W_pBMs (MU Sem s-comp) 1 Table of Contents ‘ Reeeg Introduction, Characteristics of databases, File system v/s Database system, Data Abstraction and Data Independence, DBMS system architecture, Database Administrator. Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Concepts 1.1 Introduction to DEMS... 1.2 Characteristics of DBMS, 13. File System v/s Database System wun. 14 Database Users. Chapter 2: Database Architecture 24 _Three-Levels Schema Architecture. 21.41 Data Abstractic 22 Data Independence.. 23. Database Administrator (DBA) 23 Roles of Database Administrator... 232 Responsibilities of DBA... 23.3 Skills Required for DBA....... 24 Detailed DBMS Architecture. 241 Query Processor Components... 242 Storage Manager / Storage Management. 243 ‘Transaction Management... 2.5 Working of DBM: MODULE IL ‘The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model : Entity types - Weak and strong entity sets, Entity sets, Types of Attributes, Keys, Relationship constraints : Cardinality and Participation, Extended Entity-Relationship (EER) Model : Generalization, Specialization and Aggregation. Chapter’3:_ Entity Relationship Data Model 34110326 Chapter 3: Entity Relationship DataModel_ Or 3.1 Entity-Relationship (ER) Model. 3.2 Entity stew 33 334 34 Relationships... 35 Relationship Types based on Constraints. 38 3.6 Extended Entity-Relationship (ER) Mod BAL 36.1 Specialization. 3.6.2 Generalization..Segregation Soved ER Desgung Bramples | ecduction to the Relational Model Rettonal schema and concept of Keys, Meppng the ER and EER Modo! 0 the elation Mose Relational Agate cpecetor Rleonal Algebra Ques Chapter 4 Relational Osta Model ete4e0 43 Reason! Model Consens 4S nut ep Consins. ferent eget / Fore ey 47 Concept ays 48 Mapping Abate 0 Clam TB 4610 Mapping Relatonshpsn——- 411 Mapping Inbeeance Consrain. 42 Sl rape nm Ccraptec 5: Relational Algebra 5110 516 Si Relators Algebra : : - 52 Ssecton Operation ()-——~ 34 53. Proeedon Operation) $4 Rename Operon (mn 554 Unon Opera nnn 552 terzet Operator 553. _Diference Operator. 56 Cross Produce /Catnan produc. 57 Jam Operation (mg) 59 Operator Precedence elton! Algebra Queces Sled samples oun — ‘chapter: Stuctured Query Languoge 103 on veiw of SOL inept Check Over of SQL Rate SQ S01 D3 Ty. at Deion taranog (DOL). CREATE Statement / CREATE Toe. ‘crete Table wh neat Constrat.. sonnet bau tanpulton como Tag Vins os Nese and cote Doman gry Conse itty Constant an ataena lotegrty Constraint SQ ‘DROP command / DROP Table. ation tanguage (DML. IMSEeT Satement. parE Sttement a raring Pree (00). ‘Transaction Control Language (CL) ns Solved Designing rote n (chapter 7: S01 Seounty m2 Dat Query Language (DQL) Commands Simple SQL Queries SELECT las Ste al Couns. SELECT Case Stet Specie IMS nna SELECT Cause Sale Unique Reo Ordering Query Results - ORDER BY C86 nnn SQL Operators. ering Query Results - WHERE Ca¥ onan ‘Artie Operators wy cosas ay ora — ‘Data Control commands, Set and string OF vain Consens Referers eraions AQBEDSTEFak Nowmal Form. 206 aa sation Funcion Dependencies sonar bwbase degra, concept of normal Solved Example 00 “pper of Funconl Depends 10 Properties Armstrong’ Asis / Closures of FD) GROUP 8 cause -rouping Query Results ins Pirin Grouped By Quy RES Conep of TARE 8680P ne ———— — 80 Fundanetl Properties of Transaction / ACID Properties 10. ‘TraMSACUON StAOS — nen : - — - 10. ‘Transaction Control Language/Commands (TCL . - 162 Mulipe Row Subevery-o—-rap (Test or Senate. — 5 Working o Lacan sacl / Leng Seeder / cing Maa — 6 TwosMase can (200) - ions “enaptr 12: Recover System Si bunrce eaiauesTecbmgu REDO Alor) tt 32 inmate Macca Tchiqu (UNDO AES mmo ot ame » a Bsn) = mre, Fe ester iz DS introduction to DBMS har wit ee term called as 30% ar ny vo dy in code of 3 i ° Tudents in 2 collegs, Po ok, number of Mat err ana regast ee a personne ree of 2 BO ry we may need 2 Fem cof data, which s quiet eu for us dvs Fe MENS sional qualification, residential adéress, eight, income, educational very be a postin vo el accurately #63 We oTouretose mend= . cit could be very aiffeut for ws to memorie remison Je number of individuals 19 27 ‘hese information for 2 large numb Dae ace and greta can be recorded in speem and tha have special meaning assigned io aS 3 | a east record there data canbe a manval ystems (Falster) ort an Be a computered aye empte: pnts ofa cstomer ike mane, eephone number address and product ps 120m mcremes, mere s need to develop a computer-based system for storing and managing dats [Tieayeem ritormason syters nase date ete Database +A databateu 9 collection of data tems stored in one place and having some common base (BackErouns) For Example: A college database contains data such as teachers, students, books, canteen ete. coil ‘common (Base) between all above data tems, $0, Data witha common base (Background) is called as Database. The database acts as a logical collection of relevant data It is designed to oller an onganiee Storing. managing and retrieving stored information. sd mechanism torIntroduction to Database Concept, Fig. 3). Database Management System (DBMS) “+ A Database Management System (DEMS) isa collection of software or programs which help user in ‘Greaton and maintenance ofa database (se of information). Hence itis alo known as a computerized ing the databace par of the information systems of many roanietions ast ed to handle a huge amour «+ Computer-based information Systems (I) i capable of serving many complex tasks in coordinated sranner Such systems handle large volumes of data, maltple users and several applications in a conralized ‘Biabase environment. 