20 How We Got the Bible How We Got the Bible 21

AD 500 AD 600
Roman Empire declines. Christianity reaches Bede, a monk and scholar, makes
Germanic migrations (378-600) Britain before 300, but an Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
cause new languages Anglo-Saxon pagans drive translation of portions of Scripture.
to emerge. Christian Britons into Wales On his deathbed in 735, he finishes
(450-600). In 596, Augustine translating the Book of John.
The Masoretes are special
of Canterbury begins
Jewish scribes entrusted with Alfred The Great, King of
evangelization again.
the sacred task of making Wessex (871-901) translates
copies of the Hebrew Caedmon, an illiterate monk, portions of Exodus, Psalms,
Scriptures (Old Testament) retells portions of Scripture in and Acts.
approximately 500-900. They Anglo-Saxon (Old English)
Aldred, Bishop of Durham, inserts
develop a meticulous system poetry and song (676).
a translation in the Northumbrian
of counting the number of
Aldhelm of Sherborne, dialect between the lines of the
words in each book of the Bible
709, is said to have translated Lindisfarne Gospels (950).
to make sure they have copied
the Psalms. Bede
it accurately. Any scroll found Aelfric (955-1020) translates
to have an error is buried portions of the Old Testament.
according to Jewish law.

AD 1300
Normans conquer England First English Bible is In 1408, in England, it
(1066) and make French the translated from Latin in 1382 becomes illegal to translate or
official language. No English and is called the Wycliffe Bible read the Bible in common English
translation work produced until in honor of priest and Oxford without permission of a bishop.
the 1300s. scholar John Wycliffe. During his
World’s first printing press
lifetime, Wycliffe had wanted
Middle English emerges, with moveable metal type is
common people to have the
popularized by works such as invented in 1455 in Germany
Bible. He also criticized a
the Canterbury Tales and Richard by Johann Gutenberg. This
number of church practices and
Rolle’s Psalter (1340). invention is perhaps the single
policies. His followers, derisively
most important event to
called Lollards (meaning
influence the spread of the Bible.
“mumblers”), included his
criticisms in the preface to the The Gutenberg Bible
Wycliffe Bible. This Bible is is the first book ever printed. This
banned and burned. Forty years Latin Vulgate version is often Gutenberg Bible Page
after Wycliffe’s death, his bones illuminated by artists who hand
are exhumed and burned for paint letters and ornaments on
heresy. each page.
John Wycliffe

AD 1500
Erasmus, a priest and William Tyndale, priest and Tyndale is called the “Father of the
Greek scholar, publishes a Oxford scholar, translates the English Bible” because his translation
new Greek edition and a New Testament from Greek forms the basis of the King James
12 Solomon's Temple Solomon's Temple more
113 accurate Latin (1525), but cannot get approval Version. Much of the style and
translation of the New to publish it in England. He vocabulary we know as “biblical
Testament in 1516. His goal moves to Germany and prints English” is traceable to his work.
is that everyone be able to Bibles, smuggling them into
read the Bible, from the England in sacks of corn and
farmer in the field to the flour. In 1535 he publishes part
weaver at the loom. Erasmus’ of the Old Testament translated
Greek text forms the basis of Erasmus from Hebrew. In 1536, Tyndale
the “textus receptus” and is is strangled and burned at the
used later by Martin Luther, stake. His final words are
William Tyndale, and the Martin Luther translates “Lord, open the King of
King James translators. the New Testament into England’s eyes.”
German in 1522. William Tyndale

© RW Research, Inc. www.hendricksonrose.com May be reproduced for classroom use only, not for sale. © RW Research, Inc. www.hendricksonrose.com May be reproduced for classroom use only, not for sale.

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The Temple is shown here with the north wall removed. East is at the left; west is to the right. Notice the shaft of morning sunlight, as it hits the solid gold floor and walls, reflecting throughout.

Where Jesus W

Damascus
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RCHY
ILIP
aveh

iladelphia

52 ● Parables of Jesus Parables of Jesus ● 153

TITLE SUMMArY CoMMENTS

16 The Tenants A landowner prepares a vineyard and rents
it out to farmers while he goes far away. At
This is one of the most difficult parables to
interpret. The parable does not say that God
Matt. 21:33–45
Mark 12:1–12 harvest time, he sends servants to collect the has rejected the Jewish people as a group. It
Luke 20:9–19 “rent” (first fruits) but the farmers treat the is an indictment against the Jewish leaders
50 servants shamefully. He finally sends his son, who rejected John the Baptist and Jesus.
miles
km whom they kill. He will therefore destroy The parable demands from its audience that
75
the wicked farmers and rent the vineyard to they reject, in turn, those leaders and follow
others. Jesus.
ed for classroom use only, not for sale. © RW Research, Inc. www.hendricksonrose.com May be reproduced for classroom use only, not for sale.

17 The Wedding A king prepares a wedding feast for his son

and sends for the guests, who all give poor
An indictment of the Jewish leaders’
treatment and rejection of the prophets and
Banquet
Matt. 22:2–14 excuses for not attending and even murder Jesus. The offer of salvation is now open to
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his servants. The king destroys those people all that will trust in Christ (Acts 28:28).
and invites others to the feast.

18 The Ten Virgins Ten bridesmaids await the arrival of the

bridegroom, but only the five that were wise
The parable urges
people to be ready
Matt. 25:1–13
enough to prepare with extra oil for their and prepared for
lamps were ready when he arrived and went Christ’s imminent
with him. return.

19 The Talents Before going on a long trip, a man gives

each of his three servants a different sum of
At his return, Christ expects Christians to
have used the gifts and opportunities he has
Matt. 25:14–30
his money to invest. Two double the money given them (Col. 1:10). The central issue
they were given and are rewarded; the third of the parable is faithfulness. The parable
buries his for no profit and loses his reward. exhorts its audience to remain faithful
disciples of Jesus in the time before his
return.

ciful 20 The Growing The kingdom of God is compared to

seeds that grow to maturity. We do not
The parable conveys confidence and comfort
to its audience by assuring that the kingdom
Servant Seed
Mark 4:26–29 understand the process of growth the seed of God will find fulfillment in God’s time.
experiences. However, when the fruit is ripe, It also reminds us that this fulfillment is
it is harvested. inevitable and does not depend on human
efforts.

21 The Absent Christ is compared to a homeowner who

goes on a trip and leaves his servants in
This brief comparison calls all believers to
be ready for the return of Jesus. Being ready
Householder
146 Herod's Temple Herod's TempleMark
14713:34–37 charge. The servants must not be caught idle means that Christians are occupied with the
upon his return. matters and issues of the kingdom of heaven.
Christ has left Christians to do his work in
the world as salt and light. Our joy is to be
found faithful upon his return (Matt. 5:13).

22 The Creditor A creditor forgives two debtors. One is

forgiven an amount ten times greater than
As we come to understand more and more
how great a debt we have been forgiven, we
and the Two
Debtors the other is. Christ confirms that the one will love Christ more (Mark 12:30).
Luke 7:41–43 that was forgiven the larger amount will love
the creditor more.

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106 Feasts of the Bible

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 ROSE HANDBOOK OF

BIBLE
CHARTS, MAPS,
AND TIMELINES
 Rose Handbook of Bible Charts, Maps, and Timelines
© 2024 Rose Publishing
Published by Rose Publishing
An imprint of Tyndale House Ministries
Carol Stream, Illinois
www.hendricksonrose.com

ISBN 978-1-4964-8485-7
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
100 Key People in the Bible and 100 Prayers in the Bible by © Harold Wilmington; The Dead Sea
Scrolls by © World of the Bible Ministries, Randall Price, PhD; Tabernacle cutaway, High Priest,
Herod’s Temple, Israel at Mt. Sinai art by Stan Stein; The Exodus, The Tabernacle (p. 85),
Solomon’s Temple, Herod’s Temple (p. 237), Palm Sunday to Easter, Jesus’ Hours on the
Cross by © Hugh Claycombe; Essential Doctrines by © Norman L. Geisler, PhD; The Gospels
“Lost” & Found by Timothy Paul Jones, PhD; Christianity, Cults, and Religions by general editor
Paul Carden; Islam and Christianity by Rev. Bruce Green and Andras Szalai, PhD; Worldviews
Comparison by Alex McFarland. Some stock photos used under license from Shutterstock.
com. All maps by © Rose Publishing.
Most chapters previously published in Rose Book of Bible Charts, Maps & Time Lines (Rose
Publishing, 2015), Rose Book of Bible Charts Vol. 2 (Rose Publishing, 2008), and Rose Book of
Bible Charts Vol. 3 (Rose Publishing, 2014).
Most scripture quotations from the Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®. Copyright ©
1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved
worldwide. www.zondervan.com The “NIV” and “New International Version” are trademarks
registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Biblica, Inc.™; The (NASB®)
New American Standard Bible®, Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995, 2020 by The Lockman
Foundation. Used by permission. All rights reserved. lockman.org; The Holy Bible, New Living
Translation, copyright © 1996, 2004, 2015 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission
of Tyndale House Publishers, Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023034044
Printed by RR Donnelley, Hong Kong
December 2023, 1st printing
 CONTENTS
Bible Overview New Testament
Bible Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Gospels Side by Side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Bible Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Genealogy of Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
100 Key People in the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 The Twelve Disciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
100 Prayers in the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Parables of Jesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Weights, Measures, and Money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Herod’s Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
How We Got the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Palm Sunday to Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
The Dead Sea Scrolls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Jesus’ Hours on the Cross. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Bible Translations Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 100 Prophecies Fulfilled by Jesus. . . . . . . . . . 243
Names of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Evidence for the Resurrection. . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Names of Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Women of the Bible: New Testament . . . . . . 251
Names of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 The Life of the Apostle Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Armor of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Old Testament The Love Chapter: 1 Corinthians 13. . . . . . . . 269
Fruit of the Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Noah’s Ark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The Seven Churches of Revelation. . . . . . . . . 272
Twelve Tribes of Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Book of Revelation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
The Exodus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Tabernacle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ark of the Covenant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Bible Maps
The Judges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Middle East: Then and Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Feasts of the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Holy Land: Then and Now. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Christ in the Passover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Holy Land: United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Kings and Prophets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Holy Land: Divided Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Solomon’s Temple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Assyrian Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Statue in the Book of Daniel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Babylonian and Persian Empires. . . . . . . . . . . 294
Women of the Bible: Old Testament . . . . . . . 121 Middle East: Fascinating Facts
Heroes of the Old Testament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 and Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
The Ten Commandments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Where Jesus Walked: Then and Now. . . . . . . 296
Christ in the Old Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 World of the First Christians:
Joseph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Then and Now. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Moses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Expansion of Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
David. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Esther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Ruth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Psalms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Psalm 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Proverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
 Christian Living Christianity, Cults, and Religions
Following Jesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Christianity, Cults, and Religions. . . . . . . . . . . 473
Who I Am in Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Denominations Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
What the Bible Says about Forgiveness. . . . 314 Islam and Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
What the Bible Says about Money. . . . . . . . . 322 Worldviews Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
What the Bible Says about Prayer. . . . . . . . . . 331
Heaven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
The Lord’s Prayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
The Beatitudes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Bible Promises for Hope and Courage . . . . . 361
24 Ways to Explain the Gospel. . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Spiritual Gifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Spiritual Disciplines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Christian History and Doctrines

Essential Doctrines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Attributes of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Creeds and Heresies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
The Trinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Baptism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
The Lord’s Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Four Views of the End Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Christian History Time Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Reformation Time Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
The Gospels: “Lost” & Found. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
4228X_DeluxeMapBook_book.indb 8

© Rose Publishing, LLC

JUDGES, RUTH 1 SAMUEL THROUGH 2 CHRONICLES EZRA, NEHEMIAH, ESTHER
• Kingdom divides into Israel (north) and Judah (south). 931
Era of Judges
Northern Kingdom of Israel 931–722 • Israel falls to Assyria. 722 • Gedaliah, governor of Judah 586
Judges written. Ruth (dates unknown)
c. 1350–1000 Southern Kingdom of Judah 931–586 • Judah falls to Babylon; temple destroyed;
Eli, priest in Shiloh c. 1100–1060 people exiled. 586
1 and 2 Samuel written. c. 1100–931 Elijah c. 870–845 Daniel c. 605–535 Malachi c. 400s
Samuel, judge and prophet in Israel Elisha c. 845–800 Ezekiel c. 593–571 Joel (dates unknown)
c. 1060–1020 Jonah c. 783–753 Obadiah c. 586 • Cyrus allows Jews to return
King Saul, Israel’s first king c. 1051–1011 from exile. 538
Amos c. 760–753 Lamentations
King David c. 1011–971 written. c. 586 • Rebuilding of the temple begins. 536
Hosea c. 752–722
Haggai c. 520

Permission to reproduce this page is granted to the purchaser.

