrical and electronics application uses at least one switch to perform ON
and OFF operation of the device.
Cable Joints and Types

Cables need to be adjoined with one another so that electricity flows smoothly
from the source to the end point. Cable terminations play an important role by
allowing physical connection of a cable end to the terminal of the equipment or
another cable, thereby facilitating the flow of electricity in the desired manner

There are following qualities of a good joint.

(i) It should remain the conductivity and mechanical strength of the conductor

L
on which that joint is made.

A
U
N
(ii) It should be able to withstand the circuit current in normal condition and fault

A
current without failure.

M
Types of Joints
L
A
(1) Straight twist joint
IC

(2) Britannia joint

N

(3) Married joint

H

(4) Scarf joint

C
TE

(5) Tee joint

(6) Duplex joint
L

(7) Pig tail joint

I CA

● Straight Twist joint

TR

This type of joint is used to join two or more than two wires.
EC

Procedure
1. First remove the insulation from ends of both wires and cables up to a
EL

minimum length of 8cm.

2. Clean the ends of wires with sandpaper.
3. Bend the two wires from 2cm at 90 degrees and couple them with each
other.
4. Take 4-6 turns for bending.
 L
Straight twist joint

A
U
N
A
M
● Britannia joint L
A
This type of joint is made only on solid conductors and cannot be made on
IC

stranded conductors. Two conductors to be joined are brought in front of each

N

other of about 6 inch (150 mm) of length.

H

Procedure
C

1. Take a bend about 45 degrees at the ends.

TE

2. Place those at each other distance between the ends of wires must be a
L

minimum length of 8cm.

CA

3. Take another wire for turning and take 6-8 turns for jointing.
4. Sold the joint with soldering wire
I
TR
EC
EL

Britannia Joint
 ● Married Joint
This type of joint is used to join stranded wires or cables as shown in the figure
below.
The strand of one conductor is twisted on the other conductor, and the strand of
the other conductor is twisted on the first. Likewise all the strands twisted and
then soldered. This is used only for small span length
Procedure
1. First remove the insulation from ends of both wires up to 8 cm.

L
2. Twist them from insulation ends up to 2.5cm and spread the remaining

A
part like flower then couple them with each other

U
N
A
M
L
A
IC

Married Joint
N
C H

● Scarf Joint
TE

This type of joint use to joint the solid (single) earthing wire from electric supply
pole to ground
L
CA

Procedure 1. Make the shape of ends of wire as shown in the figure and then
overlap them and use another wire for jointing.
I
TR
EC
EL

Scarf Joint
 ● PIG TAIL JOINT
It is a simple joint used to joint two parallel cables or wires.
Procedure
● Remove the insulation from ends of both wire up to 5cm and twist them
with each other

L
A
U
N
A
M
Pig tail joint
● TEE JOINT
L
A
This type of joint is used to get the connection from horizontal wire
IC

Procedure
N

1. First remove the insulation from the centre of horizontal wire up to 5 cm.
H

2. Remove the insulation from the end of the second wire or cable up to
C
TE

8cm. Place the second wire at 90 degree on the horizontal line and take
6-8 turns for jointing.
L

3. Then sold the joint with soldering wire.

I CA
TR
EC
EL

Tee Joint
Circuit
An electric circuit is a closed loop network which provides a return path for the
flow of current. Or a closed conducting path in which current can flow is called a
circuit. An electric circuit is also known as electrical network or electrical circuit.

An electrical circuit is the combination of different active and passive

components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors etc.
which form an electrical network. In a closed-loop circuit, the electric current
flows from the source (such as battery) in the conducting material (e.g. wires
and cables) to the load (i.e. light bulb) and hence returns back to the source.

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
CA

Types of Electric Circuits

I

There are many types of electrical circuits such as:

TR
EC

● Open Circuit
● Closed Circuit
EL

● Short Circuit
● Series Circuit
● Parallel Circuit
● Series-Parallel Circuit
● Star-Delta Circuit
● AC Circuit
● DC Circuit
● Single-Phase Circuit
 ● Three-Phase Circuit
● Resistive Circuit
● Inductive Circuit
● Capacitive Circuit
● Resistive, Inductive (RL Circuit)
● Resistive, Capacitive (RC Circuit)
● Capacitive, Inductive (LC Circuits)
● Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive (RLC Circuit)
● Linear Circuit
● Non Linear Circuit
● Unilateral Circuits
● Bi-lateral Circuits

L
● Active Circuit

A
● Passive Circuit

U
N
A
Open Circuit

M
A circuit which has no return path for current to flow in it (i.e. which is not
L
completed) is known as an open circuit. In other words, a circuit where voltage
A
IC

tends to the EMF (of generating source) and no current is flowing at all is called
N

an open circuit.
C H
TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL

Closed Circuit

A circuit which has a return path for current to flow in it (i.e. completed circuit) is known

as closed circuit.
 L
A
Short Circuit

U
N
A circuit with a close switch without load connected to the supply voltage. In

A
other words, when a Phase or Line wire touches the Neutral wire without a load

M
between them. In that case, the fuse will blow or the circuit breaker will trip. In
absence of proper protection, the short circuit may damage the appliance or
L
cause a very serious injury.
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Series Circuit
In this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage or Current sources, inductors,

capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in series i.e. There is only one path for

traveling electricity e.g. these are single branch circuits.

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H

Parallel Circuit
TE

In this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage and Current sources, inductors,
L

capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in parallel i.e. There are many paths for
CA

traveling electricity and the minimum branches in this circuit are two.
I
TR
EC
EL
 L
A
U
Radial Circuit

N
A
In the radial circuit the live, neutral, and earth starts from the first device and ends at

M
the last device. The wire terminates at the last point and is not returned back to the

original point. L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
CA

Ring main wiring

I

In ring main wiring method a loop of each wire (Live, Neutral, and Phase) is
TR

made starting from the first outlet to the last outlet and then again back to the
EC

original point. The ring main provides a two-way flow of power from one point to
EL

another. The figure below displays the ring main wiring diagram for electric

power outlets.
 L
AC Circuit

A
U
A circuit containing an AC supply source of voltage is known as AC circuits. The

N
supply sources for example are alternator and synchronous generators.

A
M
DC Circuit
L
A circuit containing a DC supply source of voltage is known as DC circuits. The supply
A
IC

sources for example are batteries and DC generators.

N
C H
TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Switch
A switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit. In
simple words, a Switch can make or break an electrical circuit. Every electrical
and electronics application uses at least one switch to perform ON and OFF
operation of the device.
So, switches are a part of the control system and without it, control operation
cannot be achieved. A switch can perform two functions, namely fully ON (by
closing its contacts) or fully OFF (by opening its contacts).