1+ Theheatt ofan Information Systm (1S) is database management system. Tiss because most Information ) ‘Spneins (5) have to handle hage mount of data This cre module ofan information Sytem is also called base Management System (DBMS) Characteristics of DBMS ch has many important characteristic due to which databate has become an integral pat of ss way of ensuring tha changes mae ne database By sutra wes OS fda consistency and correctness sea gonth the correctness and completeness of data n she database vpn cbyectve can never be yuaranteed, one cannot ensure that every entry made in database s S6 Seay Strong ently pes represented by single rectangle Se Empioyae 2) Weaken type 1 922: Employee entity [sett sted ee + These ofemnesae pence soa + for some weak ents we sony ecriminato ental Pre + Weak nue types represe ed by double rectanglewoe Dampier (ot Sem 4 comp 33 ny Rellonship Data Mod » case ot"Depenent"emtty depend on employee entity for primary key. Traore | —o =< ty “depenaent” 3.3__ Attributes Eachemtty has sown properties which describes shat entity sich properties are known as asributes 1 the suibuse vale that deserbes each entity becomes a major part of data stored in database Employee entity may be desribed by azributes name, age, phone et A poricular ogy wll have some {Gimpe/Single vatue/Stored) example Foran employee of wth Employe i 30, the mame abate vale x Tyendr! 35:4 Types of Attributes “rhe various ypes of attribute ar used in ER diagrams Fg. 2.3.1: Types of tubutes are used In ER dagrams 2) Composite Atributes The atibutes which can be divided in muple subparts 1 The divisible abate are compost atibutes Type ‘Notation wy vos (= sem Come) ‘ample? spac Name aterbute of Seudent able sme and Last Name. save aides ito Firs Marevalved Acribute xample: | Single student can have malkple mobile numbers Deoree of Relationship sina particular relation. angen 904 © Secondary ey porter of eitnship pets ume fares wp bed on dre + So stoihate or et ofanmbutes thats wed to acess sng ple ney ‘Type tansy sed on she serondary hy nor neeseyto beanie 2) my Ransoshin example 3) Ternary Relasonship ints Relationship Types based on Constraints — e331 Hee Oe) ‘Retlonsiip T9PSe Key Type Definition 3.6 attribute (Stud Passport Num) can be wsed for accessing student's dats, 508s ating Ike Seconda anang Gonatants/ Coane [rowsene | | | 7. Pertipaton sonsvants| “Super Rey ‘An atvibute oF set of atributes that uniquely identifies a singe wple in en. “Composite Key _| Any key with more than one artributes tha uniquely identifies a singlet ‘Candidate Key | A super key with minimum number of anribute ra candidate's Ky. No subset of candidate key van be ey. Primary key | A selected key of strong ensixy which uniquely ientiy tuple in ency 1 primary hey of tat ent. ‘Alternate Key | A Candidate key which is not selected as primary key. Secondary Key | Anaueribute or set —— Relationships [a Panis pericpaton | ‘Degree of Ralanonsnip| 4), Introduction Tray realonship ype + Arolationship isan asseciaton among ne or more than one entities. 7 ao ‘+ Weuse diamond shape to show relationship, i Temary reaionship ype a 1 trp onsen Crate > + nt tots ramen rg nein ; > fread ety. Example: Emplayee works for Department "yres of mapping constraints [oom] 2 Omran mpg Fig. 34.1: ER Diagram for Works, for 2). Relationship Set . relationship of same type is relationship set. The many employees are working fr a ae ago ini relationship set of Works for relationship.‘ Serartment can have only ope Hanager "sin Department tbl 3 Entity Relationship Day a 'can be having relationship with only one row in Managers table, = \o 5 ‘Deparment | (Have >t ‘Manager (tone mtg eee » Fig. 8.52: Oneto one mapping ) One to many mapping ‘his pe of constraint one tuple in entity ean be related with many tuples in other entity. + Associated with any number of entities in B + Bassoclated with at most one entity fn A Example + One teacher may teach to many students, + Every row in Teacher table can have relationship with many rows in Student able. scree Stoents Saat [aa Fig. 3.58: Binary Retationship ‘Ternary relationship ype <7) > Fonts 3.6 _ Extended Entity-Relationship (ER) Model 264 = 6 TT [EER model ncludes al che modeling concept of ER model I addin also cludes the concep of ggregaion specialization and generalization, {A ciagrammatcechaique for deplaying these concepts when thy aie in EER schema arethe resulting shen EER Festures Specialization _ avon wh sutebie exam - “Fp Tor approach OFUPE os sem Com) na a ny pet allel vapor ¥ Taso of wubetaee of nity PS: cars of some distinguishing characters: ion. Trained on the ue ae of sbelses ca Frm #57 aaa eciaization of super cass Account yt) are SP ce Saving Account, Current ACCU) Notation Thesubelas defined ina specialization 6 attached by Ui {Tre subse symbol on each line connecting # subclass 8 roitonship. ‘specie atribute ‘An aelbute apple only to entities of particular subclass is called as specific atribute. ines toa circle whieh Is connected to super class. ircle indicates the direction of super class / subsias= 262. Generalization sts reverse proces of specialization or this 7 is bottom up approach of Superciass/subclass relationship. Defiition + Genzralization is a process in which we differentiate among several entity