Notes for the test

Population:
Demographics: study of human statistics like birth and death
Natural increase: difference between the quantity of births and the quantity of deaths over a
period of time

To calculate birth rate: divide a country's birth amount per year by the population, then multiply
by 1000
Eg. 359,533 / 38,246,108 = ( 0.00940051207 x 1000 ) = 9.40051207 per 1000

To calculate death rate: Divide a country’s death amount per year by the population, then
multiple by 1000
Eg. 295,370 / 38,246,108 = ( 0.00772287731 x 1000 ) = 7.72287731 per 1000

To calculate Natural Increase: subtract the death rate from the birth rate
Eg. 9.40051207 per 1000 - 7.72287731 per 1000 = 1.67763476 per 1000

Population growth rate: the rate of which the number of people in a population increases

To calculate Population growth rate: add the net migration rate to the natural increase rate

Doubling time: the time it takes for a population to double in quantity

Rule of 70: a method of calculating the time it takes for a population to double according to the
annual growth rate
Dependency load: the number of people from the age of 0 to 14 and over the age of 65

Absolute population change: The difference of the populations between 2 different years
How to calculate Percentage change: ( Absolute change / 1997 ) x 100
Population Density: The number of people within an area

● More educated people, less population growth rate

Immigration:
Migration: the movement of a group of people from one area to another
Emigration: the process of leaving a country due to danger like war and entering another to live
permanently. Leaving canada and going to america is an act to Emigration
Immigration: the process of entering another country permanently. Entering Canada is an act of
Immigration
Net migration rate: the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

To calculate emigration rate: divide the number of emigrants by the population of a country, then
multiply by 1000
Eg. 39,129 / 37,742,154 = ( 0.00103674527 x 1000 ) = 1.03674527 per 1000
To calculate immigration rate: divide the number of immigrants by the population of that country,
then multiply by 1000
Eg. 184,624 / 37,742,154 = ( 0.00489171868 x 1000 ) = 4.89171868 per 1000

To calculate net migration rate: subtract the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants
Eg. 4.89171868 per 1000 - 1.03674527 per 100 = 3.85497341 per 1000

History:
In the 1500’s, the french colonized Canada and called it New France
In the 1750s, the french and british had a 7-year long war and britain won
In the 1780s, the loyalists of US escaped the American revolution and immigrated to canada
In the 1840s, the Irish left due to a severe potato famine but many canadians discouraged them
because they were Catholic Christian
From 1750-1900s, the immigration system was racist, white and english-speaking only,
In the 1900s, the system was changed when Wilfred Laurier was elected because he created an
“Open-Door system”
From 1914-1919 immigration levels dropped but in the 1920s, it rebounded and dropped again in
1930-1945.
In the post war period, Canada lifted its restriction on germans and italians
In 1952, hungarians immigrated after a failed revolution
In 1962, the immigratioon system was changed to a universal non-racist system
In the late 1980s, there was a wave of chinese immigrants from Hong Kong
The last wave was after the fall of communism, when many people from countries in europe
immigrated

Settlement:
A farmstead is a farmhouse and some outbuildings
A hamlet is the next stage and usually has a church, mill and a general store
a village is the next stage when it has 200 people and has restaurants, schools and inns
The next stage is a town. They have 1000 people
A town turns into a city when it reaches 10,000 people and larger municipal services
A city is called a metropolis when it reaches 100,000 people and is way larger than a city.

Point system Factors:

1. Education Max: 25 points
2. Official languages Max: 28 points
3. Experience Max: 15 points
4. Age Max: 12 points
5. Arranged Employment Max: 10 Points
6. Adaptability Max: 10 points

Economic Geo:
● There are 4 types of industry: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
Primary industry: an industry based on natural resource extraction
Examples: Mining, Forestry and Farming

Secondary Industry: An industry based on Manufacturing products from the raw materials of the
Primary Industry
Examples: Automobile manufacturing, Home construction, Factory food production etc.

Tertiary Industry: an industry based on the sales, service and transport of Primary/Secondary
products
Examples: Truck Driving, Commercial sales, banking etc.