Psalms written. c. 1000–450 Isaiah c. 740–681 1 and 2 Kings
written. c. 561–539 Zechariah c. 520–518
Davidic Covenant Micah c. 738–698 • Zerubbabel and Joshua the high
Prophet Nathan c. 990–971 Nahum c. 663–612 priest; temple completed. 516

Zephaniah Queen Esther c. 478

King Solomon c. 971–931
c. 641–628 Ezra goes to Judah. 457 •
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs
written. c. 971–931 Jeremiah 1 and 2 Chronicles
c. 626–582 written. c. 450–400
• First temple in Jerusalem built. 960
Habakkuk Nehemiah governs Judah. 444–432
c. 609–598
Ezra and Nehemiah
written. c. 400s
Kings are listed by dates of reign. Prophets are listed by the dates they prophesied.
1200 BC 1100 BC 1000 BC 900 BC 800 BC 700 BC 600 BC 500 BC 400 BC
Pharaoh Merneptah 1237–1227 • Mayan dynasties founded • King Mesha drives the Israelites out of Moab. c. 850 Gautama Buddha of India c. 563–483

Old Testament Time Line ✢ 8

in Central America. c. 1000
• Merneptah Stele c. 1220 • Assyria forces Israel to pay tribute. 841 • Aesop’s Fables c. 560

• Hittite Empire Hiram, king of Tyre c. 978–944 Greek poet Homer c. 800–701 Cyrus the Great, King of Persia 559–530
collapses. c. 1200
Pharaoh Shishak I • First recorded Olympic Philosopher Confucius of China 551–479
• Iron Age begins. c. 1200 945–924 games in Greece. 776
• Babylon falls to Persia and Media. 539
• Assyrian expansion • Founding of Rome. 753
• Olmec culture in Mexico marked by
massive basalt sculptures. c. 1200 begins. 912 • Darius the Mede rules Babylon. 539
Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria 745–727
• Roman Republic
Sennacherib of Assyria 705–681
Deluxe Then and Now® Bible Maps

• Trojan War begins in Asia Minor. c. 1190

Sargon II of Assyria conquers • established. 509
Samaria (Israel). 722 • Nineveh (Assyria)
• Egypt’s power begins
falls to Babylonia Athenian leader Pericles of
to decline. c. 1164 Greece c. 500–429
and Media. 612
• Zhou (Chou) Dynasty
King Nebuchadnezzar II King Xerxes I (Ahasuerus)
begins in China. c. 1150 Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria of Babylon 604–562 of Persia 485–465
Ramses II 883–859
Tiglath-Pileser I rules
King Artaxerxes of Persia 464–424
1/13/2020 5:31:12 PM

Assyria. 1114–1076 Shalmaneser III of Assyria

859–824 Peloponnesian War begins. 431 •

BIBLE
OVERVIEW
6 6 Bible
BibleOverview
Overview

BIBLE OVERVIEW

Old Testament - 39 books

Historical Poetry & Minor
Pentateuch - 5 Prophets - 12
Books - 12 Wisdom - 5
GENESIS JOSHUA JOB HOSEA
EXODUS JUDGES PSALMS JOEL
LEVITICUS RUTH PROVERBS AMOS
NUMBERS 1 SAMUEL ECCLESIASTES OBADIAH
DEUTERONOMY 2 SAMUEL SONG OF SONGS JONAH
1 KINGS MICAH
Major
2 KINGS Prophets - 5 NAHUM
1 CHRONICLES ISAIAH HABAKKUK
2 CHRONICLES JEREMIAH ZEPHANIAH
EZRA LAMENTATIONS HAGGAI
NEHEMIAH EZEKIEL ZECHARIAH
ESTHER DANIEL MALACHI

New Testament - 27 books

Gospels General
Paul's Epistles (Letters) - 13 Epistles &
& Acts - 5
MATTHEW ROMANS 1 THESSALONIANS Revelation - 9
HEBREWS
MARK 1 CORINTHIANS 2 THESSALONIANS
JAMES
LUKE 2 CORINTHIANS 1 TIMOTHY
1 PETER
JOHN GALATIANS 2 TIMOTHY
2 PETER
ACTS EPHESIANS TITUS
1 JOHN
PHILIPPIANS PHILEMON
2 JOHN
COLOSSIANS
3 JOHN
JUDE
REVELATION

© RW Research, Inc. www.hendricksonrose.com May be reproduced for classroom use only, not for sale.
 Bible Overview 7
Bible Overview 7

Old
Testament PENTATEUCH

The Pentateuch contains GENESIS EXODUS

stories about the creation Who: Moses Who: Moses
of the world, the flood, What: The Beginnings What: Deliverance from Slavery
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, the Where: Egypt and Canaan Where: Egypt and Canaan
When: c. 1446 bc–1406 bc When: c. 1446 bc–1406 bc
children of Israel in Egypt,
Why: To demonstrate that Why: To show God’s faithfulness
the exodus, and the time God is sovereign and loves his to the covenant and provide
the children of Israel spent creation. Israel with guidelines for holy
in the wilderness before living.
Outline (Chapter)
entering the Promised Land. • Creation, Fall, and Flood (1–11) Outline (Chapter)
• Abraham (12–25) • Moses (1–7)
The books also record the
• Isaac and Jacob (26–36) • The Plagues (8–13)
law God gave to the people • Joseph (37–50) • The Exodus (14–18)
on Mt. Sinai which laid Key Verse: I will establish my
• The Law (19–24)
down the regulations for • Tabernacle and Worship
covenant as an everlasting
(25–40)
sacrifice, worship, and daily covenant between me and you
living. The Pentateuch is and your descendants after you Key Verse: God said to Moses,
for the generations to come, “i am Who i am. This is what you
also called the Torah. to be your God and the God are to say to the Israelites:
of your descendants after you. ‘i am has sent me to you.’”
(Genesis 17:7) (Exodus 3:14)

LEVITICUS NUMBERS DEUTERONOMY

Who: Moses Who: Moses Who: Moses
What: Law and Sacrifice What: Census and History What: Sermons by Moses
Where: Sinai and Canaan Where: Borders of Canaan Where: Plains of Moab
When: c. 1446 bc–1406 bc When: c. 1446 bc–1406 bc When: c. 1446 bc–1406 bc
Why: To instruct Israel on how Why: A reminder of what Why: To remind the people
to be holy and to be a blessing happens when people rebel what God expects from them.
to others. against God.
Outline (Chapter)
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) • Sermon 1: Journey Review
• Sacrifice (1–7) • Census (1–9) (1–4)
• Priesthood (8–10) • Sinai to Canaan (10–12) • Sermon 2: Laws (5–28)
• Clean and Unclean (11–15) • Spies and Rebellion (13–19) • Sermon 3: Covenant (29–30)
• Day of Atonement (16) • Moab (20–36) • Final Farewells (31–34)
• Laws for Daily Life (17–27)
Key Verse: The Lord bless you Key Verse: Hear, O Israel: The
Key Verse: Consecrate and keep you; the Lord make Lord our God, the Lord is one.
yourselves and be holy, because his face shine upon you and be Love the Lord your God with
I am the Lord your God. Keep gracious to you; the Lord turn all your heart and with all your
my decrees and follow them. his face toward you and give soul and with all your strength.
I am the Lord, who makes you you peace. (Numbers 6:24–26) (Deuteronomy 6:4–5)
holy. (Leviticus 20:7–8)

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8 8 Bible
BibleOverview
Overview

HISTORICAL BOOKS
The 12 Historical Books JOSHUA JUDGES
continue with the story of
Who: Unknown (Joshua or Who: Unknown (Samuel)
the people of Israel and the Samuel) What: History before Kings
conquest of the Promised What: History of Conquest Where: Canaan
Land in the book of Joshua, Where: Canaan When: c. 1400 bc–1000 bc
the continuous cycle of When: c. 1300s bc Why: To stress the importance
Why: To assure the people that of remaining loyal to God.
disobedience in the book of
obedience to God is rewarded.
Judges, the first kings and Outline (Chapter)
the United Kingdom, Divided Outline (Chapter) • Reasons for Failure (1)
• The Conquest (1–12) • The Judges: Othniel, Ehud,
Kingdom, the Assyrian • Dividing the Land (13–22) Shamgar, Deborah, Gideon,
invasion, Babylonian invasion, • Joshua’s Farewell (23–24) Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Ibzan,
the years in exile, and the Key Verse: Be strong and very
Elon, Abdon, and Samson
return from exile during the (2–16)
courageous. Be careful to obey
• Days of Lawlessness (17–21)
Persian rule. all the law my servant Moses
gave you; do not turn from it to Key Verse: In those days Israel
the right or to the left, that you had no king; everyone did as
may be successful wherever they saw fit. (Judges 21:25)
you go. (Joshua 1:7)

RUTH 1 SAMUEL 2 SAMUEL

Who: Unknown (Samuel) Who: Unknown Who: Unknown
What: Story of a Faithful What: History of Events What: History of Events
Foreigner Where: Israel and Judah Where: Israel and Judah
Where: Canaan When: c. 1100 bc–931 bc When: c. 1100 bc–931 bc
When: c. 1350 bc–1000 bc Why: To record how Israel got Why: To demonstrate the
Why: To demonstrate the a king. prominence of David’s line.
kind of faithfulness, godliness,
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
loyalty, and love that God
• Samuel (1–7) • David’s Reign in Judah (1–4)
desires for us.
• Saul (8–15) • David Unites Israel (5–10)
Outline (Chapter) • Saul and David (16–31) • David and Bathsheba (11–12)
• Naomi and Ruth (1) • Family Problems (13–20)
Key Verse: But Samuel replied:
• Ruth meets Boaz (2) • Conclusions (21–24)
“Does the Lord delight in burnt
• The Threshing Floor (3)
offerings and sacrifices as much Key Verse: I have been with you
• The Marriage (4)
as in obeying the voice of the wherever you have gone, and
Key Verse: But Ruth replied, Lord? To obey is better than I have cut off all your enemies
“Don’t urge me to leave you or sacrifice, and to heed is better from before you. Now I will
to turn back from you. Where than the fat of rams.” make your name great, like the
you go I will go, and where you (1 Samuel 15:22) names of the greatest men of
stay I will stay. Your people will the earth. (2 Samuel 7:9)
be my people and your God my
God.” (Ruth 1:16)

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 Bible Overview 9
Bible Overview 9

1 KINGS 2 KINGS 1 CHRONICLES

Who: Unknown Who: Unknown Who: Unknown (Ezra)
What: Evaluation of the Kings What: Evaluation of the Kings What: Review of David’s Reign
Where: In Exile in Babylon Where: In Exile in Babylon Where: Judah
When: 561 bc–539 bc When: 561 bc–539 bc When: c. 450 bc–400 bc
Why: To demonstrate the value Why: To demonstrate the value Why: To encourage the remnant.
of obeying and the danger of of obeying God. Key Verse: “Oh, that you would
disobeying God. bless me and enlarge my territory!
Outline (Chapter)
Let your hand be with me, and
Outline (Chapter) • The Prophet Elisha (1–8)
keep me from harm so that I will be
• King Solomon’s Reign (1–4) • Kings of Judah and Israel (9–16)
free from pain.” (1 Chronicles 4:10)
• Temple Construction (5–8) • Fall of Israel (17–21)
• Queen of Sheba (9–10) • King Josiah (22–23)
• Kingdom Splits (11–16) • Fall of Judah; Exile (24–25) 2 CHRONICLES
• Prophet Elijah (17–22) Who: Unknown (Ezra)
Key Verse: And Hezekiah
Key Verse: So give your servant prayed to the Lord: “Lord, God What: Highlights Kings of Judah
a discerning heart to govern of Israel, enthroned between the Where: Judah
your people and to distinguish cherubim, you alone are God When: c. 450 bc–400 bc
between right and wrong. over all the kingdoms of the Why: To show the benefits that
(1 Kings 3:9a) earth. You have made heaven come from obedience.
and earth.” (2 Kings 19:15) Key Verse: As for us, the Lord is
our God, and we have not forsaken
him. (2 Chronicles 13:10a)

EZRA NEHEMIAH ESTHER

Who: Ezra Who: Ezra Who: Unknown
What: History of Reconstruction What: History of Reconstruction What: Story of Redemption
Where: Judah Where: Judah Where: Persia
When: c. 400s bc When: c. 400s bc When: c. 400s bc
Why: Provide a detailed Why: Rebuilding of the walls Why: To demonstrate that, in
account of the exiles’ return and of Jerusalem. all circumstances, God is in
the rebuilding of the temple. control.
Outline (Chapter)
Outline (Chapter) • Nehemiah Returns (1–2) Outline (Chapter)
• The Exiles Return (1–2) • Rebuilding of the Walls (3) • Search for a New Queen (1–2)
• Rebuilding the Temple (3–6) • Threats and Persecution (4–7) • Haman’s Plot (3)
• The Work of Ezra (7–10) • Renewal of Covenant (8–10) • Esther’s Plan (4–6)
• Dedication and Laws (11–13) • Haman’s Downfall (7)
Key Verse: With praise and
• Esther Saves the Jews (8–10)
thanksgiving they sang to the Key Verse: Nehemiah said, “Go
Lord: “He is good; his love to and enjoy choice food and Key Verse: For if you remain
Israel endures forever. And all sweet drinks, and send some silent at this time, relief and
the people gave a great shout to those who have nothing deliverance for the Jews will arise
of praise to the Lord, because prepared. This day is sacred to from another place, but you and
the foundation of the house of our Lord. Do not grieve, for the your father’s family will perish.
the Lord was laid.” (Ezra 3:11) joy of the Lord is your strength.” And who knows but that you
(Nehemiah 8:10) have come to royal position for
such a time as this? (Esther 4:14)

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1010 Bible
BibleOverview
Overview