types identifving *h single super class of which original entity type ation co dis ‘nthodologies iMBUISh between genorall aa Reneralization and specialization is used in some prow 1 Mo ointogso generalized cee meg = ers repre "BO Reneralized subclass as Setione ron ean105 (Som coma) [pike } Cred) Caen easy Fig. 3.63: BIKE entity 3.8.3 Attribute inheritance 4). Predicate defined subclass ‘acing condition (ors rec) the vale Fig 804: Car entity Prample: pen Inkecteat OEE and ower lvl ets erated hy specaaauon and generations 2 ary * Abstraction through which relationship (aggregation is treated as higher level enti, tention 167: Presents defined sP2 a] seeps a oreer Cameie > sep: )Acente ‘Aee_id Car Aceatd Accidents 3) Identify all relationship 2) Carinourance company hasa set of customers sare company} —<“ tas > ona] Customer owns one or more cat emiomer each awa owe a (10 Maris) 1 company that has @ ‘ciogram fora earinsurance company’ ccna sr cnr nae associated wit zero to any umber of recorded accent” ny Relationship Data Mode Construct ER di iagram ‘by merging all above relationshiy lonships eS aap . tea} << ssareassociated with each patient by Hospital BocaWDBMs (MU - Sem Example 3.8.4: Draw ER Diagram for banking enterprise. Solution : Example 3.8.5: Draw ER Diagram for University database consisting four Entities Student, Department, Class and Faculty, ‘Student has a unique id, the student can enroll for multiple classes and has a most one major. Faculty must department and faculty can teach multiple classes. Each class is taught by only faculty. Every belong to student will get grade for the class he/she has enrolled. (10 Marks) Solution : cay B co Cha ap Steior> ‘SD a4 cursors, }—-———! Desa Cary Cats oS ‘ Major works Faculy |} —" _ Fas L___Forenng]'—[ coureo Example 3.8.6 = ion) solution : Gia) — [aren a Example 3.8.7: Construct an EER diagram and convert into Relational Model for a library Management System. Specify 2 complex SQL queries on the above-one using Group by clause and the other using Join operation with an (TEESE een example. Solution : paste Rennes Record Book sf ste nes {Ren (sane) (en sen sud) ory an siraine tars 0 Booke | Saf! (PK) Seouse bi —id{ sthame diyeer Smtr soe Eoogote ard onder ‘so : YF peor ¥ Soest Beco ome Senate |. records _| ‘Shusent Fk Bovrowed Repons Cokecmon onrowens necono® | * Borowes Dx) Borowers (PK, : Sook Bok 10 ‘Severo ons socio id0. oer Entity Relationship Data Model Query by Group by "ins book of maximum cost issued by shubham Select max (bk. From borrower Where Staffiame = 'shubham’); 2) Complex Query by join Find books issued by Shubham Select bookTi From Book b, Borrawer br where b. book ID = br.book ID Student Rew Book ‘tat Review Questions Explain ER Diagrams and its components, Explain tne term aggregation Write @ short note on ‘Subclass and superclass Specialization and generalization Type Inheritance ) Weak entity set Desenbe various constraints of specialization and generalization. \Wnte short note on Total participation, partial participation Define degree Winte short note on : Extended E-R features, rong entity and weak entity ? Explain with example us (MU - Sem § ER Model ert pe of aos oe youmenn oy ER SS ao csoeton etn apn PB oon * tain various type of keys in ER: ram. go Key abuts pin te rte ‘what is relationship set? ovatus constr of lh vrs a partcpaton and Partial partpaton with example xi campue ER and EER model fas asa fs asso an nity Pe cian Goertzaion vith hip ofan example, ite shor note on : Aggregation.Relational Data Mod, ‘elational Model, Retational schema and concept of oe ‘keys, Mapping the ER and EER Mocel to) 1) Introduction + Therelational model first proposed by EF. Codd hence he is known * Relational database wasan attempt to simplify databose st © ERIE Mtow as relations, coumns are known ay atrbutes and rows (or recone) ne own ag tuples, evento (coum) r om) laeaion ‘Tabe) Fig. 41.1: Relational Algebra Notations ) Relation (Table) Pefinition : Relations area logical structure which ie a collection of tables consisting horizontal rows aso calle s tuples and vertical colunne also called as Atributes: J + The rable containing rows and columns represents entity in relational model tis called as Relation, + This concept does not represent how the data is stored inthe physical memory of computer system, ‘+ The relation can contain data about single entity or relationship between two entities. Characteristics of Relation 1. Atable composed of rows and columns 2, Bach table ina database ha ts unique table name. 3. Each table row (tuple) represents a single entity occurrence within the entity set 4 All values ina same coluran must conform tothe same format of data, _ 2 fies each Tquely identifies bates that uni se oF at a zi _ x “5, Each table must have a single attribute ne shown alow peample: The stadent elton ca bes cus oe a Name | Ae = 105 = = 28 Ee = 106 a cs 107 # = | 17 _| exrc 108 * 7 3) Attributes (Column) ition + Relation haw is cum propeticn type of data of al in relation, y tis not possible to have multiple columns have multiple columas with same column in ewe di 5 _The SQL standard des not spect any mastmum numberof oe columns ina table. 