L
When the contacts of a switch are closed, the switch creates a closed path for

A
the current to flow and hence load consumes the power from source. When the

U
contacts of a switch are open, no power will be consumed by the load as shown

N
in below figure

A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L

Another important function of a Switch is to divert the flow of electric current in a

CA

circuit. Consider the following circuit. When the switch is in position A, lamp 1
turns ON and while it is in position B, lamp 2 turns ON.
I
TR

There are numerous applications of switch, found in a wide variety of fields such
as homes, automobiles, industrial, military, aerospace and so on. In home and
EC

office applications, we use simple rocker switches to turn ON and OFF

EL

appliances like lights, computers, fans etc. In some applications, multi way
switching is employed (like building wiring), where two or more switches are
connected to control an electrical load from more than one location, like a Two
Way Switch, for example.
Characteristics of a Switch
Before proceeding further and looking at different types of switches, let us see
some important points on the characteristics of a Switch.
● The two important characteristics of a switch are its Poles and Throws. A
pole represents a contact and a throw represents a contact-to-contact
connection. Number of poles and throws are used to describe a switch.
(simply put, poles = number of input and throws equals number of output)
● Some standard numbers of poles and throws are Single (1 pole or 1

L
throw) and Double (2 poles or 2 switches).

A
● If the number of poles or throws are greater than 2, then the number is

U
often directly used. For example, a three pole six throw switch is often

N
represented as 3P6T.

A
M
● Another important characteristic of a switch is its action i.e., whether it is
a Momentary or Latched action. Momentary Switches (like push buttons,
L
A
for example) are used to make momentary contact (for a brief time or as
IC

long as the button is pressed).

N

● Latched Switches on the other hand, maintain the contact until it is forced
H

to the other position.

C
TE

Types of Switches
L

Basically, Switches can be of two types. They are:

CA

● Mechanical
● Electronic
I
TR

Mechanical Switches are physical switches, which must be activated physically,

EC

by moving, pressing, releasing, or touching its contacts.

Electronic Switches, on the other hand, do not require any physical contact in
EL

order to control a circuit. These are activated by semiconductor action.

Mechanical Switches
Mechanical switches can be classified into different types based on several
factors such as method of actuation (manual, limit and process switches),
number of contacts (single contact and multi contact switches), number of poles
and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, etc.), operation and construction (push button,
toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), based on state (momentary and locked switches),
etc.

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE

Based on the number of poles and throws, switches are classified into following
types. The pole represents the number of individual power circuits that can be
L
CA

switched. Most of the switches are designed to have one, two or three poles
and are designated as single pole, double pole and triple pole.
I
TR

The number of throws represents the number of states to which current can
pass through the switch. Most of the switches are designed to have either one
EC

or two throws, which are designated as single throw and double throw switches.
EL
 ❖ Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)

● This is the basic ON and OFF switch consisting of one input

contact/common and one output contact.

L
● It switches a single circuit and it can either make (ON) or break (OFF) the

A
load.

U
● The contacts of SPST can be either normally open or normally closed

N
configurations

A
M
❖ Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT) L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L

❖ Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)

CA

● This switch consists of four terminals: two input contacts and two output
I

contacts.
TR

● It behaves like two separate SPST configurations, operating at the same

EC

time.
● It has only one ON position, but it can actuate the two contacts
EL

simultaneously, such that each input contact will be connected to its

corresponding output contact.
● In OFF position both switches are at open state.
● This type of switch is used for controlling two different circuits at a time.
 ● Also, the contacts of this switch may be either normally open or normally
closed configurations.

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC

Image : Operation of a DPST switch, the bulb and the motor will on and off at
N

the same time.

C H
TE

Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)

● This is a dual ON/OFF switch consisting of two ON positions.
L

● It has six terminals, two are input contacts and the remaining four are the
CA

output contacts.
I

● It behaves like a two separate SPDT configuration, operating at the same

TR

time.
EC

● Two input contacts are connected to the one set of output contacts in one
position and in another position, input contacts are connected to the other
EL

set of output contacts.

 L
Other types of switch are:

A
1. Push button Switch 5. Limit Switch

U
2. Joystick Switch 6. Float Switch

N
3. Temperature switch 7. Flow Switch

A
M
4. Toggle switch 8. Pressure Switch
L
A
Electronic Switches
IC

The electronic switches are generally called Solid State switches because there
N

are no physical moving parts and hence no physical contacts. Most of the
H

appliances are controlled by semiconductor switches such as motor drives and

C

HVAC equipment.
TE

There are different types of solid state switches available in today's consumer,
L

industrial and automotive market with different sizes and ratings. Some of these
CA

solid state switches include transistors, SCRs, MOSFETs, TRIACs and IGBTs.
I
TR
EC
EL
Protective Devices
Protective devices are equipment applied to electric power systems to detect
abnormal and intolerable conditions and to initiate appropriate corrective
actions. These devices include lightning arresters, surge protectors, fuses, and
relays with associated circuit breakers

Types of Protective devices

● Circuit Breakers

L
● Fuse

A
● Lighting arrestor

U
N
A
Circuit Breakers

M
In the electrical and electronics world, there are many cases where mishap
L
takes place. It will lead to severe damage to buildings, offices, houses, schools,
A
industries, etc. Trusting voltage and current are not correct, though safety
IC

measures are taken. Once circuit breakers are installed it will control the
N

sudden rise of voltage and current. It will help from any accident. Circuit
H

breakers are like the heart of the electrical system. There are different types of
C

circuit breakers where these are installed according to the rating of the system.
TE

In the house, different kinds of circuit breakers are used and for industries,
L

another type of circuit breaker is used. Let us discuss the different types of
CA

circuit breakers and their importance in detail.

I

An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device that can be operated

TR

automatically or manually for protecting and controlling the electrical power

EC

system. In the modern power system, the design of the circuit breaker has
changed depending upon the huge currents and to prevent from the arc while
EL

operating.
The main objective of a circuit breaker is to safely break open the circuit
1. It should momentarily withstand the fault current
2. It should safely break open the circuit
3. It should quickly extinguish the arc.
 4. Its terminals should withstand the voltage after breaking.
5. It should prevent the arc from re-striking.