POETRY & WISDOM

The five Poetry and Wisdom JOB PSALMS
books include hymns,
Who: Unknown Who: David, Moses, Asaph,
proverbs, poems, and dramas. What: Story of Perseverance Solomon, Ethan, Sons of Korah
They illustrate the creative Where: Mesopotamia (Uz) What: Poetry and Song
ways the people of Israel When: Unknown Where: Ancient Israel
expressed themselves to God Why: To show the sovereignty When: c. 1000 bc–450 bc
of God and to illustrate Why: To communicate with
and to each other.
faithfulness in the midst of God and worship him.
suffering.
Outline (Chapter)
Outline (Chapter) • Book I: Psalms 1–41
• Job Tested (1–3) • Book II: Psalms 42–72
• Job’s Friends (4–31) • Book III: Psalms 73–89
• Elihu’s Speech (32–37) • Book IV: Psalms 90–106
• God’s Answer (38–42) • Book V: Psalms 107–150
Key Verse: I know that my Key Verse: My mouth will
Redeemer lives, and that in speak in praise of the lord.
the end he will stand upon the Let every creature praise his
earth. And after my skin has holy name for ever and ever.
been destroyed, yet in my flesh (Psalm 145:21)
I will see God. (Job 19:25–26)

PROVERBS ECCLESIASTES SONG OF SONGS

Who: Solomon and others Who: Unknown (Solomon) Who: Solomon and others
What: Wisdom What: Wisdom What: Love Poem
Where: Israel Where: Jerusalem Where: Jerusalem
When: c. 900s bc–700s bc When: c. 900s bc or 500s bc When: c. 900s bc or 500s bc
Why: To provide wisdom and Why: A search to discover truth. Why: To illustrate the joy
guidance for God’s children. of authentic love found in
Outline (Chapter)
marriage.
Outline (Chapter) • The Meaning of Life (1–2)
• Lessons in Wisdom (1–9) • Life is Not Always Fair (3–6) Outline (Chapter)
• Proverbs of Solomon (10–22) • Wisdom (7–8) • The Courtship (1–2)
• Other Wise Sayings (23–24) • No One Knows the Future • The Wedding (3–4)
• Solomon’s Sayings (25–29) (9–10) • The Lasting Relationship (5–8)
• Other Proverbs (30–31) • Obedience to God (11–12)
Key Verse: Many waters cannot
Key Verse: Trust in the Lord Key Verse: Fear God and quench love; rivers cannot
with all your heart and lean not keep his commandments, wash it away. If one were to
on your own understanding; in for this is the whole duty of give all the wealth of his house
all your ways acknowledge him, mankind. For God will bring for love, it would be utterly
and he will make your paths every deed into judgment, scorned. (Song of Songs 8:7)
straight. (Proverbs 3:5–6) including every hidden thing,
whether it is good or evil.
(Ecclesiastes 12:13–14)

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 Bible Overview 1111
Bible Overview

MAJOR PROPHETS
The five Major Prophets are ISAIAH JEREMIAH
not called “major” because
Who: Isaiah Who: Jeremiah
of their message or quality, What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy and Judgement
but rather because of the Judgement Where: Judah
length of the books. The Where: Judah When: c. 626 bc–582 bc
prophets brought God’s word When: c. 701 bc–681 bc Why: To warn Judah of their
Why: To convince the people destruction, to remind them
which included warning of
that salvation was possible of their sin, and convince them
judgment, warnings and hope through repentance and hope to submit to the Babylonian
for the immediate future (as in the coming Messiah. invaders.
well as warnings and hope for Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
the distant future), and hope • Condemnation (1–39) • Jeremiah (1–10)
in the coming Messiah. • Comfort in Exile (40–55) • Prophetic Warnings (11–28)
• Future Hope (56–66) • New Covenant (29–39)
• The Fall of Jerusalem (40–52)
Key Verse: For to us a child is
born, to us a son is given, and Key Verse: “For I know the
the government will be on his plans I have for you,” declares
shoulders. And he will be called the Lord, “plans to prosper you
Wonderful Counselor, Mighty and not to harm you, plans to
God, Everlasting Father, Prince give you hope and a future.”
of Peace. (Isaiah 9:6) (Jeremiah 29:11)

LAMENTATIONS EZEKIEL DANIEL

Who: Unknown (Jeremiah) Who: Ezekiel Who: Daniel
What: Dirge Poem (Lament) What: Prophecy and Warning What: Prophecy and
Where: Babylon Where: Babylon Apocalyptic
When: c. 586 bc When: c. 593 bc–571 bc Where: Babylon
Why: To express the despair Why: To confront people about When: c. 605 bc–535 bc
of the people of Judah over their sin, give them one last Why: To convince the Jewish
the loss of their land, city, and chance to repent, and offer exiles that God is sovereign and
temple. hope. to provide them with a vision of
their future redemption.
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
• Sorrows of Captives (1) • Ezekiel (1–3) Outline (Chapter)
• Anger with Jerusalem (2) • Judgment of Judah (4–24) • Daniel and His Friends (1–6)
• Hope and Mercy (3) • Judgment on the Nations • Apocalyptic Visions (7–12)
• Punishment (4) (25–32)
Key Verse: In the time of those
• Restoration (5) • The End of the Age (33–39)
kings, the God of heaven will
• Restoration of Temple
Key Verse: Because of the set up a kingdom that will
(40–48)
Lord’s great love we are not never be destroyed, nor will it
consumed, for his compassions Key Verse: I will give you a new be left to another people. It
never fail. They are new heart and put a new spirit in will crush all those kingdoms
every morning; great is your you; I will remove from you your and bring them to an end, but
faithfulness. (Lamentations heart of stone and give you a it will itself endure forever.
3:22–23) heart of flesh. (Ezekiel 36:26) (Daniel 2:44)

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1212 Bible
BibleOverview
Overview

MINOR PROPHETS
The 12 Minor Prophets, called “The Book of the Twelve” in the Hebrew Bible, are just as important as the Major
Prophets. They are called “minor” because of the shorter length of the books.

HOSEA JOEL AMOS OBADIAH

Who: Hosea Who: Joel Who: Amos Who: Obadiah
What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy
Warning Judgment Judgment Where: Judah
Where: Israel Where: Judah Where: Israel When: c. 586 bc
When: c. 752 bc–722 bc When: Unknown When: c. 760 bc–753 bc Why: To prophesy against
Why: To illustrate Israel’s Why: To call Judah to Why: To accuse and judge Edom.
spiritual adultery and repentance in order to Israel for injustice and lack Outline: (Verses)
warn of destruction. avoid judgment. of mercy. • Judgment on Edom (1–9)
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) • Edom’s Violations (10–14)
• Unfaithful Wife (1–3) • Locusts (1) • Neighbors Punished (1) • Israel’s Victory (15–21)
• Unfaithful Nation (4–14) • Blessings and Curses • Israel’s Destruction (2–8) Key Verse: Because of
Key Verse: Because you (2–3) • Future Hope (9) the violence against your
have rejected knowledge, Key Verse: I will pour out Key Verse: Seek good, brother Jacob, you will be
I also reject you as my my Spirit on all people. not evil, that you may covered with shame; you
priests. (Hosea 4:6) Your sons and daughters live. Then the Lord God will be destroyed forever.
will prophesy. (Joel 2:28) Almighty will be with you. (Obadiah 10)
(Amos 5:14)

JONAH MICAH NAHUM HABAKKUK

Who: Jonah Who: Micah Who: Nahum Who: Habakkuk
What: Story of God’s What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy and
Mercy Judgment Judgment Judgment
Where: Nineveh Where: Israel and Judah Where: Judah and Nineveh Where: Judah
When: c. 783 bc–753 bc When: c. 738 bc–698 bc When: c. 663 bc–612 bc When: c. 609 bc–598 bc
Why: To show that God Why: To warn people Why: To pronounce Why: To affirm that the
loves all. of judgment and to judgment on Nineveh and wicked will not prevail and
Outline (Chapter) offer hope. the Assyrian empire. to remind Judah that God
• Jonah Flees (1) Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) is in control.
• Jonah Prays (2) • Judgment and • Judgment and Mercy (1) Outline (Chapter)
• Jonah’s Anger with God’s Deliverance (1–5) • Nineveh’s Destruction • Tough Questions (1–2)
Mercy (3–4) • Confession and (2–3) • Praise to the Lord (3)
Key Verse: I knew that Restoration (6–7) Key Verse: The Lord is Key Verse: Yet I will rejoice
you are a gracious and Key Verse: To act justly good, a refuge in times in the Lord, I will be
compassionate God, slow and to love mercy and to of trouble. He cares for joyful in God my Savior.
to anger and abounding walk humbly with your those who trust in him. (Habakkuk 3:18)
in love. (Jonah 4:2) God. (Micah 6:8) (Nahum 1:7)

ZEPHANIAH HAGGAI ZECHARIAH MALACHI

Who: Zephaniah Who: Haggai Who: Zechariah Who: Malachi
What: Prophecy and What: Prophecy and Hope What: Prophecy and Hope What: Prophecy and
Judgment Where: Judah Where: Judah Judgment
Where: Judah When: c. 520 bc When: c. 520 bc–518 bc Where: Judah
When: c. 641 bc–628 bc Why: To urge the people Why: To give hope to the When: c. 400s bc
Why: To motivate to complete rebuilding remnant. Why: To examine Judah’s
repentance. the temple. Outline (Chapter) actions and make sure
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) • Zechariah’s Visions (1–8) God has priority.
• Judgment on Judah (1) • Rebuild the Temple (1) • Oracles against the Outline (Chapter)
• Judgment on the • Blessings and David’s Nations (9–14) • Six Prophetic Speeches
Nations (2) Throne (2) Key Verse: See, your king (1–3)
• Promise of Restoration (3) Key Verse: My Spirit comes to you, righteous • Day of the Lord (4)
Key Verse: The great day remains among you. Do and having salvation, Key Verse: The sun of
of the Lord is near—near not fear. (Haggai 2:5) gentle and riding on a righteousness will rise
and coming quickly. donkey. (Zechariah 9:9) with healing in its wings.
(Zephaniah 1:14) (Malachi 4:2)

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 Bible Overview 13
Bible Overview 13

New GOSPELS & ACTS

Testament
The Gospels, which are the first four books of the New Testament, record the good news of God’s
plan for a Savior through the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Each writer has
a particular method or style to communicate the life and message of Jesus Christ.

MATTHEW MARK
Acts is the record of the
Who: Matthew (also called Levi) Who: John Mark
What: Gospel
radically changed “acts” or
What: Gospel
Where: Judea Where: Rome “actions” of the followers
When: c. ad 60 When: c. ad 50s of Jesus Christ after the
Why: To show Jesus as the Son Why: To show Jesus as the resurrection. Acts opens
of David, the Kingly Messiah Suffering Son of Man sent to
who fulfills prophecy. serve and not be served. with the out-flowing of the
Holy Spirit and describes the
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
• Birth and Early Life (1–4) • Introduction (1) missionary efforts of the early
• Ministry of Christ (5–20) • Ministry of Christ (2–10) followers of Jesus as they
• Death and Resurrection (21–28) • Death and Resurrection (11–16) spread the message of the
Key Verse: Then Jesus came Key Verse: Instead, whoever gospel to Judea and Samaria.
to them and said, “All authority wants to become great among Acts also records the actions
in heaven and on earth has you must be your servant, and of the apostle Paul as he and
been given to me. Therefore go whoever wants to be first must
and make disciples of all nations, be slave of all. For even the other courageous believers
baptizing them in the name Son of Man did not come to be continued to spread the good
of the Father and of the Son served, but to serve, and to give news of Jesus to the Jews and
and of the Holy Spirit.” his life as a ransom for many.
(Matthew 28:18–19) (Mark 10:43–45)
Gentiles of the Roman Empire.

LUKE JOHN ACTS

Who: Luke (The Physician) Who: John (The Beloved Who: Luke (The Physician)
What: Gospel Disciple) What: History of Early Church
Where: Caesarea What: Gospel Where: Caesarea and Rome
When: c. ad 60–ad 62 Where: Asia Minor When: c. ad 60–ad 62
Why: To show Jesus as the When: c. ad 85–ad 95 Why: To record how the Holy
Savior of the World who has Why: To show Jesus as the Son Spirit acted through believers
compassion for all human beings. of God, the Word made flesh, to spread the Word of God.
who provides eternal life for all
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
who believe in him.
• Birth and Early Life (1–4) • Jerusalem (1–7)
• Ministry of Christ (5–19) Outline (Chapter) • Judea and Samaria (8–11)
• Death and Resurrection (20–24) • Introduction (1)
• Paul’s Journeys (12–20)
• Ministry of Christ (2–12)
Key Verse: Then he said to • Paul Taken to Rome (21–28)
• Private Ministry (13–17)
them all: “If anyone would come • Death and Resurrection (18–21) Key Verse: But you will receive
after me, he must deny himself
and take up his cross daily and Key Verse: For God so loved the power when the Holy Spirit
follow me. For whoever wants world that he gave his one and comes on you; and you will be
to save his life will lose it, but only Son, that whoever believes my witnesses in Jerusalem, and
whoever loses his life for me in him shall not perish but have in all Judea and Samaria, and to
will save it.” (Luke 9:23–24) eternal life. (John 3:16) the ends of the earth. (Acts 1:8)

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1414 Bible
BibleOverview
Overview

PAUL’S EPISTLES (LETTERS)

The apostle ROMANS 1 CORINTHIANS
Paul wrote 13
Who: Paul Who: Paul
letters to young What: Letter to Roman Christians What: Letter to Church in Corinth
churches, pastors, Where: Corinth Where: Ephesus
When: c. ad 57 When: c. ad 55–ad 56
and friends in Why: To illustrate law, faith, salvation, and Why: To address division and immorality
order to guide, righteous living. and to encourage them to love each other.
encourage, and Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
• Christian Gospel (1–8) • Divisions (1–4)
correct them. • Israel (9–11) • Morality (5–11)
Most of these • Christian Life (12–16) • Spiritual Gifts (12–14)
• The Resurrection (15–16)
letters served a Key Verse: Therefore, I urge you, brothers, in
view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as Key Verse: Love is patient, love is kind. It
specific purpose living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God— does not envy, it does not boast, it is not
or addressed a this is your spiritual act of worship. Do not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking,
conform any longer to the pattern of this it is not easily angered, it keeps no record
specific question world, but be transformed by the renewing of wrongs. (1 Corinthians 13:4–5)
or problem. of your mind. (Romans 12:1–2a)