4 Natefoniteenes, {in student relation. ‘sil row in relational table which com *alns ll the information abs outa single entity is called as Tupe ePresents a Studen an have any number, ‘OF rows in it, dent tuple wt8 | Name I __ SEESSem + Comp) 43 Sample Relational Data Mode, he above tuple contains all data about the id 105, student entity in student relation, 5) Domain (Data Value) 1 intersection column and row in relational table which represents data of entity is called as Domain. + ®very column ina table hapa st of data values that are allowed for tht column which i called as Domain, ingle value oF no (Null) value, ‘+ Thesingle domain will contains the specific dat of single entities in relation, ional table a domain can have: Name Mahesh Example ‘The Name atovbute of tuple id 105 will contains the name ofall student with d 105 in student relation. 4.2 _ Relational Database Schema 1) Introduction ‘+ The erm schema refers tothe organlzation or structure of data in relational database. ° Relational schema consists of a number of attributes associated with relation. eaample . [ ewevovee (Son Bae Bante, Adress, number) [erarrwewr | (Onmber.Dnane Ons) (Dourber, Dlocation) | perr-Locarions (Pnusnber, Pname, location, Daur) (Ssn, Pnumber, Hou | Fig. 42:1 : Sample Relational Schema 3) Relational Database Schema satabase schema consists ofa number of relation schemas associated with that database, onus oH Sem Comp) Fig. 42:2: Sample Relational Database Schema 44) Comparison ‘+The aributes are grouped to form a relation schema by mapping a conceptual data model ie. ER or EE lational schema. data model ‘The relational mapping will identify entity types and relationship types and their respective aswibtes ‘The relation schema consists of a number of atributes in relation while the relational database sche consists of numberof relation schemas in the corresponding database. Relational Schema (Table structure) Relational Database Schema (Database Structure) Rap Re von Ra Ri, Rasa Ry= Relation or Tables A.B, C= Attributes or Columns‘3 Relational Model Constraints ) introduction rakes sure that only authorised user will make modifications to database and changes shoug one cannot ensure that every entry made d 4 follows Fig, 43:1: Types of Relational Constraint 4.4 Domain Relational Constraint = (2. Wie any shor ote on Gonstrain n SAL, ) troduction «Domain constraints allow us to test whether the values inserted into the database are correct oF 90% 1 che cREATE TABLE Command may alto inchide domain constraints which can check integrity of database 1 -tnese domain constraints are the most basic form of ntegity constraint. | Types of Domain Constraints opm (MU Sem4 Comp) = sired Data Constraint Noliness Const Reqaivea De om Te database may have some attetbutes mane totes (columns) ina database a7* user email address stration must have ee ontain NULL wales oF BINS allowed t0 F have an associated student maine adont able, student mst have 3 ee too norms 7 = .n in the STUDENT | sae ables a required data column, Its not possible umn with help of such constraints +The DAMS can prevent ser from inst ee sete value satis specific condition as pected by Gata + The check constraints used to enstre mate or female only. lle, gender of student can be vem entering incorrect or other data in database table, ky having gender which can beM oF F ican take only «wo values ether M’ oF ‘F ) CHECK (gonder keyword is used to add a defaul specified value, Fattribute value is not provided by user. \s te addiion of NULL value to the database by inserting defaule value as specified by the developer creating table + Tablewith customer entty having name and gender. added for customer that will be taken as . mae ie or aed bbe taken as ‘Unknown’ if we specify DEFAULT value of NAME Student Name varchar(50) DEFAULT UNKNOWN Entity Integrity Constraints Introduction 45 "Bruty consraits allow us to test wl ther th he create table Command may a ‘tuple (entity) inserted into 2) Typanertaty anand mY Ko the database are carrect or not. elude enti sty constraints w ‘hich can primary key of table. Loreen comin {se Seer in a rae tm Et con_ —L tort 8 ay “OMstralnt no two tuples can have 7 ual YF hat atributes forms candidates hey wn "QUE constraint can by ham *Pplicable to ser defined domain declerat partment tl ance to Did eotuenn sm PEt es MAIL varchar(30) UNIQUE, : sc rable while ye departmen Primary kay co + [om _ ce freien ey =f = table ha Did from th snveexmple Bey pis clu fa areeren IBA” value of Di te database 10 ‘pt 2a ae forcing is elps to foyee abe venga vale In mal database has one column oF combi or combination of some columns whos alons ow inthe able This coluns o combination afc iced recone et . le une insert statement bute i same as unique ley constrain with NOT NUL a ey NOT NULL constrains (Unique constrain scinis not there in aeparemen reign key violations in SQL. Feria sng Primary key) and Employee aca with Due value wh + The mai deren in wig consent and pinay Ky coat hon la town ofan row in MP enn coma unique constraint which can be treated as unique value while nulls are not alowed wnseet a give frelan key error sent table (25 115 constraint “ mee ey by baphatspavereny Department #5 Pa " the STUDENT table of values * hesron {reaming Foreign Ke) “= For example, each row o IDENT table has a unique se of vales in ts STUDENT. column, wha sable as Chi me violations nt repreteted by that owe Terese problems causes the freien _ : lowed in primary key column, because they cause problems in distinguishing op 2 AdAing new epletoCmsiaTabICABACRID) ag table, it will return forelgn Key viel ity may be an employee. ifwetr tea an empioyee with bid 7019 employee able er from inserting same