Types of Circuit Breakers

● AC circuit breaker
● High voltage circuit breaker
● Low voltage circuit breaker
● Miniature circuit breaker

L
● Molded case circuit breaker

A
● DC circuit breaker

U
● HDVC circuit breaker

N
● Oil circuit breaker

A
M
● Bulk oil circuit breaker
● Minimum oil circuit breaker L
A
● Air circuit breaker
IC

● Air blast circuit breaker

N

● SF6 circuit breaker

H

● Vacuum circuit breaker

C

● Single pole circuit breaker

TE

● Double pole circuit breaker

L
CA

Circuit breakers are used in different applications and the similarities between
all types of circuit breakers is the sole purpose of protection from overloading,
I
TR

temperature, over voltage and short circuit. They are used in industrial circuits
and residential circuits. For the purpose of this manual, we will differentiate
EC

between the types of circuit breakers used in residential circuits (low voltage
EL

applications) .Circuit breakers mostly used in Low voltage applications (120V,

240V, 415V)

Miniature Circuit Breakers:

The Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is frequently utilized in low-voltage
applications such as household lighting and industrial solar panels to protect
installations against overload and short-circuit. It can make or break the
electrical circuit under normal as well as abnormal conditions.

MCCB
On the other hand, MCCB is an abbreviation for Molded Case Circuit Breaker.
The MCCB is a protective device protecting the circuit from overloading.
Additionally, it has a switch that is operated manually for tripping the circuit. The
device features two arrangements, one for the overcurrent and one for the
over-temperature. Moreover, the MCCB consists of bimetallic contact, which

L
A
contracts and expands when the MCCB temperature changes.

U
The contacts enable the current to flow via the circuit during normal operating

N
conditions. However, as the current increases beyond the preset value, their

A
contacts warm and expand until the contacts are open. Consequently, the circuit

M
disconnects from the main supply and secures the equipment from damage.
L
A
IC

Similarity Between MCB and MCCB

Below are some of the features and functionalities that MCB and MCCB have in
N
H

common:
C

● They both provide an element of protection

TE

● The MCB and MCCB sense and protect the power circuit from the short
circuit or overcurrent situation
L
CA

● They are mostly used in low tension or low voltage circuits.

I
TR

Differences Between MCB and MCCB

● The main difference between the MCB and MCCB is their capacity. On
EC

the one hand, MCBs have a rating of under 100 amps with an under
EL

18,000 amps interrupting rating. Moreover, their trip characteristics may

not be adjustable since they cater to low circuits primarily.
● On the other hand, the MCCB provides amps as low as 10 and as high as
2,500, depending on necessity. They have an interrupting rate ranging
from 10,000 to 200,000 amps. Moreover, the MCCB features an
adjustable trip element for the more advanced models.
Other differences between the MCB and MCCB include;
● The MCBs tripping circuit is fixed and is movable in the MCCB.
● MCBs have less than 100 amps, while MCCBs have as high as 2,500
amps
● In MCB, the remote on/off is impossible, while in MCCB, it is possible by
the use of shunt wire
● The MCB is largely used in low circuit current, while MCCB is used for the
heavy current circuit
● The MCB is used for low energy requirements (domestic purposes),

L
A
whereas the MCCB is used in high energy requirement regions (large

U
industries).

N
A
RCB, RCD, RCCB or RCBO

M
RCCB
L
A
IC

RCCB stands for Residual Current Circuit Breaker. RCCB is also known as
RCB or RCD. RCD stands for Residual Current Device, while RCB stands for
N
H

Residual Current Breaker. RCCB is an electrical wiring device that disconnects

C

the circuit as soon as it detects a current leak to the earth wire. It also protects
TE

against electric electrocution or shock caused by direct contact.

RCBO and RCCBs, are residual current protection devices. This protection is
L
CA

achieved by monitoring the current flow in the line and neutral. In a healthy
circuit, the current flow via the line equals the return flow in the neutral.
I
TR

However, this return flow may not be equal to the line’s current flow in the event
of any abnormalities. A residual current device will sense such a scenario and
EC

interrupt the circuit.

EL

RCBO
RCBO stands for Residual Current Breaker with Over-Current. The RCBO
combines the functionality of an MCB and RCD/RCCB. When there is a current
leakage, the RCBO trips the entire circuit. Consequently, internal
magnetic/thermal circuit breaker components can trip the electronic device
when the circuit is overloaded.

RCD Vs. RCBO: Similarity

● Both electrical devices are typically found in a fuse box, commonly
referred to as a consumer unit or breaker panel. Similarly, they both help
in the protection of systems.

RCD Vs. RCBO: What is the Difference?

L
A
● RCDs can protect against electric shocks, residual currents, and earth

U
faults. On the other hand, RCBOs can do what RCDs can do and protect

N
a circuit from short circuits and overload. RCBOs are essentially a

A
combination of MCB and RCCB. As such, it can protect overload and

M
short circuits. L
A
IC

Difference Between RCD and MCB

● The MCB doesn’t protect against earth faults. On the other hand, the
N
H

RCD/RCCB secures the electrical circuit against earth fault

C

● The MCB does not entirely protect humans against shock. However, the
TE

RCD protects humans from shock.

● The MCB has single, two, three, and four pole options. On the other
L
CA

hand, the RCD lacks the single-pole options but has the two, three, and
four-pole options.
I
TR

● The MCBs are mostly used in homes and industries, while the RCD is
mostly used in homes.
EC
EL

Tips to note when connecting your Circuit breakers

● Ensure all connecting terminals are well fixed
● If circuit breaker as a clipping end to the comb busbar, make sure there’s
no form of slacking in your connection
 ● Check the manual switch if it’s tripping properly else if stiff or not
switching properly, check for any external obstruction or replace circuit
breaker
● Use appropriate rating of circuit breakers for each receptacle, outlet or
appliance.
● If there’s a short circuit, do not return the circuit breaker to the ON
position immediately, wait for 30 seconds and if the cause of faults can be
cleared immediately, clear faults before tripping ON.

L
A
How To Install A Circuit Breaker

U
● Turn off the power supply to the electrical panel(Distribution box/board)

N
● Locate the Service Disconnect or Main circuit breaker in the panel and

A
M
set it to the "Off" Look for other panel(s) as needed until you find this
main circuit breaker. L
A
NB: Turn off all computers in your home before switching off/on the power, as
IC

they may be damaged by suddenly losing power.

N

● Inspect the circuit breaker arrangement for unused locations.

H

● Look for a blank area on the distribution box that could accommodate a
C

circuit breaker, paying particular attention to unused spaces at the top

TE

and bottom of the cover.

L

● Remove the electrical panel (Distribution board) cover

CA

● Use a screwdriver to remove 3 of the screws supporting the cover. Then,

use 1 arm to hold the panel cover in place as you unscrew the last screw.
I
TR

Finally, pull the cover away from the panel.

