Scribd
Upload
16 views

3rd-Module 084448 1

3rd-Module_084448_1 .......

Uploaded by

cueavery
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

3rd-Module 084448 1

3rd-Module_084448_1 .......

Uploaded by

cueavery
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

BUENAVISTA COMMUNITY COLLEGE

“Caring Your Future”


Cangawa, Buenavista, Bohol
Telefax: (038)5139169/Tel.: 513-9179

GE 10 – Mathematics, Science and Technology


Module No.2

Collection of Data
2.1. Introduction:
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that
enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is common to
all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities,
business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring
accurate and honest collection remains the same.

The importance of ensuring accurate and appropriate data


collection
Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data
(quantitative, qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to
maintaining the integrity of research. Both the selection of appropriate data
collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly
delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors
occurring.
Consequences from improperly collected data include
 inability to answer research questions accurately
 inability to repeat and validate the study
 distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
 misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of
investigation
 compromising decisions for public policy
 causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

While the degree of impact from faulty data collection may vary
by discipline and the nature of investigation, there is the potential to cause
disproportionate harm when these research results are used to support
public policy recommendations.
2.2. Methods of Collecting Data (refer to Methods of Data
Collection.pdf)

The most commonly used methods are: published literature sources,


surveys (email and mail), interviews (telephone, face-to-face or focus group),
observations, documents and records, and experiments.
1. Literature sources
This involves the collection of data from already published text
available in the public domain. Literature sources can include: textbooks,
government or private companies’ reports, newspapers, magazines, online
published papers and articles.
This method of data collection is referred to as secondary data collection. In
comparison to primary data collection, tt is inexpensive and not time
consuming.
2. Surveys
Survey is another method of gathering information for research
purposes. Information are gathered through questionnaire, mostly based on
individual or group experiences regarding a particular phenomenon.
There are several ways by which this information can be collected. Most
notable ways are: web-based questionnaire and paper-based questionnaire
(printed form). The results of this method of data collection are generally
easy to analyse.

3. Interviews
Interview is a qualitative method of data collection whose results are
based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study.
Usually, interviews are used in order to collect in-depth responses from the
professionals being interviewed.
Interview can be structured (formal), semi-structured or unstructured
(informal). In essence, an interview method of data collection can be
conducted through face-to-face meeting with the interviewee(s) or through
telephone.
4. Observations
Observation method of information gathering is used by monitoring
participants in a specific situation or environment at a given time and day.
Basically, researchers observe the behaviour of the surrounding
environments or people that are being studied. This type of study can
be contriolled, natural or participant.
Controlled observation is when the researcher uses a standardised
precedure of observing participants or the environment. Natural observation
is when participants are being observed in their natural conditions.
Participant observation is where the researcher becomes part of the group
being studied.
5. Documents and records
This is the process of examining existing documents and records of an
organisation for tracking changes over a period of time. Records can be
tracked by examining call logs, email logs, databases, minutes of meetings,
staff reports, information logs, etc.
For instance, an organization may want to understand why there are lots of
negative reviews and complains from customer about its products or
services. In this case, the organization will look into records of their products
or services and recorded interaction of employees with customers.
6. Experiments
Experimental research is a research method where the causal
relationship between two variables are being examined. One of the variables
can be manipulated, and the other is measured. These two variables are
classified as dependent and independent variables.
In experimental research, data are mostly collected based on the cause and
effect of the two variables being studied. This type of research are common
among medical researchers, and it uses quantitative research approach.

2.3 Sampling Techniques


Types of Sampling
1. Random sampling is analogous to putting everyone's name into a hat
and drawing out several names. Each element in the population has an equal
chance of occuring. While this is the preferred way of sampling, it is often
difficult to do. It requires that a complete list of every element in the
population be obtained. Computer generated lists are often used with
random sampling.
2. Systematic sampling is easier to do than random sampling. In
systematic sampling, the list of elements is "counted off". That is, every kth
element is taken. This is similar to lining everyone up and numbering off
"1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; etc.". When done numbering, all people numbered 4 would
be used.
3. Convenience sampling is very easy to do, but it's probably the worst
technique to use. In convenience sampling, readily available data is used.
That is, the first people the surveyor runs into.
4. Cluster sampling is accomplished by dividing the population into groups
-- usually geographically. These groups are called clusters or blocks. The
clusters are randomly selected, and each element in the selected clusters
are used.
5. Stratified sampling also divides the population into groups called strata.
However, this time it is by some characteristic, not geographically. For
instance, the population might be separated into males and females. A
sample is taken from each of these strata using either random, systematic,
or convenience sampling.
Example:
Suppose a researcher wants to determine the average income of the
families in a barangay having 3,000 families, distributed in five purok’s.
Computing for the sample size (n) at a 5% margin of error (e):
3,000
n= 2 , approximately equal to 353
1+ 3,000(0.05)

Table: The required Sample Size fron each Purok


Purok Population Percentage nk
1 800 27% 0.27 x 353 =
95
2 400 13% 0.13 x 353 =
46
3 500 17% 0.17 x 353 =
60
4 600 20% 0.20 x 353 =
71
5 700 23% 0.23 x 353 =
81
N 3, 000 100% 353
From the table, it can be seen that 95 families will be chosen from
Purok 1, 46 from Purok 2, 60 from Purok 3, 71 from Purok 4, and 81 from
Purok 5, for a total of 353 families. As to how to select 353 families, random
sampling (lottery method) may be applied.

You might also like