data values in 3 column again an aga. ror As Did 70 isnot there in Department table ( ‘STUDENTID char(10) PRIMARY KEY 6 __ Referential Integrity / Foreign Key SD snemege-toupem sent key not found 5 ‘08402291: Integrity constraint (Gmployee.FK Employee) violated - parent key not fe Explain te following tam with an example Forion ey on Son -_ Explain Referential Integr with sultable example. i pew or mre a [ow D5 Invodveon ; =a *fLatbutes tn another eatin (cable) This called ferential inept a Lane nen mee toe wo ae ae cae © Merino " if we try to update an employee Emp_ld = 2 with Did as 70 to employee table (Child Table), it will return Bac iets von ‘erignkeyvolation error As Did 70 not therein Deparsment table (Parene aden ‘The tuple in one relation refers only to an existing tuple in another relat: UPDATE Employee Parente : ate sErDid= 70 a = = Empise©) Petetingcupte trom Parent Rettonal Data Mody artment table (Parent tab ‘As there are few employees working in department with id =10. LUETE Department waere 0 output 10; 'RA-02292: integrity constraint (Employe.FK Employee) volte - child record fund ‘This functionality wil tation fr deletion of parent record if ithas some associated child records Updating tuple trom Child Table 'K ve try to update department of Di = 10 with Did = 70, wl return foreign key violation error. As there re few employees still working in department with Did =10. UPDATE Department SET Did=70 WHERE Did =10, ourpue oRa-02292 icy constraint (Employee FK Employee) violated - child record fund, say row in EMP table is added with Did" value which i not there In department able the Insert statement give foreign key violation error, le can be enforced as give Create Table Employee id varchar (50) Primary Key, reign key references department (Did) ‘On update CASCADE ) 1) NOACTION / RESTRICT the parent abe jpdate operation onthe pa er t delete the row and using FK violation eo te a row from the parent table although as there “This clause will discards the data inthis iow The RESTRICT rule Corresponding row present in ci ees department Foreign key (0 on Update Rt soy ons osm =o) Fig, 410.2: Merged relationship approach 4.44. Mapping Inheritance Constraints lass entity sets represents tabl {s converted to the columns of 1 of super cassis also added to all subclasses and treated asa primary key oluma for al tables in relational model 3) Department table [Department table ‘aia | Dame | Loe | mid ‘acsount 10 | wr 20_| Mayban Cae [50 [uae Cana) 1c) Cross reference approach sionship type in BER is mapped to Me oA column of such table is all aerbutes of . relation. = k acct | cust Name ma pa x fefoeme| faeces] [oe] ns an 1 1000 }— — 2 2000 | 3 | s00 | ig 4.10.3 Cros reference sp9ro2eh “ omer heooet Gurren Aesount Ty atebutes ofall ables tnked 10 Fig. 4.11.1 Inheritance relation Saving Aecoum | ing Account table Current Account | | is SS! Ls _|__s00 — i YechtnewsSenden 7 Pama _| ces to dep column of Department tle Foreign key rere ‘1 relational database mode for a univer daabese osha ababe could be modeled usng ens as exam (Course ame urs. ame, department, C_ puna om Entity section is depenent on couse Solution Kans) Ceara Faculty Primary Key po Foreign key references to dept_id column of Department tableai + Comp) 4 Relations ata Wag 2% Construct ER cegrm by merging avabovs atontnoe Ciaran) a) Coens) Fig. A124 Review Questions tn the gor io map ER and EER model to relaional model in det Otte Aes Wee note on Retasonal Database Scheme, cre ttn Database Schema and Relational Schema th example ry contrat, 12.43 Corot dg a8 vet et = ro vcnapey Gaver Eeployec ae sipervied by one EMpOVe. "elo eaten model deta Employee ra Manager Severs etlapnea ty 3 seton ree EONC inputtable vor having oly one stant value (Input Table Name) sperator>ceonstant Relational Algebra ral z | 1s000_| Se iam sos | mates ‘000 25000 54 | 50000 «9 | 45000 Ta | s0000 splayees having age below 30 years Fundamental operations of Relational Algebra 1) Unary Relational Operations Query Employee) (au | tome [a [sen | 1 [suas [24 | 50000 2 | tyendra | 2 15000 | 3 [sachin [25 | $2000 + [Mahesh [23 | 41000 a ‘conditions ‘Wocan have more than one predicate by using logical connectives like AND (1), OR ()- sian product operations (X) Query: Select all employees having salary above $000 and age above 6S «Division operation (9) —] Solution: 0, | aac 5000 nage > 5 (Employee) eration, as a algebra on Ee elational algebra operation win suitable example: Select fia [name [Ae | satay | cael iea 69 | 45000 | 5_L anu 74 [50000 | | a, explain Select elation otra operons. Query sine rows from table which satisly particular selection condition "mployees with either salary above 50000 or age above 65. tion: SENSE sin ages Employes) 2) Overview |sThis operator is used co #4 selection operation. —sa Relational Age, Pelion binges ‘ay pans sem 4 Comp) a Ja _ Rename Operation () | 45000 se Cannons sigsvacpentos, ‘age_| Salary 2s | s2000 by) Syntax ‘pe New Name > (Input-Table-Name) @) example Query + Findsalary and age fal Employees. Solution: cag emia (Pe Employee) ©) Example nn Query: Find salary and age ofall Employees, ae Solution: Tage (Employee) aE 25 | 52000 co 23 [1000 24 | 50000 2 [see 24 | 15000 3 [ass 25 | 52000 bf | 23 | #1000 [ps 34 | 25000 ss ser . [sooo] 50000 81 Operation “45000 50000 Query : Find a pk Solution: tage sala [age] salary 4 | so000 5 4 (2! 