10=T,=k> => &=20gm/em "g=T, on ks a Let B be the equilibrium after attaching a weight 980 gm at A. ‘mg = kx: where x = ABHigher Engineering Mathematics 980 20 980=20r = x=AB Som ste non sw pt nao Can wc (2°= oma release, the weight be at P after time ¢, BP=x T AP = 20 (49 + x) = 980 + 20x ax lide ion of motionis m2% ~ 0-7-1 (Resistance crime aft oar ( 980 d?x lL de 20.FS _ og — (980 + 20%)-1 : Fat” 80 ~ (080 + 208) 5S Le = 980 emisec"] ae 2 = 105% + +200 =0 = 10 D'y + Dr + 200x=0 a dt AE. is 10 m’ +m +200=0 <1 i= 8000 _- 14/894 = 20 > cr fe, c08 45 ¢+c, sin 45 4 « 1 6m puting = 0 and x= 7 in (1, we get + On differentiating (1), we get &e F-00056 te, cos 4514c, sin 451] +6 — 4.56, sin 451 +45 6, 608.454] .2) a On puting $= Oand r= 0 in 2), we have 0= -005¢, +45¢; > On substituting the values of ¢, and ¢, in (1), we obtain x= 940,25 c0s 4.54 + 0.0028 sin 4.5 = constant of proportionality) Initial value of damping factor = b ® = b 6 Let damping factor after time 1 be +5; ® Ly coo 17° = ap !28u10 Toei0e (©) Forced Oscillations (without damping) Ian external fore is aplied on the point of support ofthe spring, i oscillates. The motion is called the forced oscillatory motion. Let the extemal force be q 00s 2 Equation of motions mE = mg — ks — ke 4 cos nt (ng = ks) = £=20 log,10 = t= Ans,Applications to Differential Equations 355 nf <-tegsnem a LE : eons ay => (D? + wye= e cos nt Q) AE isn?+42=0 = m=4i_ CR=e, cos nthe, sinwt 60s nt Daw Case (a). If pm, PL=e ‘cos nt Fae Complete solution of (I) is x= cos wr te, sin wrt A008 (Wt-+ 0) + Equation (2) shows that the motion is the resultant of two oscillatory motions, ie, the first due to. c0s (11+ a) gives free oscillation of period 2 and the second due to » cos nt gives. fet iin ind ins thn hte of i lion ive high, then the amplitude of forced oscillations is small, Case (6) If w= etsin nt 2n 008 tbe, sin 6, cos pr +e, sin ute sin wr =p 2n ct weo(ep+Zt)ann Let g =rsingand (e+S4)=reng 2 = x= sing cos w+ cos @ sin ut =rsin (et @) Qn ‘The period of oscillation =Higher Engineering Mathematics anv | o[ inna as ; After long time, the amplitude of the oscillation may be- come abnormally large causing over strain and conse- ‘quently break down the system, But it does not happen as there is always some resistance in the system. Resonance. If the frequency due to external periodic force | becomes equal to the natural frequency of the system, the phenomenon is known as resonance, In designing a machine or structure, occurrence of the resonance 1s arways 10 ve avSiaca so that the system may not break down. While marching over a bridge, the soldiers avoid that their steps may not be in rythm with the natural frequency of the bridge. Resonance may cause the collapse the bridge. (@ Forced Oscillations (with damping) If there is an additional damping force, proportional to velocity, then equation of motion is #x ae 2 mE = mg keke hy #+q.c0sm (mg =k nd nota (mg = ks) & > = ba hy +4 cos m hy Fg cost A A de a 4 > Fy Leosmt v 8 ae mm dtm » Jecos nt in equation (1), we get x Treen aptx-a 7 > x2 Ecos nt — m9 a Maat > Fr B pte =e cos Gat 2h + He =o cos mt ® = (D+ 22. D+ Wye= e cos nt AB is m+ 2im+ m= he CR = Fy EA PL = eT Tee Doe (2 =n)-20D 08 nt Ge =P —492D? 2?) cos nt + 2n isin nt my dwApplications to Differential Equations 387 Put p? cos } and 2n =r sin > reyqe — PY +4 ie = tan £208 (t= 9) _£ cos (m4) ‘Complete solution is x = C.F. + PLL ee Mees ce 4 £ cos (nt 4) @) CF in (3) represents free oscillations of the system, which’ die out as t > 20, due to e~ £ cos (nt — $) represents the forced oscillation. Us constant amplitude = © a Fane us Its period = > whichis the same as that of impressed force. As increases, the free oscillations (iven in the C.F) die out while the forced oscillations persist giving the steady state of motion. Example 26. A body executes damped forced vibrations given e the equation Pe pF ype ee SS + 2k + b?x =e" sin ot Solve the equation for both the cases, when ates Solve the equation for both th rh w? = B? = and when w? = b? — (Uttarakhand, If Semester, June 2007) Solution, We have, PE apf oe et sino aaa > (D? + 2kD + b= e™ sin ot (1) Which is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients AE Lis n?