2 CORINTHIANS GALATIANS EPHESIANS

Who: Paul Who: Paul Who: Paul
What: Letter to Church in Corinth What: Letter to Churches in Galatia What: Letter to Church in Ephesus
Where: Philippi Where: Asia Minor Where: Prison in Rome
When: c. ad 56 When: c. ad 48–49 or ad 54–55 When: c. ad 60–ad 62
Why: To defend Paul’s call as an Why: To warn against legalism and Why: To show believers what it
apostle, to address deceivers. defend justification by faith as well means to be a follower of Christ
Outline (Chapter) as Paul’s apostolic authority. and encourage them in their
• Apostolic Characteristics (1–7) Outline (Chapter) spiritual walk.
• Giving (8–9) • Paul’s Defense (1–2) Outline (Chapter)
• Paul’s Defense (10–13) • Justification by Faith (3–4) • Spiritual Blessings (1–3)
Key Verse: But he said to me, “My • The Christian Life (5–6) • The Christian Life (4–6)
grace is sufficient for you, for my Key Verse: But the fruit of the Key Verse: For it is by grace you
power is made perfect in weakness.” Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, have been saved, through faith—
Therefore I will boast all the more kindness, goodness, faithfulness, and this not from yourselves, it is
gladly about my weaknesses, so gentleness and self-control. the gift of God—not by works,
that Christ’s power may rest on me. Against such things there is no law. so that no one can boast.
(2 Cor. 12:9) (Galatians 5:22–23) (Ephesians 2:8–9)

PHILIPPIANS COLOSSIANS
Who: Paul Outline (Chapter) Who: Paul Outline (Chapter)
What: Letter to Church in • Joy of Life (1) What: Letter to Church in • Thanksgiving (1)
Philippi • Humility of Christ (2) Colossae • Work of Christ (1–2)
Where: Prison in Rome • Finish the Race (3) Where: Prison in Rome • Finish the Race (3–4)
When: c. ad 60–ad 62 • Thanks and Greetings (4) When: c. ad 60–ad 62 • Final Greetings (4)
Why: To express Paul’s love Why: To counteract heretical
and affection for the Philippians. teachings and exhort believers.
Key Verse: Do everything without complaining or arguing, so Key Verse: For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives
that you may become blameless and pure, children of God in bodily form, and in Christ you have been brought to
without fault in a crooked and depraved generation, in which fullness. He is the head over every power and authority.
you shine like stars in the universe. (Philippians 2:14–15) (Colossians 2:9–10)

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 Bible Overview 15
Bible Overview 15

1 THESSALONIANS 2 THESSALONIANS 1 TIMOTHY

Who: Paul Who: Paul Who: Paul
What: Letter to the Church in What: Letter to the Church in What: Letter to Timothy
Thessalonica Thessalonica Where: Rome
Where: Corinth Where: Corinth When: c. ad 62–ad 66
When: c. ad 50–ad 52 When: c. ad 50–ad 52 Why: To remove false doctrine
Why: To emphasize Christ’s return Why: To emphasize Christ’s return and suggest proper leadership
and to stress commitment. and to encourage believers. for the church in Ephesus.
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
• Faith and Example (1–3) • Praise and Encouragement (1) • Trouble in Ephesus (1)
• Living for God (4) • Christ’s Return (2) • Church Leadership (2–3)
• Christ’s Return (4–5) • Pray and Work (3) • False Teachers (4)
Key Verse: Rejoice always, pray Key Verse: We have confidence in • Discipline (5)
continually, give thanks in all the Lord that you are doing and • Paul’s Advice to Timothy (6)
circumstances; for this is God’s will continue to do the things we Key Verse: Don’t let anyone look
will for you in Christ Jesus. Do not command. May the Lord direct down on you because you are
quench the Spirit. Do not treat your hearts into God’s love and young, but set an example for the
prophecies with contempt but Christ’s perseverance. In the name believers in speech, in life, in love,
test them all; hold on to what is of the Lord Jesus Christ, we in faith and in purity. Until I come,
good, reject every kind of evil. command you, brothers, to keep devote yourself to the public
(1 Thessalonians 5:16–22) away from every brother who is idle reading of Scripture, to preaching
and does not live according to the and to teaching. (1 Timothy 4:12–13)
teaching you received from us.
(2 Thessalonians 3:4–6)

2 TIMOTHY TITUS PHILEMON

Who: Paul Who: Paul Who: Paul
What: Letter to Timothy What: Letter to Titus What: Letter to Philemon
Where: Prison in Rome Where: Rome Where: Prison in Rome
When: c. ad 66–ad 67 When: c. ad 64–ad 66 When: c. ad 60–ad 62
Why: To encourage Timothy to Why: To encourage the church in Why: To appeal to Philemon to
remain faithful in ministry even Crete to do good works. forgive and receive Onesimus, a
in the midst of suffering. Outline (Chapter) runaway slave.
Outline (Chapter) • Instruction for Titus (1) Outline (Verses)
• Thanksgiving (1) • Living the Faith (2–3) • Salutations (1–3)
• Call to Remain Faithful (2) • Final Instructions (3) • Philemon’s Love and Faith (4–7)
• Authority of God’s Word (3) Key Verse: But when the kindness • Paul’s Appeal (8–22)
• Lead a Godly Life (3–4) and love of God our Savior • Final Greetings (23–25)
appeared, he saved us, not because
Key Verse: From infancy you have Key Verse: So if you consider me a
of righteous things we had done,
known the holy Scriptures, which partner, welcome him as you would
but because of his mercy. He
are able to make you wise for welcome me. If he has done you
saved us through the washing of
salvation through faith in Christ any wrong or owes you anything,
rebirth and renewal by the Holy
Jesus. All Scripture is God-breathed charge it to me. I, Paul, am writing
Spirit, whom he poured out on us
and is useful for teaching, rebuking, this with my own hand. I will pay it
generously through Jesus Christ our
correcting and training in back—not to mention that you owe
Savior, so that, having been justified
righteousness, so that the man me your very self. (Philemon 17–19)
by his grace, we might become
of God may be thoroughly
heirs having the hope of eternal life.
equipped for every good work.
(Titus 3:4–7)
(2 Timothy 3:15–17)

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1616 Bible
BibleOverview
Overview

GENERAL EPISTLES & REVELATION

The eight General
HEBREWS JAMES
Epistles were
Who: Unknown Who: James
written by other What: Letter to Hebrew Believers What: Letter to Jewish Believers
apostles and leaders Where: Unknown Where: Jerusalem
including Simon When: c. ad 60–ad 69 When: c. ad 49
Peter, James, John, Why: To emphasize the superiority of Christ Why: Encouragement to live out one’s faith
and Jude. The over the Old Covenant. within the Christian community.
General Epistles Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
• Supremacy of Christ (1–4) • Living a Life of Faith (1–2)
were addressed to • The New Covenant (5–10) • Faith without Works (2–3)
the early Christians • The Life of Faith (11–13) • Speech and Wisdom (3–4)
to provide guidance, Key Verse: Let us fix our eyes on Jesus, the • Wealth and Prayer (5)
encouragement author and perfecter of our faith, who for the Key Verse: Everyone should be quick to listen,
through persecution, joy set before him endured the cross, scorning slow to speak and slow to become angry,
and warnings of its shame, and sat down at the right hand of because human anger does not produce the
the throne of God. (Hebrews 12:2) righteousness that God desires. (James 1:19–20)
false teachings.

1 PETER 2 PETER 1 JOHN

Who: Peter Who: Peter Who: John
What: Letter to All Christians What: Letter to All Christians What: Letter to All Christians
Where: Rome Where: Rome Where: Ephesus
When: c. ad 64–ad 65 When: c. ad 64–ad 65 When: c. ad 85–ad 95
Why: To call Christians to holiness. Why: To warn against false teachers. Why: To emphasize love in Christ.
Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter) Outline (Chapter)
• Holiness and Submission (1–2) • Living Like Christ; False Teachers (1–2) • Living in the Light (1–2)
• Suffering (3–4) • The Return of Christ (3) • Living in Love (3–4)
• Advice for Old and Young (5) Key Verse: For prophecy never had • Living by Faith (5)
Key Verse: The end of all things is its origin in the will of man, but men Key Verse: Whoever does not love
near. Therefore be clear minded and spoke from God as they were carried does not know God, because God is
self-controlled so that you can pray. along by the Holy Spirit. (2 Peter 1:21) love. (1 John 4:8)
(1 Peter 4:7)

2 JOHN 3 JOHN JUDE

Who: John Who: John Who: Jude
What: Letter to the Elect Lady What: Letter to Gaius What: Letter to all Christians
Where: Ephesus Where: Ephesus Where: Unknown
When: c. ad 85–ad 95 When: c. ad 85–ad 95 When: c. ad 60s–ad 80s
Why: To warn against heresy and Why: To praise Gaius for his loyalty to Why: To warn against heresy.
false teachers. the truth and criticize Diotrephes for Key Verse: To him who is able to keep
Key Verse: Watch out that you do not his pride. you from falling and to present you
lose what you have worked for, but Key Verse: I have no greater joy than before his glorious presence without
that you may be rewarded fully. to hear that my children are walking fault and with great joy. (Jude 24)
(2 John 8) in the truth. (3 John 4)

The book of Revelation addresses

REVELATION
seven churches in Asia Minor
Who: John Outline (Chapter)
(Turkey today). It encourages What: Letter to Seven Churches • The Seven Churches (1–4)
believers who are experiencing Where: Island of Patmos • Visions (5–16)
persecution. Revelation illustrates When: c. ad 90–ad 96 • God’s Triumph (17–20)
that God is in control and that all Why: To give hope to persecuted Christians • The New Creation (21–22)
people were created to love and and provide a vision of Christ’s return.
worship God. Key Verse: Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the
first earth had passed away, and there was no longer any sea. (Revelation 21:1)

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 Bible Overview 17
Bible Overview 17

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www.hendricksonrose.com
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 GENESIS EXODUS, LEVITICUS, NUMBERS, DEUTERONOMY JOSHUA, JUDGES

BIBLE HISTORY Hebrews (Israelites) in Egypt c. 1876–1446 Era of Judges (Deborah,

Gideon, Samson, and
« God creates the world Job (dates unknown) Aaron c. 1529–1407 others) c. 1350–1051
and Adam and Eve.

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Moses c. 1526–1406 Joshua written.
Adamic Covenant c. 1300s
« • First Passover c. 1446
Noah’s ark built; the flood.
18 Bible Timeline

Joseph c. 1914–1805
• The exodus (high date) c. 1446
Noahic Covenant • Jacob's family migrates to Egypt. c. 1876

« Tower of Babel built. Mosaic Covenant

• Ten Commandments, other laws given. c. 1446
Abraham c. 2166–1991
• Tabernacle built. c. 1446
Abrahamic Covenant

Isaac c. 2066–1886 Israelites wander in desert. c. 1446–1406

Jacob c. 2005–1859 Moses writes Genesis through

Deuteronomy. c. 1446–1406
7 ✢ Old Testament Time Line

= Book of the Bible Written

(Dates indicate the time frame • Rahab saves the spies. c. 1406
in which the book was written
and/or compiled.) • Joshua leads the Israelites into
Canaan. c. 1406
= Covenant
The exodus (low date) c.1290 •
c. = Approximate Date
Some scholars date the exodus at 1290 BC (low date).
Dates for events before Abraham are unknown. The era of the Judges would then begin at around 1130 BC.
2100 BC 2000 BC 1900 BC 1800 BC 1700 BC 1600 BC 1500 BC 1400 BC 1300 BC

WORLD HISTORY Pharaoh Thutmose III c. 1504–1450

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• Ziggurats built in Ur. c. 2100 Pharaoh Amenhotep II 1453–1426
« Earliest forms 11th and 12th dynasties in Egypt c. 2050–1800 • Dream Stele of Thutmose IV c. 1401
of writing
(cuneiform) in • City of Ur falls to Elam. c. 2000 13th—17th dynasties in Egypt c. 1800–1570 • Amarna Letters written between
Mesopotamia. Canaan and Egypt. c. 1400
c. 3200 • Hittites and Indo-European tribes Hammurabi reigns in
form a single kingdom. c. 2000 Babylon. c. 1792–1750 Tutankhamen
« Stonehenge (King Tut) of Egypt
erected in • Beginning of Semitic Hyksos rule lower Egypt. c. 1730–1570 c. 1333–1323
England. alphabet. c. 2000
c. 3000 • First Chinese dictionary, contains Pharaoh Ramses I
• Four basic elements identified in 1318–1317
40,000 characters. 1717
« Old kingdom India: earth, air, fire, and water.
pyramids built c. 2000 • Shang dynasty begins in China. c. 1600 Pharaoh Seti
in Egypt. 1317–1304
c. 2700–2200 • Hittites sack Babylon. 1595
Pharaoh Ramses II
• Hyksos expelled; 18th dynasty begins 1304–1237
in Egypt. 1570