23__[ #1000Relational Alger b) Syntax Query Expression 1) u (Query Expression 2) Fig. 55.1 : SET Operation ‘Table Name :ITEmployee | ‘Wy sas (my-Sem += Com) :mployee table i) Computer department Employee table _ ‘Table Name: COMP Employee z1_|_ Varsha 24 22_| _Bhavna 2 23 Geeta 25 | 24 | anita a Query Solution 552 Intersect Operator i = Esplin he ftowing tems with an example: Set inersecton, 9) Overview Qu 7 Exresion 1) (Query Expresso Find all Employees in computer and IT department (IT_Employee) v (COMP_Employee) 1 id | Ename | Age Suhas_| 24 jendra | 24 Mahesh | 23 21 |varsha_| 2a 22 | Bhavna | 24 23 |ceea | 25 24 | amruta | 23 en ne that are common in tabi 2) 5Perr ©) Example 5) Allemployees in FT department Mahesh a Name Vidya. Employee Bia Ename Age Suna Query + Fi Solution aa | Suhas 2 12 | fayendira 2 5.5.3 Difference Operator table 2 en ne rows that are present inthe = met ey vans (mu sem 4 come) by syne sxpression 2) jon 1) - (Query B ——EE (query Earesion “(0s (DIFFERENCES 8 2 E 4 E 5 3 'S DIFFERENCE R c 2 E 4 “Table Name: Vidya Employee Eid Ename Age a1__[ Suhas. 24 12 | layendra 24 Sachin 25 Mahesh Fy 9 TT pa ewes. fable Name :IT_Employee Ename | |. | Vliasosiieecieces Age a1 | subas aa Iayendra 7 Sachin Ba Mahesh Geeta— ss (USS eoet sdition Is invall sian ro [Relational Alyy join condition in a WHERE clause “Aoin eo sways neue 2 valid ‘roavoid9 ee EI wn ancxanie sation apie example. sof jo wh ant to retrieve data from multiple tables oF | relations, Fe era join (ea) in which column having same name in two table wil be ken (query pr (cable_name) ©) Example Query Solution (Employee) «(Depa [fia | mame | bid | pid [ Dname ns inthe tables being joined. rows by m: hat column should be p common columns having same name and dats pe of ns having Wt data Oe 9 me column name and same data typeDEMS (MU- Sem 4 Comp) 511 Tear Employee Lae Bid | Ename | pid | | Did | Dname 1 [amie [10 | {10 [7 2 [nitin [30 | | 30 | HR 3. | Yogesh | 50 | [40 | TIS i S| i rtments. Query : Find all Employees and their respective depa! Solution: (Employee) >< (Department) Eid | Ename | Did Did _| Dname 1 | Amit 10 10 IT 2__[ Nitin 30 30 HR Employee Data Department Data re in ult set. * _ Inabove example the employee data having same did as department data are Kept in res + Allnon-matching tuples of cross join are ignored. Type 2 : Inner joins / Theta Join (rg) * Theta join will combines tuples from multiple relations if they satisfy the specified join condition. * This join condition is also called as Theta and denoted by the symbol 8. * The tables are joined according to join conditions. * The only rows with matching values are combined using inner join. * Inner join will ignore all tuple does not find matching tuple in other table. Example : Query : Find all Employees and their respective departments, Solution: Employee pa ‘employee.did= Department did Department Eid | fname | pia | did | Dname | 1 Amit 10 10 IT 2 Nitin 30 30 HR Employee Data _[ Department Data * _ Inabove example the employee data having did exactly 5 ame as department data are kept in result set * Allnon-matching tuples of cross join are ignored Type 3 : Outer joins * _ Inan inner join or in case of a simple join, the resultant t ‘able contains ont the join conditions, oo¥F_DBMS (MU -Sem 4- Comp, : Relational Algebra © Outer joins are useful when problem. . h Such problems are created when foreign key values do not match the primary Key values in related table. i) Left outer join © Table or n left side of operator may contain null values * Left outer join takes all tuples in the left relation that did not match with any tuple in the right relation. Example : Query: Find all Employees and their respective department data. Solution: Employee = > 0) 1+ Ifa second’s precision isnot spect Example 1:16:59 (a HLS ‘Timestamp / date time am of sx positions aoe «+The TIMESTAMP data type includes both date snd time fats, plus = m 1s of second and optimal with TIMEZONE Qu the felds YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE and SECOND in the farmat THE stil part of the SECOND value his 26 (19, ifs = 00720 ¢.f52 9 decimal ra + Represented DDD HHLMM:SSLF] where Fis the fra not specified, s defaults to 6.The lengt + fa second prect Example “Tumestamp '2009:01:01 11:16:59 648302" (as WYYY-MM-DD HHSMMSS TIMEZONE) stamp : Local date and time without time zon, current €) Interval ewe hav ean be used to increment or decrement a bee ‘This specifies an interval a relative value ¢ INTERVAL YEAR TO MON isestamp, ys of DDL. commands areas REATE satementis used to create new. jects lke table, nts used to er ns database objects like tab ‘This sateen used te ont india an interval oF 2 Years an 8 months. ran inerval of 21 Years jear(2)inactes 25 Yor) 1 of mont “pont (2) nents a inter FnERVAL-DAY TOSECOND DatatYPE neerval of days, 3 hours, 15 minutes and 20 seconds sported by Oracle ike table Data Definition Language (DDL) can be used Definition Language (ODL) ments are used to bul lows, CREATE Statement; To create Database objects ALTER Statement: To modify structure of database objects. DROP Statement: To remove database objects. [RENAME Statement :To Rename Database objects ‘TRUNCATE Statement: To empty the database table. immediately, as itis Autocommited these set of commands. Wo database. Hence no in database system is used to create a database object. hhew table with unique name or dent (CREATE TABLE DESC Employee: [Field [Type | Null| Key Defaule| Extra | JED jumeqro) YES} INULL | I [NAME | varchar(20) [YES | INULL | | Jace = fint(at) YES} NULL | ADDRESS |char(25) YES | [NULL | | ISALARY |decimal(182)1YES | [NULL | 1 5 rows n st (0.00 see) 6.5 _ Create Table with Integrity Constraints j 2. _Expiain Cons 6.5.1 Domain Integrity Constraint Domain constraints are used to test the values inserted into the table is correct oF not. (a) Required Ds Not Null Constraint (©) Gheck Constraint (@ Detaut Keyword Fig. 65.1 : Domain Integrity Constraint | Required Data Constraint / Not Null Constraint Some attributes (columns) in a database are not allowed to contain NULL value, NU are unknown, unassigned or missing attribute values. a t, LL values are va sues W_pams (ov-Som 4 - Comp, £6 Structured Query Langues ‘example tn the student database, every student must have an associated student name. Student.name should ant Nou : Ql CREATE TABLE Student (6d INTNOTNULL): ‘query OK, 0 sows affected (0.01 sec) by Check Constraint useof cheek constraint isco ensure tht attribute value satisfies specific user defined condition example ‘Table wth customer entity having name, cid and gender which can be M or F. Hence, attribute gender can take Sl» CREATE TABLE customer (Mame CHAR (25) NOT NULL Gender CHAR (2), CHECK (Gender IN CF) » (Query OK O rows affected (0.01 see) 6) Defaule Keyword Delauc keyword is used to add some value no atribute value added for tuple ample Table with customer entity having name, cid and gender in which i costomer tac willbe taken as‘Unknown? M's Primary key. If name snot added for SQl> Create able customer (ame char (25) DEFAULT-UNKNOWN)); Qeery OX, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) 552 Entity Integrity Constraint & 7 atabase are corret or not with respect too sty constraints are used to test nt " " values inserted into the database are corrector not wi 0 other Enty integrity ConstraintS82 customer ena ‘L> CREATE TABLE custom (Name cHar ca CHAR (10) PRIMARY KEY “ViMB name, id and gender in which eid primary ey (Query OK. O rows affected (0.01 see) and to update such -TER command 0 UP an existing table ©) Unique Constraint ete, oF meaty colar soma existing Sle + lncaseof unque constraint ne sro nuh snasen arenarius Sa on as ples can have equal ale forse atbute ag ans OP straint Says that atrbutes forms candidates hey, which allows one Mutt 7 Ae hi ot + This UNIQUE constrsinc can be applicable tourer defined domain declaration so. Example SQL> CREATE TABLE customer (Name CHAR (25), cis char 20, Email CHAR (50) UNIQUE ; acre (Query OK, 0 rows aected (0.01 sec) oP colon 3 ‘ample tegrity Constrai ol> ALTER TABLE Employee 4 one relation table) for a given set of at ns VARCHAR (100) utes also appears for another set of tru, ADD Adress VARC ‘query OX 0 rowsallected (0.02 560) ‘oview the changed structure of table 1s defined between two tables to maintain the consistency among tuplsin sql» DESCRIBE TABLE Employee: _ tr Mi \type «Null [Key | Defaule | Extra | imp Ba os SS Enerame Ben nae ve fimqao) YES | NULL | eae Depa NAME |varchar(20) YES | [NULL || smn Fig. 653 WAGE ima) YES NULL | am vgn ADDRESS varehar(200) [YES | NULL | | USALARY |decimal{182)| YES} [NULL | Nor NULL, Le aaa PRIMARY KEY ( Sows in set(0.00 sec) ° ee. '{0 change name of table wit or without dat In using simple RENAME command i name any table abject at any point of ine RENAME Tat TABLE To New Table Names; 6.8 _Truneate Table ane renres aves Onnanan aeeennRnRe ho TRUNCATE TABLE command is ued to delete all data fom an existing table ‘poet do ame aon wh DROP TABLE commun but weal ome cmplte Me a hy +A DELETE command wil also remove all ata fom table but with DELETE data deletion canbe rolled bt huncate ate te permanent dacs deletion wih no ol back possible + stony dale igeereare define on he table, then the trguers are not Hired on troneate table {Truncate will de-allacates memory space, So thatthe free space can be used by other tables une Dek [TRUNCATE TABLE : QL» TRUNCATE TABLE EMP, DROP Command / DROP Table + brop command can be used tremor ” rea ae nee 1 rhe SOL DROP TABLE statement used to remove a table defini [obsess and permission pectieatons for that table seentsnes mus be carsfal whe running shis command because once ¢ table és dropped then a ae aera svatable in ehat able wil also be lost forever and no rol back canbe dons DROP TABLE DESC TABLE Employee 114 (42502) Table ‘TEST Employee’ doesn't exist — oO oO crs vo tant So non nguage OM) = an ante vores are re OF to commands ae nt and can be rolled back: OF sm omer wor daca in database mrnges done by DML command —— [Lasrseenen [Eoneresaen=n | [swronesser=n | Fig. 610.1 : Uses of DIL commends vip irse of commands qc INSERT Statement per satrent ed wa records tothe ext AE I ‘To insert data into a table, SQL INSERT INTO command can be used. Freee females in table as per columns names we can use generic syntax as Follows INSERT INTO (Columnt,...,Calsim®N) {VALUES (colum..columaN); «| at waues for all he cokumns ofthe table are to be added then also no need to specify the column names sn the saLauery 1+ Bot we need te make sure the order ofthe values isin the same order as the columns inthe table INSERT INTO INSERT INTO Employse VALUES (NULL, "Jayenda’)s Sal+ INSERT INTO Employee (Name, Fid) VALUES (‘Sachin’ , 1002) S06 INSERT INTO Employee (Name, Eid) VALUES 'Suhas!, NULL); data added in table can be displayed. SQL> SELECT= FROM Employer: as follows,Sots Comp) ot SIUCCUREM Quen Stan RR x2 Tarement SELL Kash | ons et coven nS NULL