Quaternary Industry: an industry based on research and development for the other industries
Examples: Research and development into all the other industries

Trade
7 factors that contribute to the choice of location of a factory:
1. Location of customers: most companies would rather be closer to their customers than
being farther but having lower costs.
2. Proximity of Raw materials: in certain types of manufacturing companies, they must be in
proximity of their raw materials. For instance, when the raw materials are bulkier and
heavier or if the raw materials have an expiration date like fruits and vegetables
3. Availability of fresh water or power: all companies need power or water for their factories
4. Labor Supply: most companies need to station their factories in different locations to
meet the demand of those locations. They also need more skilled workers and they
might be in different areas
5. Transportation: most factories need access to effective transportation for all their
products and raw materials so they either station their factories near oceans, rivers or
Great lakes so that it can be as cheap and effective as possible
6. Political factors: the government can be involved in the production of goods and can
have certain laws that affect production of goods. They can influence companies to
locate in their regions.
7. Circumstance: sometimes the reason for the location of certain factories can be as trivial
as living close the that factory or being from that area

Free Trade:
Trade: exchange of goods between countries or areas
Free trade: International business without taxes and tariffs
Tariffs: taxes on imported goods

Foriegn Aid
Developed country: a country that has high levels of manufacturing, infrastructure, education
and an evolved and sophisticated economy
 ● Developed countries can use their economies as a tax base for societal development in
education, nutrition and healthcare
● This results in educated and skilled labour force which results in a developed economy
and higher GDP
● Examples: USA, Canada, Japan
● A developing country is characterized by its agricultural economy, low levels of education
and healthcare
● Another problem is that it lacks infrastructure and sanitation.
● A developing country is unable to pay for universal education and healthcare because it
lacks the tax basis
● As a result, large amounts of population are incapable of attaining highly paid jobs, so
they cannot pay for taxes
● Many developing countries also suffer from food insecurity and nutrition issues
● This leads to incapability to work
● A poorly nourished population is also prone to disease outbreaks
● An in-between developing country is in the stage of newly industrializing
● They also have tremendous growth in their economy
● They also start to develop a tertiary industry
● Some countries jumped from developing to developed countries in the last 20 years
● The best example of this process is south korea which experienced rapid expansion in
the 1980s
● The south koreans were able to accomplish this due to the emergence of shipbuilding,
automotive and electronics sectors of their economy that they developed

Foriegn Aid:
● Since world war 2, developed countries give aid or loan money, food, equipment and
expertise to developing countries

CIDA:
● The canadian government has an agency that uses taxpayers money to give aid to
countries in need

NGO’s:
NGOs stand for non governmental organizations
They are charity organizations that help countries
NGOs rely on donated funds to operate
Some famous NGOs include Oxfam and Save the children

UN:
The UN’s headquarters is in New York City, USA
The UN was found in 1945 at the end of WW2
The UN was born out of the League of Nations, an attempt to achieve world peace
The UN’s purpose is made out of 6 factors:
1. The UN cooperation between nations regarding international law
 2. The UN promotes international security
3. The UN supports economic development worldwide
4. The UN supports Social progress
5. The UN strives for universal human rights
6. The UN promotes world peace
The UN is divided into 5 main branches:
● The General Assembly is where each country member discuss world issues
● The Security Council is made of 15 states
○ 5 of the member states are permanent members: USA, UK, Russia, China and
France
○ The permanent members have Veto power over any resolution discussed in the
assembly
○ A Veto will block adoption of any resolution by the General Assembly
● The Economic and Social Council is responsible for coordinating the economic and
social work of the UN
● The Secretariat runs the operations of the UN
● The leader of the group is called the Secretary General
● The last branch of the UN is the International Court of Justice located in Hague,
Netherlands
● Additionally, the organization has 17 special agencies for certain problems
● Some include UNICEF, the WHO and the IMF

Peacekeeping:
One of the ways that the UN is promoting peace is Peacekeeping
● The first peacekeeping mission was in 1948 after the Isreali Independence
● The UN created a peacekeeping force in 1956 during the Suez crisis in Egypt
● Canadian Lester Pearson came up with the idea of sending a rapid reaction force to
intervene in conflicts and enforce ceasefire
● Since then, the UN has conducted 53 peacekeeping operations
● Most have been successful but some have failed like Bosnia and rwanda

Human RIghts:
The UN tried to promote peacekeeping by Human RIghts
In 1948, the UN created the Universal Declaration of Human RIghts
This document wrote about unalienable rights that each human possesses