● Be sure to hold the panel cover tightly in place as you remove the screws;
EC

if the cover slips and falls, it could damage the breaker handles.
EL

● If you’re unable to hold the panel cover in place with 1 hand, ask a friend
to help you. (note: test the cover of the distribution board to avoid
electrical shock) and after removing the panel or cover, test if there’s
electric supply in the circuit, it’s safest if the circuit is dead i.e no supply.
● Find an unused space next to or between existing circuit breakers.
 ● The new circuit breaker you install will need to be placed next to a circuit
breaker already in place. Carefully compare this location to the cover that
was removed earlier to make sure it aligns with an unused location on the
cover.
● It’s very important that the cover of the distribution board has provisions
for exposing the new circuit breaker by removal of the knockout plate( a
seal on the distribution box cover). If there’s no plate to be removed, the
circuit breaker will have to be located in a different place on the panel.
● Connect your wires and align the circuit breaker with the bars in the

L
A
distribution box.

U
● Now, connect the wires from the load into the circuit breaker usually

N
located at the end of the circuit breaker, after connecting, tilt the circuit

A
breaker so that the hold-on clip on the bottom of the breaker is attached

M
to the plastic/insulated metallic “grab” bar in the box. Once attached, pivot
L
the circuit breaker on the mechanical contact and roll towards the center
A
IC

of the box, making sure the bus bar of the distribution box is still aligned
with the slot or opening on the circuit breaker case. (You may have to
N
H

apply pressure to the breaker for it to become attached to the plastic bar.)
C

● Turn on the main breaker and test your new circuit breaker.
TE

● Standing to the side of the panel, restore power to the panel by setting
the Service Disconnect or Main to "On" and then set the new circuit
L
CA

breaker to "On". Check for correct operation of the new circuit (light,
outlet, etc.) with a test light or meter.
I
TR

● Clear any short circuit before attempting a reset if the circuit breaker
instantly trips.
EC

NB: (SEE PG—FOR PARTS OF A DISTRIBUTION BOX OR ELECTRICAL

EL

PANEL)

How to Calculate the Circuit Breaker Size

A proper size of circuit breaker is must for all electrical circuits i.e. residential
wiring and industrial or commercial installation to prevent the electrocution,
hazardous fire and protection of the connected electrical equipment and
appliances. For maximum safety and reliable operation of the electrical
machines, it is recommended to use the correct and suitable size of circuit
breaker according to the circuit’s current flowing through it.

In case of other (over or lower) size instead of the correct sized circuit breaker,
the circuit, cables and wire, even the connected device may heat up or in case
of short circuit, it may start to smoke and burn. That’s why a correct size circuit
breaker is needed for smooth operation.

L
A
Circuit Breaker Size Calculation for Single Phase Supply

U
N
To determine the appropriate size of circuit breaker for single phase supply, it

A
depends on multiple factors like type of load, cable material and environment

M
temperature etc.
L
The general rule of thumb is that circuit breaker size should be 125% of the
A
ampacity of cable and wire or the circuit which has to be protected by the CB.
IC

Let see the following solved examples:

N
H

Example1
C
TE

Suppose, a 2mm2 gauge wire is used for a 20 amperes lighting circuit having
240V single phase supply. What is the best size of circuit breaker for that 20 A
L

circuit?
CA

Solution:
I

Circuit Current: 20A Circuit Breaker Size: ?

TR

NOTE; CB size should be 125% of the circuit current.

EC

= 125% x 20A
= 1.25 x 20A
EL

Circuit Breaker Size = 25A

Example 2
What is the appropriate size of circuit breaker for 2000W, single phase 240V
Supply?
Solution:
● Load: 2000W
● Voltage: 240V (Single Phase)
Circuit Current:
According to the ohm’s law,
● I=P/V
● I = 2000W / 240V
● I = 8.33 A.
Circuit Breaker Size:

L
A
Simply, Multiply 1.2 or 1.25 (from 125%) to the load current.

U
1.2 x 8.33 A

N
Circuit Breaker Size = 10 A

A
M
Circuit Breaker Size Calculation for Three Phase Supply
L
A
IC

To find the breaker size for three phase supply voltage, we must know the exact
kind of load as there are many factors affecting the load current. In other words,
N
H

the same rule won’t apply to the different types of loads i.e. light, motor,
C

inductive or capacitive load as the motor takes initially very high current during
TE

the starting process as well as power factor involvement. For residential use, we
may follow the same formula as above for single phase with taking the √3
L
CA

(1.732) due to the three phase power formula.

Good to know: For the same load, the breaker size in three phase is less than
I
TR

the breaker size used in single phase AC circuits.

Let's find the correct size of circuit breaker for three phase circuits as follows.
EC
EL

Example 1:
Which size circuit breaker is needed for 6.5kW, three phase 415V load?
Solution:
Power in Three Phase: P = V x I x √3
Power = 6.5kW = (6.5 x 1000)W
Current: P / V x √3
 ● I = 6500 / (415V x 1.732) … (√3 = 1.732)
● I = 6500 / 718.78
● I = 9.04A
The recommended size of circuit breaker is
1.25 x 9.04A = 9.77A
The next closest standard of circuit breaker is 11A.

Fuse

L
A fuse is a one shot electric / electronic or mechanical device, which is used to

A
protect circuits from over current, overload and ensure the protection of the

U
circuit.

N
A
M
Characteristics of a Fuse
There is another fuse which Is called a slow burn fuse, switch fuses do not
L
A
respond rapidly to the over current event, but blow after several seconds of over
IC

current occurrence. Such fuses found their application in motor control

N

electronics systems because motors take a lot more current at starting than
H

running.
C
TE

Fuses can be categorized on the following characteristics.

L

1. Current Rating & Current Carrying Capacity of Fuse: Current carrying

CA

capacity is the amount of current which a fuse can easily conduct without
interrupting the circuit.
I
TR

2. Voltage Rating of Fuse: Except the current capacity of fuse, there is the
maximum voltage rating a fuse can handle safely. Each fuse has
EC

maximum allowed voltage rating, for example, if a fuse is designed for 32

EL

volts it cannot be used with 220 volts, different amounts of isolation is

required in different fuses working on different voltage levels. Based on
voltage rating, a fuse can be HV (High Voltage) LV (Low Voltage), and
Miniature Fuses.
 3. Breaking Capacity of a Fuse: value of maximum current that can safely
be interrupted by the Fuse is called Breaking Capacity and should be
higher than the prospective short circuit current.
4. Response Characteristic: The speed at which the fuse blows, depends on
the amount of current flowing through its wire. The higher the current
flowing through the wire, faster will be the response time.
Response characteristic shows the response time for an overcurrent
event. Fuses which respond rapidly to the over current situation are
called ultra fast fuses or Fast fuses. They are used in Many

L
A
semiconductor devices because semiconductor devices are damaged by

U
overcurrent very rapidly.