Chata “re upaate selected rows from tote UPDATE PUBLIC lependent grant privileges removes that GRANT only leges along lated grants on le may cause other user oF roles also have to leave that privilege 1b The evocation of priv 1 pris behaviours called caseading ofthe revoke, 4) Toremove selec om users U1, U2 and U3 REVOKE SELECT (ON mydbanytbl [FROM ‘mahesh’@ somehost’ 1) Toremove update rights on amount column of Emp Salary from U1,U2 and US REVOKE UPDATE (amount) ON Emp Salary FROM. ‘mahesh’@’somehost’ ©). Toremove reference right on amount cum from user UL REVOKE REFERENCES (amount) ON Emp Salary FROM ‘mahesh’@somehost ‘The revoke statements ma REVOKE SELECT ON Emp Salary FROM ‘mahesh’@'somchost RestRIcr, Iernativey specify restrict if we don't want cascade behavior. cs 18 Transaction Contr i veneage re) [rm St short on “Transaction control commands,euews) er 289 %401 8 woneI0W09 DEY 10 seeholdue “es sea, 80N HOU LLUOR, ‘SwwoworEs Bumoyo} 9410 souEnD 305 oun (uweriebeuew ‘weudue) satevery {xo ‘aus kuweues) Avedog “weu" Aveda ewes) suo 12" e1EP "A 0ons oueUcle) sakura ‘seeatep seKordie Bumo%o} Mn sOpVeD _: OL SatEwea "ROTO, <9 ANY ZOTENV, ITT swquNN aaTRY RNa 005 = sunowe-atewea 135 pasediiusea arepdn uadH] yn Je 49} yUMOUIE aBeUEP 24) IED (ouew s) (Gunoweebewep equinus Yoder 89 ‘Ar anuD) powEdHES (eou201 TRIB) sumo (woes SB BIRD wopIoe Tivaan «108 apoytno 102419" suit de en eee 0-0, S90 OH IDE]. THEO (Mao “aueukvedivog “a Kuedis0o (oun ia6eueH pa} 260ver, doses 019 3) v0 (lag wong owen 93) 22hodu3 covend 108: wens) moregeep von out.oy + L919 1dWEHS wiajqorg Bujubiseq Pi nove vonsesuen ey] ais unouy vox asegeiep ap 210 egaep 04 Jo saves oeypoutoyerBusproons Aa A suena) 4g paueysun sueuinsagoqenep ap pte auopun 218 asegeep 24 jr aq pinoys sosis jo a4 swwos paseutnasts sey pe (nsssronsin 3 spunsasasaup yesep ans wes, 2904 wonsesuens HoeqHON “€ “posn 9 Ue> YOM LIMAOD AeanesanY (NOLLIYSNVLLIO Peet! NY youruoys 2q wes spuomson atp pue Teuondo st 19 uicion9 ‘pasar 5) LIMMOD KIWo aos Wes nas sy {(eouee vonzesuen (© cwouruied mep axp 01 aps sa8ueN He SOyeW pr suOHEIade 24p spus wa ‘Pey soaas 30) oge 40 (ep anes) sutleD se WonDE Uy 5) A99dE IEMA Bm Lion’ 1s He s20{go aseqe2ep a Yo suopesedo 21569 OFShon note on GRANT prvleges ert note on : OL and DML. We syntax or GRANT prvioges. tea shor nate on Revokng ot preeges Expas of SOL with example wth example roan DDL commands wth example Expin CREATE command with exami [Explain ALTER command wih example. Explain RENAME command with xarele lain TRUNCATE command wi exams Explan DROP command wth exam Expain DML commands wth stax Wea note on DCL. Erplain at yas privileges fe privioges with stable exam. a2 Object Privieges 2. Syatom Prages 1. Ownership SQL Security ing, Views n SQL 08, von-grour by guage (DL) Commands — Simple SQL Queries SELECT {ALL DISTINCT) [* /Columnt,Colurmn2..} FROM. TAA SELECT Clause - Select all Columns able Suu Subject | Hours |zanayra| mis | 16 raza] mm | 8 L ‘ame [zara] s_| 2 102 Omprakash | 03/02/00] pwec | 8 102 Omprakash | 03/02/80| vcom | & 102, ‘omprakash | os/ozye0| iP 103 niin | 2/166 | DT [tos Nun | 28/13/66 | com 103 win [zenro] ss_| 0 103 | _Mabesn | oryoras[ or | 10 [- tos Mahesh | 01/01/96 | apems | 6 108 Mahesh | oryoxya6| pwre | ¢ 1.2. SELECT Clause - Select Specific Columns ve specific columns of data from table to maintain security of ata nny names of required columns. SELECT Column.1.Name,.- FROM “ ons data in Faculty table Name, Subject gone ‘Faculty_Name Subject, Seis | FeO | on a wee a [ten rwne 748 SELECT Clause - Select Unique Records Sec i base statement used f9 Fereve all or some columns of data fom rable as explained 9 5 examples. 4 SELECT can have sary unique records or SELECT DISTINCT records to show only uniaue re ‘wo options as SELECT ALL records in which query result including duplicate records ‘syntax SELECT (ALL / DISTINCT} [+ /columnt, Gotumn2.) FROM Table Name> rample ‘To select all faculties from above faculty table SELECT ALL Faculty Name FROM Faculty; ouput Faculty NameNeTrcugaes ener racy coae[Facty Name] 0B _[subiect|Nours Iv: ro | amt ms [36 100 |e or | 10 103 | _ nai or | 10 102 | ompratarn [os/a2/a0| rwnc | 8 [Fie | voaein_[a7707/64] 08a [a6 ver, we want 1 Sort th 7.2 _ Ordering Query Results - ORDER BY Clause escending ‘Subject DSA is wee(MU Send comp SQL Operators 7.34 > Filtering Query Results - WHERE Clause DER BY keyword is used to sort theres by aspecified column, DER BY keyword sorts the records In ascending order by default. tosort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword, Row Selection — WHERE. a ar reel ae aoe an care | narnxane [Wanner [a ara | so Ei setect departments having location i SELECT * FROM WHERE ae | DEPT.NAME | MANAGER.ID | LOCATION.1D| aminitraion] 200 1700 Beeove 100 1700 Facounsing | 205 1700 | Jconracsing | 203 1700 eae ‘case sensitive. FR atorvinted Si aoe eS es are usualy placed on separate nes coenhance readability. indents are used to ena jaz Arithmetic Operators ore pesorm vanouarthmeticoperations, we can use these Operators. rooermrson operator isa mathematical symbol used zo compare two values in mathematical expression 1 She result of an arthmetic operators can be any numeri 1) various comparison operators are enlisted as given in Table 7.3.1, Subtraction 9% | Reminder eamples 1 Fndall Facuty not teaching ‘DT suc ng, ttt Sie or sting een 0 ou ‘SELECT + : to PH ay Hours > 10

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