STRUCTURAL STEEL

FRAME

Presented by STRUCTURAL STEEL

Timothy O. IYENDO, MSc., Ph.D.
FRAME
 INTRODUCTION

• Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science

combining the intuitive feeling for the behaviour of a structure
with rational principles of mechanics (statics, solid mechanics,
dynamics, etc.) and structural analysis to produce a safe and
economical structure to serve its intended purposes.

• Steel is one of the most important building materials in the

modern era. It is used solely or in combination with other
materials such as concrete, timber, composites, etc., for a variety
of purposes.
 Steel Framing Characteristics
ADVANTAGES
• Buildability: The use of pre-fabricated and preassembled steel components
reduces site works, reduces material waste and improves quality.
• Speed: This system requires a shorter construction period compared to that for a
conventional system.
• Strong but Lightweight: Steel has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios of
any construction material.
• Safety: Steel’s inherent strength and non-combustible qualities enable light steel
frame houses to resist such devastating events as fires, earthquakes, and
hurricanes.
• Quality: A better quality finished house that is durable and low in maintenance.
• Easy to Remodel: Remodeling can be easily accomplished. Non-load bearing
walls can be readily relocated, removed or altered.
• Design Flexibility: Because of its strength, steel can span longer lengths,
offering larger open spaces and increased design flexibility without requiring
intermediate columns or load bearing walls.
• Recyclable: All steel products are recyclable.
DISADVANTAGES
• High Temperatures (fires) :Loss of strength/deformation
• Steel is an expensive material (much more expensive
than masonry or concrete)
• Frames are unstable
• Needs separate "skin" (walls and floors)
 Benefits of Structural Steel

Some benefits associated with use of structural steel for owners are:
• Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and the ability to
construct in all seasons
• Steel makes larges spans and bay sizes possible, providing more
flexibility for owners.
• Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural changes are
made to a facility over its life
• Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs
• Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable
 Unique Aspects of Steel Structure
Procurement and management of structural steel is similar to other
materials, but there are some unique aspects to steel construction:
• Steel is fabricated off-site (above left)
• On-site erection is a rapid process (above right)
• This gives use of structural steel some scheduling advantages
•Coordination of all parties is essential for achieving potential advantages
Steel is not just for
structures !!!!

Chicago's Millennium Park has the modern art

sculpture officially titled Cloud Gate, although locals
quickly dubbed it -the Bean. Designed by Canadian
Frank Gehry. See also Chicago's Millennium
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING LANGUAGE
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING LANGUAGE
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING LANGUAGE
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING LANGUAGE
HIGH RISE STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS
HIGH RISE STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS
HIGH RISE STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS
HIGH RISE STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS
RIGID CORE
BRACED CORE
BRACED CORE
RIGID FRAME TUBE
BRACED FRAME TUBE
BRACED FRAME TUBE
RIGID FRAME TUBE WITH BELT TRUSSES
RIGID FRAME TUBE WITH BELT TRUSSES
One-way beam system
Two-way beam system
Triple beam system
Structural Steel Sections

• The availability of steel sections in a variety of

dimensional ranges provides the designers
with a wide variety of design options.

• These sections are manufactured in

convenient shapes, sizes and thickness. They
can be readily fabricated, combined and
connected to form unlimited possibility of
designs.
Basic Structural Steel Shapes

Hot Rolled Steel Sections

Cold Rolled Steel Sections
Typical Structural Steelwork Connections

• The AISC (american ınstitute of steel const.)

define three types of steel framing that govern
the sizes of the members of methods for their
connections: moment connection, shear
connection and semi-rigid connections.
Joining Steel Members

Bolt Weld
• Rigid frame-connections are able to hold their orijinal angle under
loading by developing a specified resisting moment, usually by means
of plates welded or bolted to the beam flanges and the supportinf
column.

WELDED CONNECTIONS
WELDED & BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Simple frame-connections are made to resist only shear and free to
rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls diagonal bracing is required
for lateral stability of the structure.

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
 Installation - Bolts
Pic 4

• Drift pins

• Temporary Bolts

• Tighten Bolts
•Column splices
 Framed Connection
Clip angles welded to column, bolted to beam
Bolted Connection
Bolted Column Splice
Moment Connection
• Column connects to base
• Steel slab base on concrete pad foundation
Basic System - Post & Beam (skeleton)
frame) and space frames.
 Steel Decking
• A sheet of steel that has been
corrugated to increase its stiffness

• Span capability primarily based on;

– Thickness (gauge) of the sheet

– Depth & spacing of the corrugations

– Singular or Cellular
There are three major types of steel decking

Form decking: Form

decking serves as
permanent formwork for
a reinforced concrete slab
until the slab can support
itself and its live load.
Composite decking:
compozite decking serves
as tensile reinforcement
for the concrete slab to
which it is bonded with
embossed rib patterns.
Composite decking:
SS Frame w/ Roof Joists
Metal Deck w/ shear studs
Edge angles
Diagonal bracing to be installed
Cellular decking: Cellular
decking is manufactured
by welding a corrugated
sheer to a flat steel sheet,
forming a series of spaces
or raceways for electrical
and communicaitons
wiring; special cutouts
are available for floor
outlets.
FIREPROOFING OF FRAMED STEEL STRUCTURES
Fireproofing of steel framed structures: Building fires are not hot
enough to melt steel, but are able to weaken it sufficiently to cause structural
failure. For this reason, building codes limit the use of exposed steel framing
to one to three stories, where quick escape from fire is possible; in addition
collapse of the building is unlikely to endanger people or other buildings - for
taller buildings it is necessary to protect the steel frame from heat for a length
of time sufficient for the people to be evacuated and the fire to be
extinguished. Fireproofing of steel framing done is different ways - Strength
as a function of temperature
Fire protection of columns:
- Encased in reinforced concrete - Enclosed in metal lath & plaster
- Enclosed in multiple layers of gypsum boards
- Sprayed on fire-proofing - Loose insulating fill inside an enclosure
- Water filled box column
Fire protection of beams:
- Encased in reinforced concrete - Enclosure in metal lath and plaster
- Rigid slab fire proofing - Spray on fire-proofing - Suspended ceiling
Fire Protection of Structural Steelwork
• Sprayed coatings
• Board coatings
• Preformed casings
• Conrete, brick or block casings
Spray-on Fireproofing Mixture
Cementitious fiber & binder mixture
Sprayed to the required thickness
Greater thickness = greater Resistance
• Sprayed coatings

Note the thickness is

greater on the columns
• Sprayed coatings

Note- Composite deck

• Sprayed coatings
• Sprayed coatings
• Board coatings
• Preformed casings
 Opryland
Hotel
Nashville, TN
Arches
• Steel frame system with
contınuous column &cantilevers