GROUP IA 1 VALENCE electron

ALKALI METALS +1 oxidation state

Basic hydroxides
PREPARED BY: GISELLE TAPAY NACORDA-REFORMINA,RPH
DISCUSSED AND EDITED BY: GEORCHELLE FAITH DARCEY, RPh
 Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K)

Rubidium ( Rb) Cesium (Cs) Francium (Fr)

 HYDROGEN (H)
At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the
formula H 2. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting
roughly 75% of all normal matter.

“Inflammable Air” Messerschmitt process for the

“Lightest Element” production of hydrogen
ISOTOPES

PROTIUM- most common and What are Isotopes?

stable isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of
DEUTERIUM-heavy isotopes
neutrons are called isotopes. They share almost the same
(D2O Deuterium chemical properties, but differ in mass and therefore in physical
oxide/”heavy water” is used properties.
as solvent in NMR (Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance)
Spectroscopy
TRITIUM-radioactive isotope
Tritium has been produced in
large quantities by the nuclear
military program. It is also used
to make luminous dials and as a
source of light for sarety signs.
Tritium is used as a tracer for
biochemical research, animal
metabolism studies and ground
water transport measurements.
Industrial Uses: WATER (H2O)
✔ HABER process-
production of
ammonia
• Omnipresent; universal solvent
✔ HYDROGENATION • Maximum density at 4 deg C and
OF OILS-principle chemically stable compound
for production of • Readily act as ligand, acid or
margarine base, or an oxidizing or reducing
✔ INFLATING agent
BALLOONS- not • Room temperature: 25 deg C
used anymore
(0.994 density)
 TYPE OF WATER
1. Water of crystallization-water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution
2. Water of Hydration- water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt in solution or crystal
*common in solid solvent ex. CuSO4 • 5H20 blue gray
3. Zeolytic water-physically held water
4. Lattice water- water coordinated in a cationic complex or held in definite lattice structure of the
crystals
5. Natural or Mineral waters- contain dissolved minerals or materials indigenous to the region, varying
amounts of suspended matter, dissolved atmospheric gases and metabolic decomposition products.
6. Alkaline Waters- Na2So4 and MgSo4 with NaHCO3 (makes it alkaline)
7. Carbonated Waters- charged while in the earth with CO2
8.Chalybeate waters- contains Fe in solution or suspension (brownish with ferrogenous taste)
9. Lithia Waters- do not contain appreciable quantities of Li, either as carbonate or chloride
10. Saline waters- purgative waters; high amount og MgSO4, Na2SO4 & NaCl
11. Sulfur Waters- Contain H2S and deposit S upon exposure to atmosphere (yellow)
12. Siliceous waters-soluble alkali silicates
 OTHER IMPORTANT WATERS
WATER HARDNESS
❖ Temporary Hardness ✔ Potable Water
Fit to drink; free from coliform; water treated to
: contains mainly dissolved Ca remove insoluble matter
and Mg bicarbonate
✔ Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
: can be removed by boiling Sterile water for injection with one or more
(ppted as carbonates) antimicrobial agents have been added; not for IV

❖ Permanent Hardness
BENZYL ALCOHOL as bacteriostatic agent

: contains mainly dissolved Ca causes gasping syndrome in neonates

and Mg sulfate and chloride in ✔ Water for Injection, USP

pyrogen free; solvent for parenteral products;
water large-scale ,manufacturing
: can be removed by ion
✔ Sterile Water for Injection
exchange resin For extemporaneous compounding
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• AGUA OXIGENADA, AGUA OXENADA,OXYGENIZED ACID, OXYGENIZED WATER

• Use: treatment for Vincent’s Stomatitis ( severe form of gingivitis), as mouthwash, antiseptic (popular use),
bleaching agent in hair (cosmetic use)
• Commercial availability : 10- volume and 20-volume solution

Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution,USP: 10 volume solution (3%)

stabilizer: ACETANILIDE
 LITHIUM

❖ Lightest of all metals Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3)

❖ Highly reactive
▪ Widely used in the prophylaxis and
❖ Depressants to nerve treatment of bipolar disorders; last line
of therapy for mania
centers
❖ Stored under oil or coated ▪ Preperations
with petrolatum ▪ Li2CO3 capsules - Eskalith®
❖ EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY
▪ Li2CO3 tablets – Lithane®

teratogenic ▪ Li2CO3 extended-release

tablets Quilonium®
effect to the tricuspid valve of
the heart
 SODIUM

▪ Latin: natrium
▪ Major extracellular cation
▪ Stored under kerosene
▪ Cation used to optimized pharmaceutical
▪ Promotes water retention and should be
used in caution to patients with heart and
kidney condition
▪ ALDOSTERONE-hormone for Na+
regulation
 SODIUM PREPARATIONS
SODIUM ACETATE (CH3COONa)
• Diuretic, urinary and systemic alkalizer, IV therapy for metabolic acidosis and
hyponatremia

SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3)