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 JUDGES, RUTH 1 SAMUEL THROUGH 2 CHRONICLES EZRA, NEHEMIAH, ESTHER
• Kingdom divides into Israel (north) and Judah (south). 931
Era of Judges
Northern Kingdom of Israel 931–722 • Israel falls to Assyria. 722 • Gedaliah, governor of Judah 586
Judges written. Ruth (dates unknown)
c. 1350–1000 Southern Kingdom of Judah 931–586 • Judah falls to Babylon; temple destroyed;
people exiled. 586

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Eli, priest in Shiloh c. 1100–1060
1 and 2 Samuel written. c. 1100–931 Elijah c. 870–845 Daniel c. 605–535 Malachi c. 400s
Samuel, judge and prophet in Israel Elisha c. 845–800 Ezekiel c. 593–571 Joel (dates unknown)
c. 1060–1020 Jonah c. 783–753 Obadiah c. 586 • Cyrus allows Jews to return
King Saul, Israel’s first king c. 1051–1011 from exile. 538
Amos c. 760–753 Lamentations
King David c. 1011–971 written. c. 586 • Rebuilding of the temple begins. 536
Hosea c. 752–722
Haggai c. 520
Psalms written. c. 1000–450 Isaiah c. 740–681 1 and 2 Kings
written. c. 561–539 Zechariah c. 520–518
Davidic Covenant Micah c. 738–698 • Zerubbabel and Joshua the high
Prophet Nathan c. 990–971 Nahum c. 663–612 priest; temple completed. 516

Zephaniah Queen Esther c. 478

King Solomon c. 971–931
c. 641–628 Ezra goes to Judah. 457 •
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs
written. c. 971–931 Jeremiah 1 and 2 Chronicles
c. 626–582 written. c. 450–400
• First temple in Jerusalem built. 960
Habakkuk Nehemiah governs Judah. 444–432
c. 609–598
Ezra and Nehemiah
written. c. 400s
Kings are listed by dates of reign. Prophets are listed by the dates they prophesied.
1200 BC 1100 BC 1000 BC 900 BC 800 BC 700 BC 600 BC 500 BC 400 BC
Pharaoh Merneptah 1237–1227 • Mayan dynasties founded • King Mesha drives the Israelites out of Moab. c. 850 Gautama Buddha of India c. 563–483
in Central America. c. 1000

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• Merneptah Stele c. 1220 • Assyria forces Israel to pay tribute. 841 • Aesop’s Fables c. 560

• Hittite Empire Hiram, king of Tyre c. 978–944 Greek poet Homer c. 800–701 Cyrus the Great, King of Persia 559–530
collapses. c. 1200
Pharaoh Shishak I • First recorded Olympic Philosopher Confucius of China 551–479
• Iron Age begins. c. 1200 945–924 games in Greece. 776
• Babylon falls to Persia and Media. 539
• Assyrian expansion • Founding of Rome. 753
• Olmec culture in Mexico marked by
massive basalt sculptures. c. 1200 begins. 912 • Darius the Mede rules Babylon. 539
Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria 745–727
• Roman Republic
• Trojan War begins in Asia Minor. c. 1190 Sennacherib of Assyria 705–681
Sargon II of Assyria conquers • established. 509
Samaria (Israel). 722 • Nineveh (Assyria)
• Egypt’s power begins
falls to Babylonia Athenian leader Pericles of
to decline. c. 1164 Greece c. 500–429
and Media. 612
• Zhou (Chou) Dynasty
King Nebuchadnezzar II King Xerxes I (Ahasuerus)
begins in China. c. 1150 Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria of Babylon 604–562 of Persia 485–465
Ramses II 883–859
Tiglath-Pileser I rules
Assyria. 1114–1076 King Artaxerxes of Persia 464–424
Shalmaneser III of Assyria
859–824 Peloponnesian War begins. 431 •

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Old Testament Time Line ✢ 8
Bible Timeline 19
 BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS THE GOSPELS: MATTHEW, MARK, LUKE, JOHN

BIBLE HISTORY • Birth of John the Baptist. c. 5 BC

• Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem. c. 4 BC

= Book of the Bible written. Dates indicate the
time frame in which it is believed to have been • Jesus(age 12) amazes teachers at the

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written and/or compiled. temple in Jerusalem. c. AD 8
20 Bible Timeline

= Covenant c. = Approximate date Jesus is baptized by John the

The 66 books of the Bible do not cover this 400-year period. Baptist in the Jordan River. c. 26
400 BC 300 BC 200 BC 100 BC
Jesus begins his public ministry. c. 26
WORLD HISTORY Third Punic War; Romans control
Greece. 149–146 John the Baptist is arrested and
• Plato writes The Republic. c. 370 killed by Herod Antipas. c. 29
• Ships from China reach
• Alexander the Great conquers Egypt and India for the first time. 100
Judea; Hellenization begins. 332
Spartacus leads a
• Persia falls to Alexander. 330 slave revolt. 73–71
• Alexander dies and his empire is divided. 323
46 ✢ New Testament Time Line

• Pompey conquers
Jerusalem for
Ptolemaic Empire in Judea 323–198 Rome. 63
• Hinduism codified in India. c. 274
• Julius Caesar,
First Punic War; Romans control Italy. 264–241 Crassus, and AD 1 AD 10 AD 20 AD 30
Pompey
• Septuagint (translation of Hebrew form the First
Scriptures into Greek) written. c. 255 Triumvirate. 60

Second Punic War; Hannibal in Italy 219–201 Cleopatra VII rules Egypt. 51–31 BC

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• Great wall of China built to keep out invaders. c. 215 Herod the Great rules Judea. 37–4 BC Caiaphas is high priest in
Jerusalem. 18–36
• Earliest of the Dead Sea Scrolls (copies of
the Hebrew Scriptures) written. c. 200 Caesar Augustus rules the Roman Empire. 27 BC—AD 14
Pontius Pilate
• Seleucid Empire begins to rule Judea. 198 • Herod begins a massive expansion of the governs Judea.
temple complex in Jerusalem. 20 BC 26–36
• Rosetta Stone 196

Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV desecrates the Herod Antipas rules Galilee. 4 BC–AD 39
temple in Jerusalem and tries to force Jews to
abandon their law. 175–164 Emperor Tiberius of Rome 14–37
• Maccabean Revolt: Judas Maccabeus leads a
Jewish revolt against the Seleucids. 167 Kuang Wu Ti founds the
Later Han (Eastern Han)
• Temple in Jerusalem is dynasty in China. 25
rededicated (Hanukkah). c. 164

Hasmonean dynasty 164–63

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 ACTS CHRISTIAN HISTORY AFTER THE BOOK OF ACTS
Paul’s first missionary journey Paul’s journey to Rome c. 59–60 Persecution of Christians intensifies under
c. 47–49 Emperor Domitian. 81–96
Paul under house arrest in Rome. c. 60–62
James (Jesus’ brother) writes John writes his gospel; 1, 2, and 3 John;
New Covenant the book of James c. 49 Luke writes his gospel and Acts. c. 60–62 and Revelation. c. 85–95

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Paul writes Galatians. c. 49 Paul writes Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon. c. 60–62
• Jesus’ death on the cross and resurrection Writings of early church leaders: Barnabas,
in Jerusalem c. 30 • Jerusalem Council c. 49 Matthew writes his gospel. c. 60s Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp 85–150

• The risen Jesus appears to his disciples and • James, the brother of Jesus, martyred. 62 • Clement I, Bishop of Rome 88
• Jews expelled from Rome,
many others; ascends to heaven. c. 30 including Priscilla and Aquila. 49 Paul writes 1 Timothy. c. 62–66 • Rise of Gnostic heresies
• Disciples receive the Holy Spirit during Paul’s second missionary within the church 90
journey c. 49–51 Peter writes 1 and 2 Peter. c. 64
Pentecost in Jerusalem. c. 30
Paul writes Titus. c. 64–66
• Stephen martyred in Jerusalem. Christians begin Mark writes his gospel. c. 50s
to disperse throughout Judea and Samaria. c. 32 Paul writes 2 Timothy. c. 66–67
Paul writes 1 and 2 Thessalonians.
• Paul converted on the road to c. 50–51 Peter and Paul martyred in Rome during Emperor
Damascus. 37 Nero’s persecution of Christians. c. 66–68
Paul’s third missionary
• Peter brings the gospel journey c. 52–57 • Jerusalem Christians flee rather than join the
to gentiles. 40 Jewish revolt against the Romans. 66
Paul writes 1 and 2
• Apostle James (son of Corinthians. c. 55–56 Hebrews written. c. 60–69
Zebedee) martyred. c. 44
Paul writes Romans. c. 57 Jude written. c. 60–80s

AD 30 AD 40 AD 50 AD 60 AD 70 AD 80 AD 90 AD 100

Emperor Caligula 37–41 Rome burns; Nero blames Christians; persecution begins. 64–68 • Josephus writes
Antiquities of the
• Caligula declares himself a god. 37 Jews, a history
First Jewish Revolt against the Romans 66–73 of the Jewish
people. c. 94

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Emperor Claudius 41–54 • Qumran destroyed (the people of this settlement
Caiaphas likely preserved the Dead Sea Scrolls). 68
• Emperor Claudius conquers Britain
for Rome. 43 Emperor Vespasian 69–79
Pontius Pilate
• Julian calendar of365.25 days; • Romans destroy Jerusalem and the temple. 70
leap year introduced. 46
• Construction begins on the Roman Colosseum. c. 71
Emperor Nero 54–68 • Masada falls to the Romans. 73
Herod Antipas
• Mount Vesuvius erupts. 79
Emperor Tiberius
Emperor Titus 79–81

Emperor Domitian (Demands the title “Lord and God.”) 81–96

Emperor Nerva 96–98

Emperor Trajan 98–117

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New Testament Time Line ✢ 47
Bible Timeline 21
22 100
28 100Key
KeyPeople
Peopleininthe
the Bible
Bible

100 Key People in the Bible

Old Testament
1. AARON The older brother of Moses and Israel’s first high 18. ENOCH The first of two people taken from the earth
priest (Num. 26:59; Ex. 28:1) without dying (Gen. 5:23–24; Heb. 11:5)

2. ABEL Adam and Eve’s second son, killed by his brother Cain 19. ESAU Jacob’s brother and the father of the Edomites
(Gen. 4:2, 8) (Genesis 25:26; 36:43)

3. ABRAHAM Father of the Hebrew nation and the ultimate 20. ESTHER The Jewish Persian Queen who saved her people
role model for faith (Gen. 12:1–3; 1 Chron. 1:34; 2:1; Heb. 11:8–10) from destruction (Est. 7:3–6; 8:3–8)

4. ADAM The first human being God created (Gen. 1:27; 2:7) 21. EVE Adam’s wife and the world’s first woman. She was
successfully tempted by Satan (Gen. 2:22; 3:1-6; 4:1–2;
5. BALAAM A false prophet who attempted to curse Israel and 1 Tim. 2:14)
prevent them from entering the Promised Land (Num. 22–24)
22. EZEKIEL Prophet and priest who became the key religious
6. BATHSHEBA The wife of King David and mother of leader to the Jewish people in Babylon during the Babylonian
Solomon (2 Sam. 12:24) captivity (Ezek. 1:3; 2:3–4)
7. BELSHAZZAR A Babylonian king condemned by God for 23. EZRA A learned Jewish scribe and priest who led the
his blasphemy through a written message on a wall during a
second of three Jewish returns from the Babylonian captivity
drunken banquet. The message was interpreted by Daniel the
back to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:1–10)
prophet. (Daniel 5)

8. BOAZ The husband of Ruth, great-grandfather of King 24. GIDEON Israel’s sixth military leader during the days of the
Judges who defeated a vastly superior enemy army with just
David and ancestor in the line leading to Jesus Christ
300 chosen men (Judg. 6:12–14; 7:22; 8:10–12)
(Ruth 4:13, 21–22; Matt. 1:5–16)

9. CAIN The first baby to be born on the earth and later 25. HAGAR Abraham’s second wife and mother of Ishmael
murdered his younger brother Abel (Gen. 4:1, 8) (Gen. 16:1-3, 15)

10. CALEB Joshua’s faithful partner who urged Israel to enter 26. HANNAH The godly woman who cried out to God to give
the Promised Land at Kadesh-barnea as opposed to the 10 her a child. She gave birth to Samuel. (1 Sam. 1:20)
cowardly spies (Num. 14:6–9)
27. HEZEKIAH The thirteenth king of Judah and he was on
11. CYRUS The Persian king who issued the return decree the throne when God saved the city of Jerusalem from the
allowing the Jews to go back and rebuild Jerusalem Assyrian army by the death angel (2 Kings 19)
(2 Chron. 36:22–23)
28. HOSEA Israelite prophet whom God commanded to marry
12. DANIEL Prime minister in Babylon under King a harlot named Gomer to illustrate Israel’s spiritual adultery
Nebuchadnezzar and King Darius. Interpreted the handwriting (Hos. 1:2)
on the wall to King Belshazzar (Dan. 2:48; 6:1–3; 5:25–28)
29. ISAAC Abraham’s promised son and father of Jacob
13. DAVID Israel’s greatest king, the father of Solomon. Author (Gen. 17:19; 25:21–26)
of more than one half of the Psalms (Ps. 78:70–72;
2 Sam. 12:24; 23:1–2) 30. ISAIAH Prophet who predicted the virgin birth of Jesus, his
spirit-filled mission, his dual nature (Isa. 9:6), his death, and
14. DEBORAH Israelite prophetess and judge who helped his millennial reign (Isa. 7:14; 11:13; 53:1–12; 2:2–4; 65:25)
Barak to defeat the Canaanites (Judg. 4:4–9)
31. ISHMAEL Abraham’s first son (Gen. 16:15)
15. ELI Israel’s high priest who helped raise Samuel in the
Tabernacle and died in great sorrow upon hearing that the 32. JACOB Isaac’s son and the father of 12 sons from whom
Ark of the Covenant had been captured by the Philistines Israel’s 12 tribes would come (1 Chron. 2:1–2)
(1 Samuel 1:17-20; 4:12-18)
33. JEREMIAH Known as Judah’s weeping prophet and author
16. ELIJAH A fearless and rugged Israelite prophet who of the book of Jeremiah. He later wrote a funeral song
defeated his enemies on Mt. Carmel and was later caught up mourning the destruction of Jerusalem. (Book of
into heaven without dying (1 Kings 18:16–40; 2 Kings 2:1–18) Lamentations)