N
A
Fuses can be classified as

M
1. One Time Only Fuse L
2. Resettable Fuse
A
IC

3. Current limiting and non – current limiting fuses

One time use fuses contain a metallic wire, which burns out, when an over
N
H

current, overload or mismatched load connect event occurs, the user has to
C

manually replace these fuses, switch fuses are cheap and widely used in almost
TE

all the electronics and electrical systems.

On the other hand, the Resettable fuse automatically reset after the operation
L
CA

when fault occurs at the system.

In the Current limiting fuse, they produce high resistance for a very short period
I
TR

while the non – current limiting fuse produces an arc in case of high current flow
to interrupt and limit the current in related and connected circuits.
EC
EL

Types of Fuses
There are different types of fuses available in the market and they can be
categorized on the basis of Different aspects. ( Fuses are used in AC as well as
DC circuits.)
Rewirable Fuses
The most famous kit-kat fuse (also known as rewireable fuse) mostly used in
industries and home electrical wiring for small current applications in Low
Voltage (LV) systems.
Rewireable fuse contains 2 basic parts. The inner fuse element as fuse carrier
made of tinned copper, Aluminum, Lead etc and the base made of porcelain
having the IN and OUT terminals which is used to be in series with the circuit to
protect.

L
The main advantage of a rewireable fuse is that It can be rewired easily in case

A
it is blown due to short circuit or over current which melts the fuse elements.

U
Simple, put another wire of fuse elements with the same rating as before.

N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE

Cartridge Fuses
L

Cartridge fuses are used to protect electrical appliances such as motors,

CA

air-conditions, refrigerator, pumps etc, where high voltage rating and currents
are required. They are available up to 600A and 600V AC and widely used in
I
TR

industries, commercial as well as home distribution panels.

There are two types of Cartridge fuses. General purpose fuse with no time
EC

delay and Heavy-duty cartridge fuses with time delay. Both are available in
EL

250V AC to 600V AC and its rating can be found on the end cap or knife blade.
Resettable Fuses
Resettable fuse is a device, which can be used multiple times without replacing
it. They open the circuit, when an over current event occurs and after some
specific time they connect the circuit again. Polymeric positive temperature
coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known as a resettable fuse, poly-switch or
poly-fuse) is a passive electronic component used to protect against short
current faults in electronic circuits.
Application of resettable fuses is overcome where manually replacing fuses is

L
difficult or almost impossible, e.g. fuse in the nuclear system or in an aerospace

A
system.

U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H

HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) Fuse or Link Type Cartridge Fuse

TE

This type of fuse contains a fuse wire in it, which carries the short circuit current safely
for a given time period. During this period, if the fault is removed, then it does not blow
L

off otherwise it will melt and remove the circuit from electrical supply hence, the circuit
CA

remains safe.
I

The common material, which is used to make an HRC fuse is glass, but this is not
TR

always the case. Other chemical compounds are also used in HRC fuse
EC

manufacturing and construction based on different factors. Its external enclosure is

made fully airtight in order to avoid the effect of atmosphere on the fuse materials. The
EL

major objection on HRC fuse is low and uncertain breaking capacity of semi-enclosed
fuse.
Advantages of HRC Fuse:

● It clears high as well as low fault currents.

● Do not deteriorate with age.
 ● Having high-speed operation.
● Provides reliable discrimination.
● Require no maintenance.
● Cheaper than other circuit interrupting devices with the same rating.
● Permit consistent performance
● Fusing operation is fast without Noise and Smoke

Disadvantages of H.R.C Fuse:

L
● After each operation, they have to be replaced.

A
U
● Heat being produced by the arc may affect the associated switches.

N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL

HRC FUSE
Basic Electrical Wiring
In previous chapters of this manual we highlighted important parts of electrical
installation and the devices used to keep our installation secured. In this
chapter, we will be discussing more on electrical wiring and how to carry out
some installations.
(If you’re not trained certified personnel, kindly seek guidance from a trained
personnel, don’t forget Electricity kills)

L
Electrical Wiring/Installation

A
Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related

U
N
devices such as fuse, switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main distribution

A
board is a specific structure to the utility pole for continuous power supply.

M
Types of Electrical Installation Systems L
A
The basic types of installation and famously used are the
IC

1. Surface installation/wiring (Batten wiring)

N

2. Conduit installation/wiring
H

But the wiring systems are not only limited to the above, others include:
C
TE

● Cleat wiring
● Wooden casing and capping wiring (Popularly called: Trunking)
L
CA

Surface wiring (Batten wiring):

I

Single core or dual core or three core cables with a circular oval shape are used
TR

in this kind of wiring. (Popularly called 3029 wires in Nigeria and TRS, CTS
EC

cables in other countries). As the name implies this type of installation will keep
all installed materials such as wires, receptacles, outlets, appliances on the
EL

surface of wall, floor or ceiling, unlike conduit where all wires are buried or kept
inside the wall.
Advantages of Surface/Batten Wiring
1. Wiring installation is simple and easy
2. Cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems
 3. Paraphrase is good and beautiful
4. Repairing is easy
5. Strong and long-lasting
6. Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
7. Less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system

Disadvantages of Batten Wiring

1. Can’t be installed in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and outdoor
areas.

L
A
2. High risk of firs

U
3. Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects (because, the

N
wires are openly visible to heat, dust, steam and smoke.

A
4. Heavy wires can’t be used in a batten wiring system.

M
5. Only suitable below 250V. L
6. Need more cables and wires.
A
IC

Conduit Wiring
N
H

There are three additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe installation
C

(Conduits in this context means pipes such as PVC, HDPE pipes)

TE

1. Surface Conduit Wiring

L

2. Concealed/ Full Conduit Wiring

CA

3. Half conduit wiring

I
TR

Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits(pipes) installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring.
EC

In this wiring method, they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances
EL

and conduit is installed then with the help of clips or plugs. In other words, this
type of installation involves installing the conduits (PVC PIPES OR HDPE OR
PIPES) on the surface of the wall without burying them inside the wall.
Concealed/Full Conduit wiring
If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is
called concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system
inside the wall, roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping is called
concealed conduit wiring. Obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger
and common electrical wiring system nowadays

Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

1. It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wiring)

L
A
2. Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)

U
3. No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic pipes.

