Here are the answers to the questions, categorized by their respective marks:

MCQ Based Questions (1 Mark Each):

The total number of logical symbols in AI are:

Answer: b) There are 5 logical symbols.

What is the total number of quantification available in artificial intelligence?

Answer: d) 2 (Universal and Existential quantifiers).

What are Semantic Networks?

Answer: a) A way of representing knowledge.

Which of the following is an extension of the semantic network?

Answer: d) Partitioned Networks.

What are the limitations of the semantic networks?

Answer: b) Lack in expressing some of the properties.

Which of the following elements constitutes the frame structure?

Answer: a) Facts or Data.

What among the following constitutes the representation of the knowledge in different forms?

Answer: d) All of the mentioned.

Computer programs, directions, and recipes are the examples of:

Answer: d) Procedural knowledge.

Answer: c) Inferential knowledge.

… is the ability to manipulate the representational structures to derive new structures corresponding to
new knowledge inferred from old.

Answer: b) Inferential Adequacy.

2 Marks Questions:

Explain briefly the difference between procedural and declarative knowledge.

Answer:

Procedural knowledge: Knowing how to do something (e.g., riding a bike).

Declarative knowledge: Knowing what something is (e.g., knowing the capital of a country).

What are the limitations in using propositional logic to represent the knowledge base?

Answer:

Limited expressive power.

Cannot represent relationships between individuals.

Difficulty in representing generalizations and patterns.

Requires many axioms for inference.

Name two standard quantifiers.

Answer:

Universal Quantifier (∀): For all (e.g., ∀x Happy(x) means everyone is happy).

Existential Quantifier (∃): There exists (e.g., ∃x Happy(x) means at least one person is happy).

Differentiate with an example between “Instance” and “Isa” relationships.

Answer:
Instance: Tom is an instance of the class Cat.

Isa: A Cat is a subclass of Mammal.

Explain property inheritance with an example.

Answer:

Inheritance allows objects to inherit properties from higher-level classes. Example: Mammals breathe air,
so a Cat (a mammal) also inherits the property of breathing air.

Describe how you will represent facts in propositional logic.

Answer:

Facts are represented using propositional variables (P, Q, R). For example, "It is raining" could be
represented as P.

Draw the truth table of (p & q) v r:

p q r p&q (p & q) v r

True True True True True

True True False True True

True False True False True

True False False False False

False True True False True

False True False False False

False False True False True

False False False False False

5 Marks Questions:

Explain conceptual dependency with an example and build the conceptual dependency structures for
the following sentences:

i) John pushed the cart

Answer:
Action (MOVE): Represents physical movement.

Agent (John): The one performing the action.

Object (Cart): The entity being pushed.

ii) John took the book from Mary

Answer:

Action (ATRANS): Represents the transfer of ownership.

Agent (John): The one who takes the book.

Object (Book): The entity being taken.

Source (Mary): The previous owner of the book.

Explain semantic net and frames with proper example.

Answer:

Semantic Net: A graphical representation of knowledge using nodes (concepts) and edges (relationships).
Example: Cat -> (is a) -> Mammal.

Frames: Data structures representing stereotypical situations. Example: A frame for a Car might include
attributes like "make", "model", and "color."

Explain Partitioned Semantic Net with example.

Answer:

A Partitioned Semantic Network divides knowledge into distinct sections for easier management. For
example, the partitioned net for a teacher teaching a student would have one partition for "Teacher" and
another for "Student," with a link for "teaches" connecting the two.

Write conceptual dependency for the following statements:

I) John flew to New York: Action (FLY), Agent (John), Destination (New York).

ii) John shot Mary: Action (SHOOT), Agent (John), Object (Mary).

iii) John ate eggs: Action (EAT), Agent (John), Object (eggs).
Differentiate between weak slot and strong slot filler techniques:

Answer:

Weak slot filler: Flexible knowledge representation, such as general properties (e.g., "A dog is an
animal").

Strong slot filler: Strict and specific representation, such as fixed attributes (e.g., "The dog is a Golden
Retriever").

Draw the partitioned semantic network of the following “Every teacher teaches his student.”

Answer:

Teacher node in one partition.

Student node in another partition.

Teaches relationship links both.

10 Marks Questions:

Write a script for watching a cricket match using conceptual dependency structures:

Answer:

PTRANS: You move to the stadium.

MOVE: You sit down.

ATTEND: You watch the cricket match.

EXCITE: You feel excited after a good shot.

SPEAK: You cheer for your team.

ATRANS: You buy snacks from a vendor.

PTRANS: You return home.

Write the Conceptual Dependency Representation of the following statements:

John threw a ball to Mary: Action (THROW), Agent (John), Object (Ball), Recipient (Mary).

John saw Mary: Action (SEE), Agent (John), Object (Mary).

John went to New York: Action (PTRANS), Agent (John), Destination (New York).

John sold his car to Bill: Action (ATRANS), Agent (John), Object (Car), Recipient (Bill).

What are semantic nets? How are they represented and how are they different from partitioned
semantic nets?

Answer:

Semantic Net: A graphical representation of knowledge where nodes represent concepts and edges
represent relationships. Example: Tom -> (is a) -> Cat.

Partitioned Semantic Net: A more organized version where knowledge is divided into partitions.
Example: A partition for animals and a partition for birds, linked by their relationships.

Draw the semantic network of the following statements:

Tom is a cat: Tom -> (is a) -> Cat.

The cat sat on the mat: Cat -> (sat on) -> Mat.

A cat is a mammal: Cat -> (is a) -> Mammal.

A bird is an animal: Bird -> (is a) -> Animal.

All mammals are animals: Mammal -> (is a) -> Animal.

Tom caught a bird: Tom -> (caught) -> Bird.

Tom is owned by John: Tom -> (owned by) -> John.