17. ELISHA Elijah’s successor who parted the Jordan River, 34. JOB God permitted this wealthy, righteous believer to be
raised the Shunammite’s son from the dead, and healed tormented by Satan to demonstrate God’s presence and
Namaan of his leprosy (2 Kings 2:9-14; 5:10-14) authority even in the midst of suffering. (Job 1–2, 40–42)

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 100 Key
100 KeyPeople
Peopleininthe
theBible
Bible 23
29

35. JONAH A prophet who was punished by God for refusing 48. NEBUCHADNEZZAR Founder and king of the Neo-
to go preach in Nineveh. He was swallowed by a fish and later Babylonian Empire who had the three godly Hebrew men
preached in Nineveh which resulted in a city-wide revival. thrown into a fiery furnace. Later, he promoted both them
(Jonah 1–3) and Daniel. (Dan. 3–4)

36. JONATHAN King Saul’s son and David’s closest friend 49. NEHEMIAH Led the final of three return trips from Persia
(1 Sam. 14:1; 18:1) to Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity. He rebuilt the
walls around the city. (Neh. 7:1)
37. JOSEPH Jacob’s favorite son, sold into slavery by his own
brothers, who would later use his position in Egypt to save his 50. NOAH Constructed a ship at God’s command and survived
brothers and father from famine (Gen. 37:3, 28; 45:7–11) the great flood along with his wife, three sons, and their three
wives (Gen. 6:9; 8:19)
38. JOSHUA Moses’ successor who led Israel into the Promised
Land (Josh. 1:1–3; 3:1–17) 51. RACHEL The beloved wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph
and Benjamin (Gen. 29;18; 30:23–24; 35:16–20)
39. JOSIAH This sixteenth king of Judah who used the
discovery of the only remaining copy of the Law of Moses to 52. RAHAB The former harlot who saved the lives of two
lead his people in a great revival (2 Chron. 34:1, 14–33) Israelite spies in Jericho and later was included in the
genealogy of Jesus Christ (Josh. 2:6; Matt. 1:5)
40. LEAH Jacob’s first wife who bore him six sons (including
Judah and Levi) and one daughter Dinah (Gen. 30:21; 35:23) 53. REBEKAH She was the wife of Isaac and mother of Esau
and Jacob (Gen. 24:67; 25:24–26)
41. MELCHIZEDEK The king/high priest of Salem to whom
Abraham paid tithes. His priestly work later being associated 54. RUTH Naomi’s daughter-in-law, Boaz’s wife, and King David’s
with the high priestly ministry of Jesus Christ. (Gen. 14:18–20; great-grandmother (Ruth 1:14–17; 4:21–22; Matt. 1:5, 16)
Ps. 110:4)
55. SAMSON Israel’s thirteenth military leader during the
42. METHUSELAH Died at the age of 969, the longest life time of the Judges and the strongest man who ever lived
span recorded (Gen. 5:27) (Judg. 14:6, 19; 15:14)

43. MIRIAM The elder sister of Moses who helped lead the 56. SAMUEL A prophet who was raised as a Nazarite in the
Israelites through the wilderness (Ex. 15:20) tabernacle and later anointed Saul and David as kings over
Israel (1 Sam. 1:11, 20, 24; 9:27–10:1; 16:13)
44. MORDECAI Queen Esther’s cousin who helped her save
the Jewish people from slaughter. He later became prime 57. SARAH Abraham’s wife and Isaac’s mother (Gen. 11:29; 21:1–7)
minister of Persia. (Est. 2:7; 4:14; 10:3)
58. SAUL Israel’s first king who turned away from God
45. MOSES Israel’s deliverer and law giver who led his people (1 Sam. 10:17–27; 13:13–14; 1 Chron. 10:13)
from Egypt to the border of the Promised Land. The author of
Scripture’s first five books. (Ex. 14; 20; Deut. 31:9; 34:4) 59. SOLOMON King David’s son and the wisest man who ever
lived. He was the author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of
46. NAAMAN Syrian military leader who was healed of leprosy Songs. (2 Sam. 12:24; 1 Kings 3:11–12)
by the prophet Elisha (2 Kings 5:14; Luke 4:27)
60. ZERUBBABEL A political leader who organized and led
47. NAOMI Ruth’s mother-in-law and the great-great- the first of three return trips from Babylon and Persia
grandmother of King David (Ruth 1:3–6; 4:18–21) following the Babylonian captivity (Ezra 2:2)

New Testament
61. ANANIAS A devout and well respected believer living in 65. CAIAPHAS The wicked high priest who plotted the death
Damascus who ministered to the blinded Saul of Tarsus of Jesus and who later persecuted the leaders of the early
following his conversion (Acts 9:10–18; 22:12–16) church (Matt. 26:3–5, 62–65; Acts 4:6–7)

62. ANDREW A former fisherman and one of the twelve 66. CORNELIUS A God-seeking military commander living in
apostles who brought his brother Peter to Christ (Mark 1:16; Caesarea who was eventually led to Christ by Simon Peter
Matt. 10:2; John 1:40–42) (Acts 10)

63. APOLLOS A gifted teacher and preacher from Alexandria 67. ELIZABETH The wife of Zechariah (a Jewish priest) who
who ministered in Ephesus, Greece, and Corinth supernaturally gave birth to John the Baptist in her old age
(Acts 18:24–28; 1 Cor. 1:12; 3:6) (Luke 1:5–7, 57–60)

64. BARNABAS A godly teacher, the cousin of John Mark, who 68. HEROD ANTIPAS The ruling son of Herod the Great who
initially ministered in Antioch and later joined up with Paul beheaded John the Baptist and later ridiculed Jesus during
during his first missionary journey (Acts 4:36; 11:22–26; 13:1–3) one of the Savior’s unfair trials (Matt. 14:10–11; Luke 23:10–11)

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24 100
30 100Key
KeyPeople
Peopleininthe
the Bible
Bible

69. HEROD THE GREAT King of Judea and a great builder 85. NATHANAEL Also known as Bartholomew. He was
who remodeled the second Jewish temple and later introduced to Christ and later was called to become one
attempted to kill the infant Jesus in Bethlehem (Matt. 2) of the twelve apostles. (John 1:45–51; Mt. 10:3)

70. JAMES THE APOSTLE Former fisherman, the brother of 86. NICODEMUS A well known Pharisee and teacher. He
John, and the first of the twelve apostles to be martyred for was introduced to Christ during a midnight visit and
Christ (Matt. 4:21; 10:2; Acts 12:1–2) would later help prepare Jesus' crucified body for burial.
(John 3:1–15; 19:39)
71. JAMES THE BROTHER OF JESUS An unbeliever prior
to Jesus’ resurrection, pastored the Jerusalem church, and 87. PAUL A missionary, church planter, soul-winner, and
authored the book of James (John 7:3–5; 1 Cor. 15:7; theologian. He authored at least 13 of the 27 New Testament
Acts 15:13; 21:17–18; James 1:1) books before being martyred in Rome (Acts 13:2–3; 20:17-21;
2 Tim. 4:6–8)
72. JOHN THE APOSTLE Former fisherman, the brother of
James, the beloved disciple of Jesus, and author of the gospel 88. PETER A fisherman who became a disciple of Jesus, denied
of John, First, Second, and Third John, and the book of Jesus three times, and became the spokesman at Pentecost.
Revelation (Matt. 4:18-22; Rev. 1:1) He authored 1 and 2 Peter. (Matt. 4:18; Luke 22:54–62;
Acts 2:14–40)
73. JOHN THE BAPTIST The miracle child of elderly
Elizabeth. The Nazarite evangelist who introduced Jesus, 89. PHILEMON He received a letter from the apostle Paul,
baptized him, and was martyred for his preaching urging him to forgive and restore his escaped slave Onesimus,
(Luke 1:5–17; John 1:29; Matt. 3:13–17; 14:1–11) a new convert who was returning home. (Book of Philemon)

74. JOSEPH The husband of Mary, and the godly, legal (but not 90. PHILIP THE APOSTLE He led his friend Nathanael to
physical) father of Jesus (Matt. 1:18–35) Christ shortly after his own conversion and later was called to
serve as one of the twelve apostles. (John 1:43; Matt. 10:3)
75. JUDAS ISCARIOT The dishonest and demon-possessed
apostle of Jesus who betrayed his master for 30 pieces of 91. PHILIP THE EVANGELIST One of the original seven
silver and then committed suicide (John 12:4–5; 6:70–71; deacons in the Jerusalem church who later became a
Matt. 26:14–15; 27:5) powerful evangelist (Acts 6:3–5; 8:6–8, 27–39)

76. LAZARUS The brother of Mary and Martha whom Christ 92. PILATE The Roman governor who was pressured by the
raised from the dead at Bethany (John 11) Jewish leaders to release the guilty Barabbas and to scourge
and crucify the innocent Jesus (Matt. 27:2, 15–26)
77. LUKE A Gentile physician who travelled with Paul and
the author of the gospel of Luke and the book of Acts 93. PRISCILLA She and her husband, tent-makers by trade,
(Acts 1:1; 16:8–10; Luke 1:1-4) instructed Apollos in the Scriptures and assisted the apostle
Paul in his ministry (Acts 18:1–3, 24–26; Rom. 16:3–4)
78. LYDIA A business woman and Paul’s first female convert in
Greece (Acts 16:14–15) 94. SILAS Paul’s faithful companion during the second
missionary journey (Acts 15:40)
79. MARK The cousin of Barnabas who initially failed in the
ministry. He was later restored and wrote the gospel of Mark 95. STEPHEN One of the original seven deacons. He
(Acts 13:13; 2 Tim. 4:11) ministered as an evangelist, was arrested, condemned, and
stoned to death. He was the church’s first martyr. (Acts 6–7)
80. MARTHA The sister of Mary who reaffirmed her faith in
Jesus during the funeral of her brother Lazarus and then 96. THOMAS Known as the doubting apostle. He initially did
witnessed him being raised from the dead by the Savior not believe in Christ’s resurrection until Jesus personally
(John 11) appeared to him. He had an unnamed twin brother.
(John 20:19–29)
81. MARY, THE MOTHER OF JESUS The virgin wife of
Joseph who was chosen to give birth to the Savior of the 97. TIMOTHY One of Paul’s most faithful associates. Paul
world (Luke 1:26-38; 2:7) addressed 1 and 2 Timothy to this godly undershepherd.
(1 Tim. 1:2; 6:11; 2 Tim. 1:5)
82. MARY MAGDALENE A demon-possessed woman who
was delivered by Jesus and later became the first person to 98. TITUS A Greek Gentile, pastoring on the Isle of Crete. One
see the resurrected Christ (Luke 8:2; John 20:16) of Paul’s most trusted associates who later received a letter
from Paul. (Book of Titus)
83. MARY, SISTER OF MARTHA She worshiped at the
feet of Jesus, witnessed him raising her dead brother Lazarus, 99. ZACCHAEUS This dishonest tax collector met Jesus while
and would later anoint the body of the Savior (Luke 10:39; in a sycamore tree and immediately accepted Jesus as Savior.
John 11:43; 12:1–3) (Luke 19:1–10)

84. MATTHEW Former tax collector, called by Jesus to 100. ZECHARIAH A priest who was visited by the angel
become an apostle. He would later author the book of Gabriel. The angel Gabriel predicted his wife would present
Matthew. (Matt. 9:9; 10:3) him with a son, John the Baptist. (Luke 1:5–25, 57–80)

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 100 Prayers in
100 Prayers inthe
theBible
Bible 31
25

100 Prayers in the Bible

1. Abraham’s prayer for Lot (18:23-33)
2. Abraham’s servant’s prayer regarding the solution of a bride for Isaac (24:12–14)
Genesis
3. Jacob’s prayer before he wrestled with God at the brook of Jabbok (32:9–12)
4. Jacob’s prayer in Egypt for his two favorite grandsons (48:15–16)
5. Moses’ prayer beside the burning bush as God instructs him to return to Egypt (3–4)
6. Moses’ prayer at Rephidim regarding water for his people to drink (17:4–5)
Exodus 7. Moses’ prayer at Rephidim that God would give Joshua victory over the Amalekites (17:16)
8. Moses’ prayer that God would forgive Israel for worshiping the Golden Calf (32:11–14, 31)
9. Moses’ prayer to view God’s glory (33:18)
10. Moses’ prayer that God’s glory would continue to guide and protect Israel (10:35–36)
11. Moses’ prayer for strength and help in governing Israel (11:10–15)
12. Moses’ prayer that God would heal Miriam of leprosy (12:13)
Numbers 13. Moses’ three-fold prayer for Israel, pleading with God that he not destroy the people:
•Following their refusal to enter the Promised Land (14)
•Following Korah’s rebellion (16)
•Following their complaint regarding lack of bread and water (21:6–7)