• BAKING SODA
• 2nd major extracellular anion
• Uses: urinary and systemic alkalizer, carbonating agent, important physiological
buffer
* Bicarbonates and carbonates =carbonating agent
 SODIUM BROMIDE (NaBr)
• Treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder and mania (bromides)

MONOBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (NaH2PO4)

• Source of phosphorus in hypophosphatemia, used in hypercalcemia; urinary acidifier
• Necessary for activation of METHENAMINE
urinary antiseptic
effective when urine is acidified

DIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (Na2HPO4)

• FLEET ENEMA, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, PHOSPHATE OF SODA
• Most palatable saline laxative available as FLEET®
• Dibasic phosphate ion: primary anion in intracellular fluid
TRIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (Na3PO4)
• Aqueous solution is very alkaline; used to clean glass apparatus

CELLULOSE SODIUM PHOSPHATE

• Cation exchange resin that preferentially blinds Ca and other divalent ions
• Treatment for hypercalcemia

SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE (NaKC4H4O6)

• ROCHELLE’S SALT,SAL SEIGNETTE, SEIGNETTE SALT
• Used as cathartic agent; component of FEHLING’S B ( A-CuSO4)

SODIUM BORATE ( Na3BO3)

• BORAX (sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7 • 10 H2)
• Use: alkalinizing agent; eyewash; buffer and water softener
SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3)
• Anhydrous : SODA ASH
• Decahydrate : SAL SODA, WASHING SODA, SODA CRYSTALS
• Carbonating agent

SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl)

• TABLE SALT,ROCK SALT, SEA SALT, SOLAR SALT, BRINE
• Chloride: major extracellular anion
• Component of Ringer’s solution and Lactated Ringer’s solution
• Ringer’s Solution : “solution of 3 chlorides”( NaCl, KCl, CaCl2)
• Lactated Ringer’s Solution: :Hartmann’s Solution” ( NaCl, KCl, CaCl2,
Na lactate)
SODIUM CITRATE (Na3C6H5O7)
• Uses: in vitro – anticoagulant
in vivo – systemic and urinary alkalizer, expectorant and laxative

SODIUM SULFATE (Na2SO4)

• GLAUBER’S SALT ( Na2SO4 • 10H2O)
• Use: drying organic for organic solvent

SODIUM FLUORIDE ( NaF )

• Fluoride ion: very corrosive, used in glass etching, causes painful and slow healing
burns, very toxic
• Uses: anticariogenic agent, topical application is used to desensitize teeth
SODIUM GLUCONATE (NaC6H11O7)
• Use: electrolytes replenisher (gluconate salt is less irritating vs. chloride salts)

SODIUM NITRATE (NaNO3)

• CHILE SALTPETER
• Use: meat preservative

SODA LIME ( CaHNaO2)

• CALYX SODICA (CaO + NaOH)
• Good CO2 absorber for anesthesia machines, O2 therapy and metabolic tests

SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO3 )

• Use : antidote for cyanide poisoning
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)
• CAUSTIC SODA, SOSA, LYE, SODA LYE, LIQUID SOSA
• Deliquescent (absorb moisture and liquefy)
*Hygroscopic : absorb moisture from atmosphere but not liquefy
*Efflorescent: gives off water to the environment
• Strong Base
• Uses: saponifying agent for hard soap; necessity in preparing Glycerin
suppositories

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (NaClO)

• DAKIN’S SOLUTION (5%) , BLEACH Chlorox®
• Uses: disinfectant, bleaching agent
• Labarraque solution (2.5%)
• Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite Solution /Modified Dakin’s Solution 450-500
mg NaClO in 100 ml used as antiseptic, irrigation for wounds and foot bath
(0.45-0.5%)
SODIUM IODIDE ( NaI )
• Iodide ions: has expectorant action
• Uses: solubilizer of iodine in iodine preparations

SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE ( Na2PO3F )

• Use: anticariogenic

SODIUM NITOPRUSSIDE Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]

• Nitropress® hypotensive agent
• Protect from light (photooxidation= CN)

SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Na2S2O3 )

• HYPOCHLOR, “PHOTOGRAPHER’S HYPO”
• Good reducing agent,antioxidant
• Use: cathartic and antidote for cyanide poisoning
SODIUM POLYSTERENE SULFONATE
• Kayesalate®
• Preferentially binds K+; treatment for hyperkalemia
• Cation exchange resin administered orally or rectally

SODIUM SULFIDE (Na2S)

• used for removal of pain and discomfort of ingrown toenails

SODIUM SACCHARIN (C 7H 4NNaO 3S•2H 20 )

• Artificial sweetener

SODIUM ASCORBATE (C 6H 7NaO 6 )

• Good reducing agent, antioxidant
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE
• Use: best antidote for mercury poisoning particularly for bichloride salt

SODIUM METABISULFITE (Na2S2O5 ) SODIUM SULFITE Na2SO3

• Good reducing agents, antioxidants

SODIUM TARTRATE
• Use: laxative, diuretic
• Dihydrate: used as primary reagent for KARL FISCHER REAGENT

SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE

• Use: tablet disintegrant

SODIUM PERBORATE NaBO3

• Use: mild disinfectant and deodorant
• Readily releases oxygen upon contract with easily oxidizable materials
MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE C5H8NO4Na

• Use: Flavor enhancer (MSG/Betsin)

 POTASSIUM

● Latin: kalium SULFURATED POTASH K2SO4

● Major intracellular cation • LIVER OF SULFUR, HEPAR SULFUR,
POTASH : soluble K+ salts POTASSIA SULFURATE
• Mixture of POTASSIUM SULFIDE and
THIOSULFATE containing with 12%
Roles: protein synthesis, sulfur
impulse • Necessity in White Lotion, USP –
Lotio Alba (Sulfurated Potash +
transmission,acid-base ZnSO4)
balance, activator of several • Use : astringent, protective,
enzymes, diuretic, treatment of parasitic diseases of
contraction of muscles the skin
POTASSIUM ACETATE (CH3COOK)
• Use: systemic and urinary alkalizer

POTASSIUM BICARBONATE KHCO3

• Use: carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution (MCOS)

POTASSIUM BITARTRATE KC4H5O6

• CREAM OF TARTAR, ARGOL,ACID POTASSIUM TARTRATE
• Use: ingredient of baking powder to raise dough

POTASSIUM CARBONATE K2CO3

• POTASH, PEARL ASH, SALT OF TARTAR, SALT OF WORMWOOD
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KCl
✔ Use: potassium replenisher for hypokalemia states
✔ Preferred salt for the correction of hypokalemia
✔ Component of Ringer’s and Lactated Ringer’s solutions
✔ Component of Darrow’s solution KCl, NaC l, Na lactate
✔ Component of Lethal injection (IV push)
✔ Available as KCl extended release tablets- Kalium Durules®

POTASSIUM CITRATE K3C6H5O7

• Use: systemic alkalizer, expectorant, diaphoretic, osmotic diuretic
• Potassium Citrate ER Tablets Acalka®

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE KC6H11O7

• Use: electrolyte replenisher
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH
• CAUSTIC POTASH, POTASH LYE
• Deliquescent, strong base (same with NaOH)
• Use: saponifying agent for Medicated Soft Soap, USP
• Soft soap: KOH
• Hard soap: NaOH

POTASSIUM IODIDE KI
• source of iodide in table salt for prevention of goiter : 1 part of KI to 100,000 parts
of salt
• Treatment of hyperthyroidism; preparation for thyroid surgery
• Solubilizer for iodine
• DOC: cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis (Rose Gardener’s Disease)
Causative agent: Sporothrix schenckii
• Necessity of Lugol’s Solution I2 in KI
POTASSIUM NITRATE KNO3
• SALTPETER
• Use: tooth-desensitizing agent

POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE KClO4

• Strong oxidizing property
• Use (old): antithyroid agent for the treatment of hyperthyroidism

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE KMnO4

• MINERAL CHAMELEON
• Deep purple color, strong oxidizing agent
• Used in bromhidrosis (body odor), myocytic infections and poison ivy
dermatitis
• Solutions used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, abscesses, wet dressings, baths
in eczematous conditions
POTASSIUM METABISULFITE K2S2O5
• good reducing agent ; antioxidant

POTASSIUM METAPHOSPHATE KPO3

• USE: buffering agent

MONOBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, KH2PO4

DIBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE K2HPO4
• SORENSEN’S POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE;
• used in conjunction for treatment of hypercalcemia

POTASSIUM SORBATE
• USE: preservative and antimicrobial
 RUBIDIUM & CESIUM
• very similar in behavior to potassium ion (K+)

RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE RbCl

Rubidium Chloride Injection,USP Cardiogen®
cardiac imaging (PET/ Positron Emission Tomography Scan) for
patients with suspected myocardial infection

CELSIUM CHLORIDE CsCl

• Used in density, gradient configuration
 AMMONIUM
✔ PSEUDO- alkali metal ion, similar properties to Group IA
✔ Often preferred to alkali bases
✔ AQUEOUS AMMONIA : MILD ALKALIZER
✔ HOUSEHOLD AMMONIA: 10% NH3 known as 16 (degrees Baume) AMMONIA

AMMONIUM CARBONATE (NH4)2 CO3

• AMMONIA CRYSTAL, SAL VOLATILE, AMMONIA SESQUICARBONATE,
PRESTON SALT, HARTSHORN
• Pharmaceutical necessity for Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE NH4Cl
• SAL AMMONIAC, SALMIAC, MURIATE OF AMMONIA
• USE: osmotic diuretic, systemic acidifier, expectorant, urinary acidifier
AMMONIUM ALUM & POTASSIUM ALUM
• TAWAS: astringent and antiperspirant
STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION
• STRONGER AMMONIA WATER, STRONGER AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
SOLUTION, SPIRIT OF HARTSHORN
• USE: for chemical and pharmaceutical purposes mainly
• use by making ammonia water by dilution
• Ingredient in making Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (NH4)3PO4

• USE: diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations

AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT

• respiratory stimulant in case of hysterical syncope
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