+2hm-+bt=0 => m=—2kE WAKE — 40" 5 Ryko? {As the given problem is on vibrations, we must have K? CE = e™ [C cos yb? -k? +C; sin fb? — =e Acos tb? =k? +B} where A and B are arbitrary constants. # sin ot =e"® —— 1 ___ sin oy (=k 42k D-H+P a sinot ifo? sh - 2Higher Engineering Mathematics Je, the complete solution of Wis Case I. If w? = 6? Ae™™ cos {y(b? =k?) t+ sin oo vl DB a ann Case II If ©? = 6? - 1°, the complete solution of (1) is eco (oF ray Eto P=) Ae™ cos (ot +B) ~ ee LL ‘Ans. Example 27. 4 spring of negligible weight which stretches 1 inch under tension of 2 Ib is {fixed at one end and is attached to a weight of w 1b at the other. It is found that resonance ‘occurs when an axial periodic force 2 cos 2¢ Ib acts on the weight. Show that when the free vibrations have died out, the forced vibrations are given by x = ct sin 2t and find values of w and c. (Ctlarakhand, II Semester, June 2007) Solution. When a weight of 2b is tached to A, spring stretches by Lf Suress = k strain 2=Kd = k= 24 bit 2 [Let B be the position of the weight @ attached to 4 then, ‘Stress = & strain 4 O=kxAB = o= MAB = AB=S ft At any time ¢, let the weight qr, be at P where BP = x. 5 ‘Tension at P, T,= kx AP= «(2 +) [AP=4B+BP] | T Its equation of motion is re o dx Boge TTT tet zea [Mass * acceleration = Force] =-0-Uxto+2 0052 (T= 0 +24x) ax = of 24 24ge = 29 008 21 D Gp IRE = 2g cos a) ‘The phenomenon of resonance occurs when the period of free oscillations is equal to the period of forced oscillations, #x oy 2 From (1), BE ye = 2B cos 24 [where He] ae © © The period of free oscillations is found as 2% H 2g and the period of the force { 7£ |cos 2 ris x 2x Fl 2 onputing eve ofniny= 28 weet 4=2E ong m= ps2Applications to Differential Equations 359 (On putting the values of and w in (2), we get 1 © 4x= bcos 2 3) [+ o= = pies G) by @= 6g and w= 2} We know thatthe free oscillations are given bythe C.F. and the forced oscillations are given by PL'Thus, when the free oscillations have died out, the forced oscillations are given by the PI. of (3) 11 cos 21= sin 2 3'2D 2 2 Hence, 12 EXERCISE 16.5 1. A mass of 30 kg is attached to a spring for which & = 750 Newton'm and brought to rest. Find the position of the mass at time ¢ if a force equal to 20 sin 2 is applied to it ‘Ans, x =~ 00013 sin S¢ + 0.032 sin 2 ¢ 2. A body weighing 49 kg is hung ftom a spring. A pull of 10 kg will stetch the spring to S em, The body is pulled down 6 em below the static equilibrium position and then released. Find the displacement of the body from its equilibrium position at time ¢ sevonds, the maximum velocity and the period of oscillation ‘Ans, 0.06 cos 20 ¢ m; 1.2 misee; 0.314 see. 3. A.spring is such that it would streteh 72.mm by a mass of 15 kg. A mass of 30 kg is attached and brought 10 The rs fin ey ol 20 News Fi he ain fe ‘motion of the weight if itis pulled down 140 mm and given an upward velocity 3misec Ans. x= €7!(0.14 os 81 ~ 0.34 sin 89) 4. A body weighing 10 kg is hung from a spring, A pull of 20 kg wt. will stretch the spring to 10 em, The body is pulled down to 20 cm below the static equilibrium position and then released. Find the displacement of the body from its equilibrium position at time # sec, the maximum velocity and the period of oscillation, Ans. x = 0.2 cot 14 4 Max. Vel = 2.8 mee, period of esillation = 0.45 see ‘5. A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a light spring of modulus 2, the other end being fixed and the spring vertical, Prove that the velocity of the particle when it has traversed a distance ‘a’ is fore 16.11 BEAM ‘A bar whose length is much greater than its cross-section and its thickness is called a beam Supported beam. If a beam may just rest on a support like a knife edge is called a supported beam. Fixed beam, Ifone orboth ends ofa beam arefimly fixed then, pg a itis