N
4. Customization can be easily done according to the future needs.

A
5. Repairing and maintenance is easy.

M
6. There is no risk of damage to the cable's insulation.
L
7. It is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.
A
IC

8. It can be used even in humidity , chemical effects and smoky areas.

9. No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of
N
H

metallic pipes).
C

10. It is a reliable and popular wiring system.

TE

11.Sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.

L
CA

Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

1. It is an expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes,
I
TR

Additional earthing for metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.

2. Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
EC

3. Installation is not easy and simple.

EL

4. Risk of electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper earthing &
grounding system)
5. Very complicated to manage additional connections in the future.
Electrical Wiring Colour Codes

There are various colour coding methods in electrical installation and the
importance of colour coding is to ensure uniformity in the installation, avoid the
dangers of connecting cables of different characteristics together which could
lead to short circuit faults in the circuit.
We will review different colour codes of some countries below

● Nigeria

L
● On single phase (240V AC)

A
1. Red – Live wire (Hot wire)

U
2. Black – Neutral

N
3. Green/Yellow – Ground /Earth

A
M
On three phase (415V AC)
4. Red – Live wire (first phase) L
A
5. Yellow – live wire (second phase)
IC

6. Blue – Live wire (Third phase)

N

7. Black – Neutral
H

8. Green – Earth
C
TE

● USA
L

● Single Phase Wiring Color Codes

CA

1. Single Phase 120V AC:

2. BLACK = Phase , Hot or Line “L“
I
TR

3. WHITE = Neutral “N”

4. GREEN, BARE or GREEN / YELLOW = Ground Conductor (Protective
EC

Ground) “PG“
EL

● Three Phase Wiring Color Codes

1. BLUE = Phase 1 , Hot 1 or Line 1 “L1”
2. ORANGE = Phase 2 , Hot 2 or Line 2 “L2” (Orange color used for ⦁ High
Leg or Power Leg Delta)
3. BLACK = Phase 3 , Hot 3 or Line 3 “L3”
 4. WHITE = Neutral “N”
5. GREEN, BARE or GREEN /YELLOW = Ground “PG”

Basic Electrical wiring Diagrams

In this section, we will be discussing with diagrams how to carry out some
connections in electrical wiring.

Simple Lighting Circuits

L
Under this practical, we will be showing how to connect and control a bulb from

A
a lighting source using a single pole single throw switch (SPST) and a SPDT

U
switch.

N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
CA

Requirements:
I
TR

1. Single Way Switch (SPST = Single Pole Single Throw) x 1 (1gang)

2. Lampholder (will be needed depending on bulb design)
EC

3. Lamp (Light Bulb) x 1

EL

4. Short pieces of cables

Procedure:
1. This is just like a series circuit i.e. all the components are connected in
series.
2. Start by connecting the neutral wire to the bulb through the lamp holder
and link to the direct source.
 3. Connect the selected live wires from the bulb (lamp holder) to the switch
(usually L1 or L2 terminal for SPDT switch)
4. From the switch connect another wire from the Common(COM) or
Contact terminal to the source
5. Now inspect your circuit if the live wire and neutral wire are not in direct
contact
6. After inspection, test circuit, flip switch to either position, the bulb should
either be on or off. See diagram below for connection.

L
A
How to Wire Electrical Receptacle or Socket (Outlets)

U
Sockets outlets like 13A, 15A are generally used in residential installation and in

N
this section we will be practicing how sockets/receptacles are connected in an

A
M
electrical circuit
Requirements: L
A
1. One 13A or 15A socket
IC

2. Wires
N

3. Distribution box or supply

H

Procedure:
C

1. Connection starts from the back of the socket, flip the sockets backwards.
TE

2. Identify the terminal present and it should be Life, labelle, L and Neutral
L

Labeled, N, Earth labeled, E

CA

3. The live (Hot) wire colored Red (Nigeria color code) should be connected
to the L terminal, the neutral wire color black should be connected to the
I
TR

N-terminal and the green wire should be connected to the earth or ground
terminal, labeled, E or G
EC

4. The life, Neutral and Ground wires should be terminated or connected to

EL

the supply source which could be a nearby socket outlet or to the

distribution box.
5. Inside the distribution box, the life terminal should go to the circuit breaker
and the neutral to the neutral bar or link and respectively for the earth
6. On the circuit breaker or main switch to test your circuit.
 L
A
Replacing a Faulty Capacitor in a Ceiling Fan

U
N
If you ever face a problem with the ceiling fan such as humming noise, slow

A
speed, not running or fan light kit is working but fan stopped even with proper

M
power supply, one of the most common reason is a bad or blown capacitor
L
instead of faulty internal windings, power supply failure or jam bearings. You
A
may need to check the capacitor if faulty or in good condition.
IC

● First off all, switch off the main circuit breaker in the home distribution
N

board to disconnect the power supply.

H

● Now, remove the faulty capacitor by cutting the exact wires connected
C
TE

to the faulty capacitor.

● Replace a new capacitor by connecting the Red (live) wire (from ceiling
L

fan) to the first terminal of capacitor and connect the blue wire to the
CA

second terminal of capacitor.

I

● Connect the red and blue wire and put a wire nut and electric tap and
TR

insert it in the wire connector as shown in fig below.

EC

● Connect the black (neutral) from the ceiling fan to the second slot of
the wire connector.
EL

● Now connect the live and neutral to the power supply. Switch ON the
main circuit breaker to test the ceiling fan.
 L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC

NOTE: Don’t connect the capacitor on Neutral Wire i.e. only connect the
N

capacitor the red and black (or blue and black which depends on the
H

manufacturer and user manual), otherwise, Instead of anti clockwise direction,

C

the fan will start to rotate in reverse direction i.e backward direction (clockwise).
TE
L

Two-Way Switching Circuits

CA

This is type of switching system where we install two switch to control a single
or multiple point of light to be controlled from two switching location. The
I
TR

materials to be used in this connection are two switches (1gang SPDT), a lamp
EC

or bulb and wires for connection to the source.

EL
 L
A
U
N
A
M
The application of the two way switching systems includes:
L
A
1. Staircase
IC

2. Rooms (Bedside switch and main switch by the door)

N

3. A long lawn or corridor

H

3-way Switching circuits

C

As the name implies, this type of installation involves the use of three switches
TE

to control a single point of light or more points of light depending on your

L

installation. The application of this circuit can be found in the staircase for more
CA

than two floor buildings or long corridors. The idea is to control points of light
from three locations.
I
TR

The materials needed for this installation include wires, One intermediate switch
EC

and two SPDT switches and a lamp.

