Machine Learning
Machine Learning (ML) applications
in Computer Vision (CV)
Introduction to Machine Learning in Computer
Vision
• What is Computer Vision (CV)?
• Computer Vision is a field of AI that enables machines to interpret and make decisions based on
visual data, such as images or videos.
• How Machine Learning is Used in CV:
• Machine learning models allow CV systems to analyze and understand visual data, identifying
objects, patterns, and features.
• ML in CV is used to automatically extract meaningful information from images, process large
datasets, and make predictions.
• Key Areas of ML in CV:
• Object Detection
• Image Classification
• Image Segmentation
• Facial Recognition
• Autonomous Systems (e.g., self-driving cars)
Image Classification Using Machine Learning
• Definition:
• Image Classification involves assigning a label to an image based on its content.
For example, identifying whether an image contains a cat, dog, or tree.
• Popular Algorithms:
• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): CNNs are the backbone of image
classification, designed to automatically detect features like edges, textures, and
objects in images.
• Transfer Learning: Pre-trained models (like ResNet, VGG, and Inception) are used
to fine-tune new classification tasks with minimal data.
• Applications:
• Healthcare: Classifying X-rays or MRI scans to detect diseases.
• Retail: Categorizing products in online shopping platforms.
• Social Media: Tagging and sorting images automatically.
Object Detection and Recognition
• What is Object Detection?
• Object detection is identifying multiple objects in an image and localizing them by
drawing bounding boxes around the detected objects.
• Key Algorithms:
• YOLO (You Only Look Once): A real-time object detection system that divides an image
into a grid and predicts bounding boxes and class probabilities for each section.
• Faster R-CNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks): Combines region
proposals with CNNs for high-accuracy object detection.
• Applications:
• Self-driving cars: Detecting pedestrians, vehicles, traffic signs, and other objects on the
road.
• Surveillance systems: Identifying and tracking people or objects in video footage.
• Retail: Inventory tracking and monitoring via camera feeds.
Image Segmentation and Pixel-Level
Understanding
• What is Image Segmentation?
• Image segmentation involves dividing an image into multiple segments (regions) to make the analysis of
complex images easier, down to the pixel level.
• Segmentation Approaches:
• Semantic Segmentation: Assigns a class label to every pixel in the image. Example: Differentiating
between pixels of the sky, road, and cars.
• Instance Segmentation: Differentiates between different instances of the same object class (e.g.,
individual cars on the road).
• Key Models:
• U-Net: A CNN architecture designed for biomedical image segmentation, useful for precise localization.
• Mask R-CNN: An extension of Faster R-CNN for pixel-wise instance segmentation.
• Applications:
• Medical Imaging: Segmenting tumors or organs in CT and MRI scans.
• Autonomous Vehicles: Identifying and segmenting lanes, pedestrians, and road obstacles.
• Agriculture: Analyzing aerial images of farmland to monitor crop health.
Facial Recognition and Biometric Systems
• What is Facial Recognition?
• A technique that matches faces in images or video frames to a database of known faces.
It involves feature extraction and face matching using ML models.
• Key Techniques:
• DeepFace: A deep learning-based facial recognition system developed by Facebook.
• FaceNet: A system that uses deep convolutional networks to map faces into a Euclidean
space for easy comparison.
• Applications:
• Security and Surveillance: Automated identity verification in public spaces and
restricted areas.
• Smartphones: Facial authentication for unlocking devices.
• Social Media: Automatic tagging of people in photos.
• Ethical Considerations:
• Bias in facial recognition systems, privacy concerns, and the need for responsible use of
biometric data.