called fixed beam. Cantilever. If one end of a beam is fixed and the other end is loaded, itis called cantilever: Bending of Beam. Let a beam be fixed at one end and the other <_< sna] end is loaded, Then the upper surface is elongated and therefore under tension and the lower surface is shortened so under compression Neutral Surface. In between the lower and upper surface there is © gga ym surface which is neither stretched nor compressed. It is known as a MO neutral surface. /—_——a 2360 Higher Engineering Mathematics Bending Moment. Whenever a beam is loaded it deflects from its original position. If is the bending moment of the forces acting on it, then ue D “" o where = Modulus of elasticity of the beam, Moment of inertia ofthe cross-setion of beam about neutral axis. R= Radius of curvature of the curved beam ay 14(2 al, [ome Thus equation (1) becomes A= Boundary Conditions (® End freely supported. At the freely supported end there ‘will be no deflection and no bending moment. @y = 0, S20 ¥ ee (ii) Fixed end horizontally. Deflection and slope of the beam, 4 =o, & yn oe (it) Perfectly free end. Atthe free end there is no bending ‘moment or shear force #Y 0, P¥ 20 de be Convention of signs The sign of the moment about NN" on the left NIN’ is positive if anticlockwise and negative if clockwise. The downward deflection is positive and length x on nhc paste Spe spose iébvmand. h Example 28. The differential equation satisfied by a beam uniformly loaded (WV kg/metre), with one end fixed and the second end subjected to tensile force P. is given by er Fd py line a 2 Sow hatte lane caver the beam wih conditions WAS o-% ae y (1-cosh me 4 BE » at x =0, is given by 2? where n? == Pre =Applications to Ditforontial Equations 961 Solution. We have, 12% a ay ae ’ 3) 2) Differentiating (2) wort. x, we get Bone & nee + ex 9 ae WE ee) dy Puting x= 0, © =0in @), we get iting: 7 G3), we ge O=ng-ae = Puting x= 0, y= 0in 2), we get O=g +e; + 2n°P Patting the values of , and c, in (2), we get362 Higher Enginesring Mathematics EXERCISE 16.6 1. A beam of length 1 and of uniform cross-section has the differential equation of is elastic curve as @y _w(P eyed ule eal] where J isthe modulus of elasticity, isthe moment of inertia of the cross-section, w i weight per unit length and x is measured fom the centre of span, 2-0. ove tat the equation ofthe elastic curve is 12 (P28 xt), sett 2En\ 8 12)" 3e4Er 2. A horizontal rod of length is fely pinned at each end, Ica a uniform load w kg per nit length ‘and bas a horizontal pull ® Find the central deflection and the maximum bending moment, taking the origin ot one of its emis Ane. = (sont 1) were a? = Fe riley if 3. A light horizontal strut AB is fieely pinned at A and B. It is under the action of equal and opposite Wat 1 compressive forces P at its ends and it carties a load IV at its centre, Then for 0<*<5, 12 spy hieno ae 2 svwy=0atz-0mnt £0010 w Prove tat y= » ( 2 4. A horizontal terod of length 2 with concentrated load 1 at its centre and ends feely hinged saisies ee oon at the detection 8 and bending moment tthe ente (x= 9 ate given by 6 = 2a tan and = Hw B= 16.12 PROJECTILE Example 29. A particle is projected with velocity u making an angle vx with the horizontal Neglecting air resistance, show that the equation of its path is the parabola. 2 2u? cos? a Find the time of flight, the greatest height attained and the range on the horizontal plane. Solution. Ifa particle of mass m is projected from 0 with velocity w in a direction making an angle o: with the horizontal Let horizontal line and vertical line be taken as x-axis and y-axis, Let P¢s») be the position of the particle at time f y ye xtana~ Horizontal component of u = 1 cos c Vertical component of u ‘The force acting on the particle = weight sinApplications to Differential Equations ‘The equations of motion are Horizontal components: m é Vera componens: 2 mg = de Integrating (1), we have Initially & =u c0so, time f = 0, putting in (3), we get cos «= 6, On putting the value of c, in (3), we get a G05 Integrating (4), we have x= (w cosa) f +c, Putting (initial condition) 1 = 0, a= 0, we get c, = 0 (5) becomes, X= (u c0s 0) ee a ore Putting (nial condition ¢ = 0, = sina in), we get wsince= 6, 4 ; (7) becomes a 7 8tt usin Integrating (8), we get =e Fusing tec, Putting (initial condition), ), we obtain 0 = c, (9) becomes, +(wsin.a)e 363 ay 2) @) a) (3) 6) a 8) 9) (ao) Equation (6) and (10) give the position of the particle at any time ¢. The equation of the path described by the particle is obtained by eliminating ¢, between the equations (6) and (10), From (6), aa Substituting this value of ¢ in (10), we get y= (usin a) — which is the equation of the projectile, the path is parabola, ‘Time of flight, At the point 4, y= 0Higher Engineering Mathematics On putting y ~ 0 in (10), we get gt 2usinee ~susinay = St usin : Greatest Height At the highest poin, the vertical component becomes 2er0, i. Putting ® =o in(8), we get 0=—grtusina > ¢="5R% dt g For the highest point, we substitute the value of ¢ in (10), we get 8 (Hse) in of USD) W sin? a (8 (em ere cier any > tt htt over tng ae ee eee Pe er ‘Maximum range = “if sin 2a. = ‘Ans. ; ae eee ee a@x dy lta ae + a E (1) @y de wt ante dt dt a @) ae ee Se ee ene ee neon Maio nd aig (0), wt PE mt OP ope ee dt’ de dt dt @ d(_y = Leap maet( Les) e Graver G(-fer)pet ® Let us choose & such that x + ky Putting x + ky= w in (3), we have &u = DPu = wk DuApplications to Ditforontial Equations 965 Lek ek pL= —1_ —_<¢ Di —wkD mm D?—wkD (eet ore oo m 2D—wk h O-wk mm ‘The complete solution is =o tee A ore thyae te, eM (a) Putting the value of & ie. i, ~i in (4), we get xtiysqtee-& 8 y= a+ a 6) rope teem 6) Differentiating (5) and (6), we get o 8) Initial conditions Putting these values in (5), (6), (7) and (8), we get ~iwe, = ar] ‘On substituting the values of ¢,,c,,¢, and e, in (5) and (6), we get cep Eee gill © EE mw _,E xy Fi ao) ‘On adding (9) and (10), we get DEE iet 4 grin eee) FF cost Tw Tow x z (1 =c0s ws) Subtracting (10) from (9), we obtain 2k oh Btl£ Et ho wh h Ht) E Sys 5 (wr sin we) Ans,Higher Enginesring Mathematics Example 31. Assuming that a spherical rain drop evaporates at rate proportional to its surface ‘area and if ts radius originally is 3 mm and one hour later has been reduced to 2 mm, find an expression for the radius of the rain drop at any time. Solution, Evaporation surface area va : i / LZ v fe a © Lae a oes 2) Putin the value of from (1) in 2), we have ar sar ar ana 2SGas =o lite Putting ¢ = 0, r = 3 in (3), we get 3= (3) becomes +3 a) Putting ¢= 1 and r= 2 in (4), we get2=k+3 => k (&) becomes ~143 Ans. EXERCISE 16.7 . The current i, andi, in mesh are given by the differential equations 4 wig = ac0s pt, 22 +i, xasin Gp win = 00s pt, + wi, asin pr atr=0, Find the currents é and 4 i Pew . A partite moving in a plane is subjected to a fre directed towards fixed point O and proportional to the distance of the putile fiom O. Show that the differential equations of motion are of the foxm A a we opts, TY @ a ae a =0and © a] y. Find the cartesian equation of the path of the particle if x = 1, y = when # = 0 Ans 42 +B =4 A projectile of mass m sired into the air wit ital velocity vat an ange @ with the ground. Neglecting all forces except gravity and the resistance of si, the assumed proportional to velocity. Find the postion ofthe projectile at time ¢ 1 pcos yet), y= 2 {84 sino eH) — sePtegcoea-e), ye E{Esvysnod-e# ath L.A purticle of unit mass is projected with velocity w at an inclination a above the horizon in a medium ‘whose resistance is & times the velocity: Show that its direction will again make an angle «with the horizon after ee tine "og f+ sina repro} An inclined plane makes angle c with the horizontal. A projectile is launched from the bottom of the inclined plane with speed v in & direction making an angle fi with the horizontal. Set up the differential ‘equations and find (@ the range on the incline (i) the maximum range up the incline. 2u? sin (a—B)eos =f Gu? gQ+sin B) geos?B Ans. (0