EL
 L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
H

NOTE: We can connect more switches to control more lighting points. It will
C

only need more intermediate switches.

TE
L

Electrical Wiring for Water Heater

CA

The water heater is widely used in the bathrooms, kitchen, hospitals and special
location in our installation. The electrical personnel is expected to be able to
I
TR

carry out wiring for the water heater.

EC

In this installation, we can make use of the SPDT switch but the switch rating
must be above the operating calculated current rating of the manufacturer . The
EL

switch widely used in this case is usually rated (30A).

From the diagram below, we used a DPST switch to illustrate the installation of
an electric water heater. (Note: the switch should also be earthed if there's an
earth terminal on the switch ).
Things to note:
1. Always use 4mm2 cable size for your water heater
 2. Your switch should be rated above 20A (calculate if needed)
3. Remember to Earth or ground your connections
4. This connection can also be used for Air condition(AC)

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
H

How to Determine Proper Cable & Wire Sizes

C

The following step by step guide will show you how to find the right size of cable
TE

and wire or any other conductor for electrical wiring installation with tables (in
L

both British or English and SI System i.e. Imperial and Metric System
CA

respectively).
Keep in mind that it is very important to select proper wire size while sizing a
I
TR

wire for electrical installations. An inappropriate size of wire for bigger loads
having high current may create chaos which leads to failure of the electrical
EC

equipment, hazardous fire and serious injuries.

EL

Voltage Drop in Cables

We know that all conductors, wires and cables (except superconductors) have
some amount of resistance.
This resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to
the diameter of conductor i.e.
 R ∝ L/a … [Laws of resistance R = ρ (L/a)]
Whenever current flows through a conductor, a voltage drop occurs in that
conductor. Generally, voltage drop may be neglected for small length of
conductors but in case of a lower diameter and long length conductors, we have
to take into account the considerable voltage drops for proper wiring installation
and future load management.
According to IEEE rule B-23, at any point between power supply terminal and
installation, Voltage drop should not increase above 2.5% of the provided
(supply) voltage.

L
A
U
Tables & Charts for Proper Cable & Wire Sizes

N
A
SI SYSTEM or Metric(Decimal) English System (British)

M
system
L
A
IC

Current No of Area (in Current No. of Area (in

Carrying wires/thick mm2) Carrying wires and Inch2)
N
H

capacity ness of Capacity thickness

C

(A) wire (A) of wire

TE

11 1/1.13 1 11 1/.044 0.0015

L
CA

13 1/1.38 1.5 13 3/.029 0.002

I

18 1/1.78 2.5 16 3/.036 0.003

TR

24 7/0.85 4 21 7/.029 0.0045

EC

31 7/1.04 6 28 7/.036 0.007

EL

42 7/1.35 10 34 7/.044 0.01

56 7/1.70 16 43 7/.052 0.0145

73 7/2.14 25 56 7/.064 0.0145

Current No of Area (in Current No. of Area (in
Carrying wires/thick mm2) Carrying wires and Inch2)
capacity ness of Capacity thickness
(A) wire (A) of wire

90 19/1.53 35 66 19/.044 0.0225

145 19/1.78 50 77 19/0.052 0.03

185 19/2.14 70 105 19/.064 0.06

L
A
230 19/2.52 95 180 19/0.83 0.1

U
N
Table 1 Current Rating of copper cables at 86oF or 30oC

A
M
SI System or Metric (decimal) system
L
English (UK) system
A
IC
N

Current No. of Area in Current No. of Area (in

H

Carrrying wires and mm2 Carrying wires and inch2)

C

capacity thickness capacity(A) thickness

TE

(A) of wire of wire

L
CA

3 16/0.20 0.5 3 14/0.0076 0.0006

6 24/0.20 0.75 6 23/0.0076 0.001

I
TR

10 32/0.20 1 13 40/0.0076 0.00017

EC

15 48/0.20 1.25 18 70/0.0076 0.003

EL

18 48/0.20 1.5 24 110/0.0076 0.004

20 80/0.20 2.5 31 162/0.0076 0.007

Table 2 Current rating of flexible Copper cables at 86oF or 30oC

The Consumer Unit(Distribution Board/Panel)
The distribution board is widely called the ‘Consumer unit”. The electricity that
powers your home has one source, the consumer unit (otherwise known as the
fuse box), and it controls and distributes the power in your home through
different circuits.
The consumer unit is responsible for powering all the circuits in your home and
is made up from various parts, such as: mains switch, residual current devices
(RCD’s), and circuit breakers. You should always know where your consumer

L
unit is located, in case of emergency and you need to turn it off or on.

A
U
In the 17th Wiring Regulations, it was introduced that all new electrical

N
installations and designs must have a metal clad consumer unit or metal clad

A
M
casing. This is to prevent connections overheating and should a fire start, then it
would be contained within the metal clad consumer unit or the metal clad
L
A
cabinet.
IC

Plastic consumer units are still commonly found in homes across the UK, as it is
N

not illegal to have one, they are just not considered as safe as metal clad. The
H

IEEE recommends an inspection by a competent electrical person to be carried

C

out on the installation of the consumer unit and all associated switchgear, to
TE

ensure that they are safe and do not pose a fire risk. Within that inspection the
L

age, condition and positioning of the consumer unit would also be taken into
CA

consideration.
Plastic consumer units under wooden stairs are seen as a higher fire risk, as
I
TR

they can potentially obstruct the only fire exit in the home, can have a lack of
ventilation for fire to escape and any possible nearby flammable objects.
EC
EL

Components In The Consumer Unit

1. Main Switch
As the name suggests this is the master switch for the consumer and all
devices housed within it. The main switch controls the electrical supply in your
home, and allows you to turn it off and on. Everything within your consumer unit
is controlled by the main switch (your RCDs and circuit breakers).
 2. RCD
Residual current devices (RCDs) are life saving devices that turn off the power
immediately upon finding a fault. This is to prevent you from touching something
live and getting a fatal electric shock. They are constantly running and
monitoring the flow of electricity in your home.
You can also get portable RCD’s which plug into a normal socket, and then you
plug your device into the RCD. You can also get socket outlet RCDs which
replace your normal socket, and has a built in RCD, providing protection for

L
A
those using the appliance plugged in.

U
N
3. Circuit breakers

A
On average, each house has 6 circuits, each controlled by a circuit breaker

M
within your consumer unit. Like RCD’s, circuit breakers will also trip and turn off
L
immediately when they detect an overcurrent fault, this is also to protect you
A
IC

from any risk of shock.