14. Moses’ prayer that God would bless his successor, Joshua (27:15–17)
15. Moses’ unsuccessful prayer to enter the Promised Land (3:23)
Deuteronomy
16. Moses’ prayer for Israel and Aaron following the Golden Calf episode (9:18–21)
17. Joshua’s prayers as he met the captain of the Lord’s hosts (5:13–15)
Joshua 18. Joshua’s prayer following Israel’s defeat at Ai (7:6–9)
19. Joshua’s prayer for additional sunlight at Aijalon (10:12–15)
20. Gideon’s prayer for a sign (6:17–18)
Judges 21. Manoah’s prayer for his unborn son Samson (13:8)
22. Samson’s prayer for supernatural strength that he might destroy his enemies (16:28)
23. Hannah’s prayer of petition; asking God to give her a son (1:10–11)
1 Samuel
24. Hannah’s prayer of praise; thanking God for giving her a son (2:1–10)
25. David’s prayer thanking God for the permanent establishment of his kingdom (7:25)
2 Samuel
26. David’s prayer asking God to permit his infant son to live (12:16)
27. Solomon’s prayer asking God for wisdom (3:9)
28. Solomon’s prayer of dedication at the completion of the temple (8:23–24)
1 Kings 29. Elijah’s three-fold prayer:
•That God would raise up a dead child (17:20–21)
•That God would send fire to consume a sacrifice (18:36–38)
•That God would take away his life (19:3–4)

30. Elisha’s prayer that God would raise up a dead child (4:33)
2 Kings 31. Elisha’s prayer that his servant see the angelic army that was protecting them (6:17)
32. Hezekiah’s prayer that God would save Jerusalem from the Assyrian army (19:14–19)

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26
32 100
100Prayers
Prayers in
in the
the Bible
Bible

33. Jabez’s prayer that God would change his border (4:10)
1 Chronicles 34. David’s prayer that Jerusalem not be destroyed by a plague (21:17)
35. David’s prayer at the dedication of the building materials for the new temple (21:26)
36. Asa’s prayer that God would deliver Jerusalem from the Ethiopian army (14:11)
2 Chronicles
37. Manasseh’s prayer for forgiveness regarding his many wicked acts (33)
Ezra 38. Ezra’s prayer, confessing the sins of the Jewish remnant following the exile (8:21–23)
39. Nehemiah’s two-fold prayer (1:5–11):
•In Persia: that God would forgive the returning Jews already in Jerusalem
Nehemiah •To give him favor in the sight of King Artaxerxes

40. The prayer of praise and confession by the Levites after rebuilding Jerusalem’s wall (9)
41. Job’s two-fold prayer after hearing and seeing God (42:1–6):
Job •Job’s worthlessness
•God’s sovereignty

42. The psalmist thanks God who cared for him as an earthly father and mother would (27)
43. The psalmist thanks God for encouragement in a time of great discouragement (28)
44. The psalmist thanks God for the permanence of the divine king and kingdom (45)
45. David confesses his sins of adultery and murder and prays for cleansing (51)
Psalms 46. The psalmist asks God to judge all enemies of righteousness and truth (69)
47. The psalmist contrasts the morality of man with the eternality of God (90)
48. The psalmist offers up a prayer of praise (103)
49. The psalmist thanks God for God's word (119:11)
50. The psalmist thanks God for his omniscience, omnipotence, and omnipresence (139)
51. Isaiah’s prayer that God would use him (6:8)
Isaiah
52. Israel’s prayer of praise during the millennium (12)
53. Jeremiah’s prayer of protest regarding his call to preach (1:6)
54. Jeremiah’s questions regarding God’s dealing with Israel (12:1–6)
Jeremiah 55. Jeremiah’s prayer regarding Israel’s sin (14:1–10)
56. Jeremiah’s questions regarding his own ministry (15:5–21)
57. Jeremiah’s bitter complaint to God (20:7–8)
Lamentations 58. Jeremiah’s prayer of total despair (3)
Daniel 59. Daniel’s confessional prayer for both himself and his people (9)
60. The prayer by some frightened pagan sailors (1:14)
Jonah
61. Jonah’s prayer of rededication from the belly of a fish (2:2–9)
Micah 62. Micah’s prayer of praise for God’s forgiveness of his people (7)
Habakkuk 63. Habakkuk’s prayer thanking God for his mercy, power, and salvation (3)
Prayers prayed by Jesus:
Matthew, 64. Before choosing his twelve disciples, for wisdom in their selection (Luke 6:12–13)
Mark,
65. Thanking the Father for revealing great truths to the 70 disciples (Matt. 11:25–30)
Luke, John
66. Asking that Lazarus be raised to prove the Father had sent the Son (John 11:41–42)

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 100 Prayers in
100 Prayers inthe
theBible
Bible 33
27

67. Asking the father to comfort his troubled soul and glorify the Father’s name (John 12:27–28)
68. He prays for himself, his disciples, and all believers (John 17)
Matthew, 69. Asking that his Father’s will be done three times in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mark 14:35–41)
Mark,
70. His three-fold prayer on the cross:
Luke, John • First prayer: “Father, forgive them” (Luke 23:24)
• Second prayer: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Mark 15:34)
• Third prayer: “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit” (Luke 23:46)

71. Zechariah’s prayer for a son (1:11–20)

Luke 72. Simeon’s prayers at the dedication of the infant Jesus (2:29–30)
73. The publican’s prayer for forgiveness (18:13)
74. The prayer session of the 120 in the Upper Room just prior to Pentecost (1:14)
75. The apostles’ prayer of thanking God for the privilege of suffering for him (4:23–30)
76. The apostles’ prayer for the newly selected deacons (6:6)
77. The prayer of the dying Stephen asking God to forgive those who were stoning him (7:59–60)
78. The prayer of Peter and John that the Samaritans would receive the Holy Spirit (8:15)
79. Paul’s prayer of submission upon seeing the resurrected Christ en route to Damascus (9:5)
80. Peter’s prayer that God would raise up Dorcas from the dead (9:40)
Acts
81. Cornelius’s prayer that he might be saved (10:2)
82. The prayer of the Jerusalem church that Peter might be released from prison (12:5)
83. The prayer of the Antioch church for the missionary efforts of Paul and Barnabas (13:1–3)
84. The midnight prayer of the imprisoned Paul and Silas at Philippi (16:25)
85. Paul’s prayer for the Ephesian elders who had met him in Miletus (20:32)
86. Paul’s prayer for some disciples at Tyre (21:5)
87. Paul’s prayer for the healing of Publius’s sick father on the Isle of Malta (28:8)
Romans 88. Paul’s prayer for Israel’s salvation (10:1)
2 Corinthians 89. Paul’s prayer that God would remove his thorn in the flesh (12:8)
90. Paul’s first prayer for the Ephesian church (1:17–23)
Ephesians
91. Paul’s second prayer for the Ephesian church (3:14–19)
Colossians 92. Paul’s prayer for the church at Colosse (1:9–14)
Philemon 93. Paul’s prayer for Philemon (4–7)
Hebrews 94. The author of Hebrews’ prayer for believers (13:20–21)
Revelation 95. Heaven’s two-fold prayer of praise to God:
•Thanking him for his great work in creation (4:11)
•Thanking him for his great work in redemption (5:9–14)

96. The prayer of the martyred souls in heaven (6:10)

97. The prayer of the saved multitude during the great tribulation (7:10–12)
98. The prayer of the heavenly saints thanking God for Christ’s millennial reign (11:15)
99. The heavenly saints thanking God for the marriage of Christ and his bride the church (19:6–8)
100. The prayer of John that Christ would soon appear (22:20)

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28
34 Weights,
Weights,Measures,
Measures, and Moneyin the Bible
and Money

TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

WEIGHT
BIBLE US/IMPERIAL METRIC
Old Testament
talent (60 minas) 75 pounds 34 kilograms
mina (50 shekels) 1.25 pounds 0.6 kilogram
shekel (2 bekas) 0.4 ounce 11.3 grams
pim (0.66 shekel) 0.33 ounce 9.4 grams
beka (10 gerahs) 0.2 ounce 5.7 grams
gerah 0.02 ounce 0.6 gram
New Testament
pound (Roman litra) 12 ounces 340.2 grams

LENGTH
BIBLE US/IMPERIAL METRIC
Old Testament
cubit (2 spans) 18 inches 46 centimeters
span (3 handbreadths) 9 inches 23 centimeters
handbreadth (4 fingers) 3 inches 7.6 centimeters
finger 0.75 inch 1.9 centimeters
New Testament
mile (8 stadions) 4858 feet 1.5 kilometers
stadion (100 fathoms) 200 yards 183 meters
reed (3 paces) 9 feet 2.7 meters
fathom (2 paces) 6 feet 1.8 meters
pace 3 feet 0.91 meters

LIQUID MEASURES
BIBLE US/IMPERIAL METRIC
Old Testament
cor or homer (10 baths) 58 gallons 220 liters
bath (6 hins) 5.8 gallon 22 liters
hin (12 logs) 1 gallon 3.8 liters
kab or cab 1.3 quarts 1.23 liters
log 0.7 pint 0.3 liter
New Testament
firkin 10 gallons 39.9 liters

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 Weights,and
Weights, Measures, Measures, and
Money in theMoney 29
Bible 35

TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

DRY MEASURE
BIBLE US/IMPERIAL METRIC
Old Testament
cor or homer (10 ephahs) 6 bushels 218 liters
lethek (5 ephahs) 3 bushels 109 liters
ephah (10 omers) 23 quarts 18.9 liters
seah 7.7 quarts 7.3 liters
omer 2.3 quarts 2.2 liters
kab or cab 1.3 quarts 1.2 liters
New Testament
bushel 7.7 quarts 7.3 liters
measure 1.2 quarts 1.1 liters
pots 1.2 pints 0.6 liter

MONEY IN THE BIBLE

MONETARY VALUES
NAME (EQUIVALENT) VALUE

Old Testament

shekel $0.32 – $9.60*

mina (50 shekels) $16.00 – $480.00

talent (60 minas) $960.00 – $28,000.00

New Testament

mite or lepton $0.0012

farthing or quadran (2 mites) $0.0024

penny (1 Roman denarius) $0.16 (daily wage of a laborer)

mina or pound (100 Roman denarii) $16.00

talent (240 Roman aurei) $960.00

*value depends on weight of currency (light or heavy) and type of currency (silver or gold)
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30
18 How
HowWe
We Got
Got the Bible
the Bible

How We Got the Bible

TEN KEY POINTS
1 The Bible is inspired by God (2 Timothy 3:16-17; 2 Peter 1:20-21).

2 The Bible is made up of 66 different books that were written over 1,600 years (from
approximately 1500 bc to ad 100) by more than 40 kings, prophets, leaders, and followers
of Jesus. The Old Testament has 39 books (written approximately 1500-400 bc). The New
Testament has 27 books (written approximately ad 45-100). The Hebrew Bible has the
same text as the English Bible’s Old Testament, but divides and arranges it differently.

3 The Old Testament was written mainly in Hebrew, with some Aramaic. The New Testament
was written in Greek.

4 The books of the Bible were collected and arranged and recognized as inspired sacred
authority by councils of rabbis and councils of church leaders based on careful guidelines.

5 Before the printing press was invented, the Bible was copied by hand. The Bible was
copied very accurately, in many cases by special scribes who developed intricate methods
of counting words and letters to ensure that no errors had been made.

6 The Bible was the first book ever printed on the printing press with moveable type
(Gutenberg Press, 1455, Latin Bible).

7 There is much evidence that the Bible we have today is remarkably true to the original
writings. Of the thousands of copies made by hand before 1500, nearly 5,900 Greek
manuscripts from the New Testament alone still exist today. The text of the Bible is better
preserved than the writings of Plato or Aristotle.

8 The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls confirmed the astonishing reliability of some of the
copies of the Old Testament made over the years. Although some spelling variations exist,
no variation affects basic Bible doctrines.

9 As the Bible was carried to other countries, it was translated into the common language of
the people by scholars who wanted others to know God’s Word. Today there are still 2,000
groups with no Bible in their own language.

10 By ad 200, the Bible was translated into seven languages; by 500, 13 languages; by 900,
17 languages; by 1400, 28 languages; by 1800, 57 languages; by 1900, 537 languages;
by 1980, 1,100 languages; by 2014, 2,883 languages had some portions of Scripture.
(Source: The Wycliffe Global Alliance)

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 How
HowWe
WeGot
Gotthe
the Bible
Bible 31
19

Old Testament Written New Testament Written

(approx. 1500-400 BC) (approx. AD 45-100)

papyrus

The oldest
New Testament
clay fragment
(from John 18)
that we have
today was
copied in Greek
stone
on a papyrus
codex around
leather ad 110-130.

Bible Copied on Papyrus Bible Copied on

Fine Animal Skins
Scrolls of leather, and later
of papyrus, were used
to make copies of
the Scriptures.

A papyrus codex is a bound volume Fine quality animal skins from

made from sheets folded and sewn calves or antelope (vellum) and sheep
together, sometimes with a cover. They or goats (parchment) were used for
were used more than scrolls after over 1,000 years to make copies of the
ad 1-100.
Bible approximately ad 300-1400.
Two of the oldest vellum copies
(ad 325-350) that exist today are the
Vatican Codex and the Sinaitic Codex.

Bible Printed by Printing Press The Bible,

after 1455 God’s Word to the World
Wycliffe Bibles were inscribed by hand
on vellum in the 1300s-1400s. Some
copies took ten months to two years to
produce and cost a year’s wage.