For example, if you have a 6 amp circuit breaker and it detects 8 amps of
N
H

continued current, it will trip and stop the flow as it has detected an overcurrent
C

fault.
TE

When circuit breakers trip, you can try to turn it back on, but it should be
advised that you seek the advice of a registered electrician first to find out
L
CA

where the fault lies. Circuit breakers trip for a reason and you should always
investigate further.
I
TR

Circuit breakers work by either a thermal method with an overload function, for
example 8 amps flowing through a 6 amp breaker, or by a magnetic principle,
EC

where you will get a short circuit when the magnetic element kicks in and then
EL

disconnects the circuit breaker rapidly.

4. Neutral Bar
The common connection point for the neutral cables from the earth leakage
protection devices (RCDs & RCBOs).
 5. Earth Bar
The common connection point for all circuits' earth cables. All circuit protective
conductors (CPCs) will connect on the earth bar along with earth bonding
connections.

6. Din Rail
The metal bar onto which all the devices are mounted. This sits on the inside
back of the consumer unit, facing outwards. It does not carry any electrical
current.

L
A
U
N
A
M
7. Blanks
L
A
Blanks are pieces of plastic which clip to the din rail in just the same way as the
IC

MCBs, RCDs and RCBOs and allow for future changes and additions to the
N

circuit design. Imagine the home owner adds a circuit of outdoor lighting for
H

example - the consumer unit and busbar are ready to accept the MCB which
C
TE

would protect this circuit without any reconfiguration of the consumer unit.
L

8. Busbar
CA

A copper 'comb toothed' bar which electrically connects the 'circuit devices' to
I

the 'isolation devices'

TR

You probably won’t ever see the bus bar, as only those who are working on the
EC

consumer unit, like a registered electrician, will see it. It is a long strip of copper,
which has big teeth on it to lock the circuit breakers, mains switch and RCDs
EL

into place securely.

 L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
How To Install The Distribution board(Consumer Unit)
IC
N

● First, Find a location to install the distribution board. They are usually
C H

located in low-traffic areas of the home, such as a basement, garage, or

TE

utility closet. If you live in an apartment, your circuit breaker may be in a

more central location, such as a hallway or laundry area. (Note; Locate
L

your consumer unit in an easily accessible location)

CA

● Position the metallic casing on the wall and ensure its balance by using
I

correct measuring tools and torpedo level.

TR

● After placing the panel on the wall or in the wall, bring all wires from all
EC

sub-circuits into the board.

EL

● Begin configuration with the earth wires(usually green) connect all earth
wires into the earth terminal
● After configuring the earth, move to the neutral wire(Black wires). Locate
the neutral terminal and connect all wires to this terminal. (make sure all
connections are properly fixed to avoid short circuit)
 ● In this category, its advised to configure the live (HOT) wire with
precautions which ranges from knowing the thickness of each wires and
its current carrying capacity to suit circuit breaker rating to avoid
distortions.(see circuit breaker page and wires for more)
● Depending on the type of distribution board or consumer unit, you might
need to configure the RCDs or RCCB (See diagram below) but in a
scenario where the RCD isn’t in use, connect the mains(load wire) from
the pole,change over, utility meter or rewirable fuse into the main switch
which automatically transmits the electric current into the circuit.

L
A
● Understand the construction of the consumer unit or distribution board

U
before configuration or seek help from a qualified electrical personnel.

N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
I CA

Safety Precautions
TR

● Disconnect the power supply (and make sure it is really swathed OFF)
EC

before servicing, repairing or installing electrical equipment. To do so,

switch off the main switch in the main consumer unit or distribution
EL

board.
● Never stand or touch wet and metal parts while repairing or installing.
● Read carefully all the cautions and instructions and follow them strictly
while doing this tutorial or any other work in practical related to
electrical works.
 ● Always, use the right size cable and wire, proper size outlets and
switch and suitable size of circuit breakers. You may also use the Wire
and Cable size table to find the right gauge size.
● Never ever try to play with electricity (as it is dangerous and can be
fatal) without proper guidance and care. Do the installation and
repairing work in presence of experienced persons having vast
knowledge and good practice who knows how to deal with electricity.
● Doing your own electrical work is dangerous as well as illegal in some
cases. Contact the licensed electrician or the electric power supply

L
A
provider before practicing any change/modification in electrical wiring

U
connections.

N
● The distribution board should not be installed 2.2 meter above the

A
floor, must be protected from the corrosion and away from watery

M
areas. All the wires should be covered in the panel board (i.e. it should
L
not hang outside the panel). Finally, there must be a safety sign near
A
IC

the distribution board.

● The author will not be liable for any losses, injuries, or damages from
N
H

the display or use of this information or if you try any circuit in wrong
C

format. So please! Be careful because it’s all about electricity and

TE

electricity is too dangerous

L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
Changeover Switch
A changeover switch is designed to transfer a house (or business) electricity from the
commercial power grid to a local generator when an outage occurs. Also known as
“transfer switches,” they connect directly to the generator, commercial power supply or
line, and the house. When the homeowner or business owner experiences a power
outage, he or she can switch over to the generator via a changeover switch.

Although there are dozens of different types of changeover switches, most fall into

L
one of two different categories:

A
U
1. Automatic Changeover

N
A
2. Manual Changeover

M
L
With an automatic changeover switch, the home’s power is automatically switched
A
over during an outage, eliminating the need for manually switching. But with a manual
IC
N

changeover switch, the homeowner must flip a switch to turn the power draw from the
H

commercial grid to the generator.

C
TE

Changeover switches are becoming more and more popular — a trend that will likely
L

continue in the months and years to come.

I CA
TR
EC
EL
Schematic Diagrams of Changeover Switch Installation
We have many types of changeover switches in the market either automatic or
manually designed to operate, they have similar modes of installation which can
be simply explained as switching from one power supply to another.
For the changeover to function in the first place, we need two different power
supplies, which could be either from the Government supply and a Generator. In
the schematic diagram below we will illustrate the way the single phase switch
can be installed and the three phase switch.

L
A
U
N
A
M
L
A
IC
N
C H
TE
L
I CA
TR
EC
EL
EL
EC
TR
I CA
L
TE
CH
N
IC
A
L
M
A
N
U
A
L
 L
A
U
N
A
ALWAYS REMEMBER
M
L
A
IC
N

SAFETY FIRST
CH
TE
L

ELECTRICITY CAN KILL

CAI
TR
EC
EL