The Bible is now printed on paper in

The Bible was the first book to be printed many languages. It is also available in
with Gutenberg’s printing press in 1455. many digital formats.

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3220 How
HowWe
WeGot
Gotthe
the Bible
Bible

2000 BC 500 BC 200 BC

Old Testament events Ezra, a priest and scribe, The books are arranged by Papyrus, a plant, is cut into strips and
are written down in Hebrew collects and arranges some subject: historical, poetic, pressed into sheets of writing material and
(portions in Aramaic) over of the books of the Hebrew and prophetic. It includes can be made into a scroll or a codex. The
centuries. In Exodus, the Bible—the Old Testament— the Apocrypha (meaning New Testament books were probably first
Lord tells Moses to write about 450 bc, according to “hidden”), referring to seven written on papyrus scrolls. Later Christians
in a book. Other Old Jewish tradition. books that were included begin to copy them on sheets of papyrus
Testament writers, inspired in the Hebrew Bible until which are bound and placed between two
The Septuagint is the
by God, include leaders, ad 90 when they were pieces of wood for covers. This form of
Greek translation of the
kings and prophets. removed by Jewish elders. early book is known as a codex.
Hebrew Bible (the Old
Together, these writings on
Testament). It is translated
leather scrolls and other
in 250-100 bc by Jewish
materials are called the
scholars in Alexandria,
Hebrew Scriptures or Old
Egypt. (The word Septuagint
Testament.
means seventy, referring to
the tradition that 70 or 72
men translated it. It is often
abbreviated LXX, the
Roman numeral for
seventy.) Papyrus
A Scribe

AD 1 AD 100 AD 200
Time of Jesus Followers of Jesus Old Testament Apocrypha
4 bc-ad 33? Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Paul, Early Coptic Translation Evidence derived from first
James, Peter, and Jude write the century ad writers Philo and
Jesus quotes the Old
Gospels, history, letters to other Josephus indicates that the
Testament (Scriptures) often.
Christians, and the Revelation Hebrew canon did not include
He says that he did not come
between ad 45 and 100. The the Apocrypha.
to destroy the Scriptures, but
writers quote from all but eight of
to fulfill them. He says to his Earliest Translations
the Old Testament books. These
disciples, “This is what I told 200-300 Latin, Coptic (Egypt),
writings in Greek are copied and
you while I was still with you: and Syriac (Syria).
circulated so that by about 150
Everything must be fulfilled Church Fathers accept the
there is wide enough use of them
that is written about me in writings of the Gospels and Paul’s
to speak of the “New Testament”
the Law of Moses, the letters as canonical (from a Greek
(“New Covenant”). The new
Prophets and the Psalms.” word referring to the rule of faith
covenant God made with people
Then he opened their minds and truth). Origen lists 21
was promised in Jer. 31:31-34 and
so they could understand the approved New Testament books.
referred to by Jesus (Lk. 22:20)
Scriptures. (Luke 24:44-45) Eusebius lists 22 accepted books.
and Paul (1 Cor. 11:25) and in the
letter to the Hebrews.

AD 300
The New Testament books are Jerome starts translating the
collected and circulated throughout Scriptures into Latin in 382 and finishes
the Mediterranean about the time of 23 years later. This translation, called
Constantine, the Roman emperor the Latin Vulgate, remains the basic
who legalizes Christianity in 313. Bible for many centuries.
By 400 the standard of 27 New
Testament books is accepted in the
East and West as confirmed by
Athanasius, Jerome, Augustine and
three church councils. The 27 books
of the New Testament were formally
confirmed as canonical by the Synod
of Carthage in 397, thus recognizing
three centuries of use by followers Saint Matthew
of Christ. Lindisfarne Gospels
Approximately 900 Jerome

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 HowWe
How WeGot
Gotthe
theBible
Bible 2133

AD 500 AD 600
Roman Empire declines. Christianity reaches Bede, a monk and scholar, makes
Germanic migrations (378-600) Britain before 300, but an Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
cause new languages Anglo-Saxon pagans drive translation of portions of Scripture.
to emerge. Christian Britons into Wales On his deathbed in 735, he finishes
(450-600). In 596, Augustine translating the Book of John.
The Masoretes are special
of Canterbury begins
Jewish scribes entrusted with Alfred The Great, King of
evangelization again.
the sacred task of making Wessex (871-901) translates
copies of the Hebrew Caedmon, an illiterate monk, portions of Exodus, Psalms,
Scriptures (Old Testament) retells portions of Scripture in and Acts.
approximately 500-900. They Anglo-Saxon (Old English)
Aldred, Bishop of Durham, inserts
develop a meticulous system poetry and song (676).
a translation in the Northumbrian
of counting the number of
Aldhelm of Sherborne, dialect between the lines of the
words in each book of the Bible
709, is said to have translated Lindisfarne Gospels (950).
to make sure they have copied
the Psalms. Bede
it accurately. Any scroll found Aelfric (955-1020) translates
to have an error is buried portions of the Old Testament.
according to Jewish law.

AD 1300
Normans conquer England First English Bible is In 1408, in England, it
(1066) and make French the translated from Latin in 1382 becomes illegal to translate or
official language. No English and is called the Wycliffe Bible read the Bible in common English
translation work produced until in honor of priest and Oxford without permission of a bishop.
the 1300s. scholar John Wycliffe. During his
World’s first printing press
lifetime, Wycliffe had wanted
Middle English emerges, with moveable metal type is
common people to have the
popularized by works such as invented in 1455 in Germany
Bible. He also criticized a
the Canterbury Tales and Richard by Johann Gutenberg. This
number of church practices and
Rolle’s Psalter (1340). invention is perhaps the single
policies. His followers, derisively
most important event to
called Lollards (meaning
influence the spread of the Bible.
“mumblers”), included his
criticisms in the preface to the The Gutenberg Bible
Wycliffe Bible. This Bible is is the first book ever printed. This
banned and burned. Forty years Latin Vulgate version is often Gutenberg Bible Page
after Wycliffe’s death, his bones illuminated by artists who hand
are exhumed and burned for paint letters and ornaments on
heresy. each page.
John Wycliffe

AD 1500
Erasmus, a priest and William Tyndale, priest and Tyndale is called the “Father of the
Greek scholar, publishes a Oxford scholar, translates the English Bible” because his translation
new Greek edition and a New Testament from Greek forms the basis of the King James
more accurate Latin (1525), but cannot get approval Version. Much of the style and
translation of the New to publish it in England. He vocabulary we know as “biblical
Testament in 1516. His goal moves to Germany and prints English” is traceable to his work.
is that everyone be able to Bibles, smuggling them into
read the Bible, from the England in sacks of corn and
farmer in the field to the flour. In 1535 he publishes part
weaver at the loom. Erasmus’ of the Old Testament translated
Greek text forms the basis of Erasmus from Hebrew. In 1536, Tyndale
the “textus receptus” and is is strangled and burned at the
used later by Martin Luther, stake. His final words are
William Tyndale, and the Martin Luther translates “Lord, open the King of
King James translators. the New Testament into England’s eyes.”
German in 1522. William Tyndale

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3422 How
HowWe
WeGot
Gotthe
the Bible
Bible

AD 1500 AD 1555
The Coverdale Bible The Matthew’s Bible, The Great Bible (1539) England’s Queen Mary bans
is translated by Miles translated by John Rogers is placed in every church by Protestant translations of the English
Coverdale (1535) and under the pen name order of Thomas Cranmer, Bible. John Rogers and Thomas Cranmer
dedicated to Anne Boleyn, “Thomas Matthew,” is the archbishop under King are burned at the stake. Later some 300
one of King Henry VIII’s first Bible published with Henry VIII. This Bible is men, women and children are also burned.
wives. This is the first the king’s permission chained to the church
The Geneva Bible
complete Bible to be (1537). Printed just one year pillars to discourage theft.
Exiles from England flee to Geneva,
printed in English. after Tyndale’s death, its
Switzerland, and in 1560 print the Geneva
New Testament relies
Bible, a complete revision of the Great
heavily on Tyndale’s version,
Bible with the Old Testament translated
and even has a tribute to
from Hebrew. The Geneva Bible contains
him on the last page of the
theological notes from Protestant
Old Testament. Tyndale’s
scholars John Calvin, Beza, Knox, and
initials are printed in 2 ½-
Whittingham. It is the first Bible to use
inch block letters. Later
Roman type instead of black letter. This is
Thomas Cromwell, advisor
the Bible of Shakespeare and the one
Tyndale’s Initials to King Henry VIII, entrusts
carried to America by the Pilgrims in 1620.
Coverdale to revise
printed in the The 1640 edition is the first English Bible
Matthew’s Bible to make
Matthew’s Bible The “Chained Bible” to omit the Apocrypha.
the Great Bible.

AD 1600
Bishops Bible King James Version or
A new translation begins Authorized Version
under Queen Elizabeth in King James I of England commissions
1568. It is translated by 54 scholars to undertake a new Bible
several bishops of the translation. Over the next six years, six
Church of England in teams of scholars using the Bishops
answer to the Geneva Bible. Bible and Tyndale’s Bible, as well as
available Greek and Hebrew
Rheims-Douai Bible
manuscripts, complete the new version
was translated into English
in 1611. The King James Version (also
from the Latin Vulgate by
called the “Authorized Version,” even
Catholic scholar Gregory
though King James never gave the
Martin, while in exile in
finished version his royal approval) is
France (New Testament in
revised several times. The edition used
1582/Old Testament in
today was revised in 1769.
1609). It becomes the
standard translation for The King James Version remained the King James
the Catholic church. King James Bible most popular Bible for more than 300
Page from 1611 version years.

AD 1800
Older Manuscripts Codex Sinaiticus Codex Vaticanus
Discovered! (earliest complete copy of the New (earliest and probably best
Between 1629 and 1947, Testament, copied in approximately copy known of the New
several of the earliest known 350) is found in St. Catherine’s Testament from
copies of the Bible are found. Monastery near Mt. Sinai. approximately 350) is
released to scholars in 1889
Codex Alexandrinus, The Revised Version (1885)
by the Vatican Library.
a copy of the New Testament In 1870, scholars in England decide
from approximately 400, to revise the King James Version to
perhaps the best copy of the reflect the findings from the
book of Revelation, is made manuscripts discovered during the
available to western scholars two previous centuries. Their goal
in 1629. is to use better Hebrew and Greek
texts and to retranslate words
based on new linguistic
information about ancient Hebrew. The Revised Version

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 HowWe
How WeGot
Gotthe
theBible
Bible 2335

AD 1900
The Dead Sea Scrolls, found A Scroll of Isaiah that is part of the A Ugaritic Grammar is published in the
in a cave in 1947 by a shepherd, Dead Sea Scrolls is the oldest complete 1960s. Ugaritic is an ancient language similar to
contain the oldest known copies manuscript of any book of the Hebrew and helps scholars understand Hebrew
of portions of the Old Testament. Bible (copied around 100). The copies vocabulary and poetry.
These copies were made of Isaiah discovered in the Qumran
between 100 bc and ad 100. caves prove to be remarkably close to
the standard Hebrew Bible, varying
slightly in the spelling of some names.
They give overwhelming confirmation
of the reliability of the Masoretic copies.
During the 1900s more than a hundred
New Testament manuscripts are found
in Egypt.

A Qumran Cave near the Dead Sea Scroll of Isaiah

AD 1900
Modern Translations 1931 1966 1971
The knowledge from newly Smith-Goodspeed, An Jerusalem Bible The Living Bible
discovered manuscripts has American Translation Translation by Catholic scholars Popular paraphrase.
led to hundreds of new Modern American English. in Jerusalem. The New Jerusalem 1976
translations. Bible, 1985.
1952 The Good News Bible
1885 The Revised Standard 1970 (Today’s English Version)
The English Revised Version (RSV) New English Bible (TEV)
Version A revision of the ASV. New “Timeless” modern English. Vernacular English translation.
A British revision of the King Testament revised 1971. Revised in 1989. 1978
James Version. 1958 1970 New International Version
1901 J.B. Phillips’ New Testament New American Bible (NAB) (NIV)
American Standard in Modern English Official version of the Catholic Dignified, readable.
Version (ASV) A paraphrase, originally made Church. Revised New Testament 1982
Revision of the King James for youth. in 1986.
New King James Version
Version in American English. 1965 1971 (NKJV)
1926 The Amplified Bible New American Standard Modernization of the King
Moffatt Bible Uses word-for-word ASV with Bible (NASB) James Version using the same
A very popular modern- added words to communicate Literal word-for-word translation. manuscripts.
language version. insights on original texts. Updated in 1995.

AD 2000
1987 1991 1996 2004
New Century Version Contemporary English New International Reader’s Holman Christian
(NCV) Version Version (NIrV) Standard Bible (HCSB)
Puts biblical concepts into “Natural, uncomplicated” English. A simplified version of the NIV Balance between word-for-
natural terms. 1995 with a 3rd- or 4th-grade reading word and thought-for-thought.
level.
1989 God’s Word 2005
Jewish New Testament Contemporary English. 2001 Today's New International
English translation using 1996 English Standard Version Version (TNIV)
traditional Jewish expressions. (ESV) Modernization of the New
New Living Translation (NLT)
1989 A revision of The Living Bible to Literal update of the RSV. International Version.
New Revised Standard make it a translation. 2002 2005
Version The Message (MSG) New English Translation
“Gender neutral” revision of A paraphrase from the original (NET)
the RSV. languages. Available only on the Internet,
with extensive translator’s
notes.

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