MEDIATION BOMBAY 4.

INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION

COMPETITION

6th to 8th October, 2023

COMPETITION RULEBOOK

MAHARASHTRA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY MUMBAI

Copyright © 2023, Mediation Bombay - International Dispute Resolution Competition, MNLU
Mumbai

All rights reserved. Mediation Bombay, MNLU Mumbai holds all copyright and intellectual
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD – MEDIATION BOMBAY 2023 RULE BOOK ........................................... 4

I. DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................. 5

II. GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 7

III. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA .......................................................................................... 7

IV. REGISTRATION & SELECTION PROCEDURE. .................................................. 8

V. MEDIATION ROUNDS ............................................................................................... 9

VI. ROUND STRUCTURE AND FORMAT................................................................... 11

VII. NEGOTIATING TEAM COMPETITION ........................................................... 13

VIII. MEDIATOR COMPETITION ............................................................................... 14

IX. ACCOMMODATION ................................................................................................. 15

X. AWARDS ...................................................................................................................... 16

XI. DISQUALIFICATION & PENALTIES. ................................................................... 17

XII. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL .................................................................................. 18

XIII. THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE – RESIDUARY POWERS ...................... 18

XIV. MISCELLANEOUS ................................................................................................ 18

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FOREWORD – MEDIATION BOMBAY 2023 RULE BOOK

In the Okinawan language, there is a unique word “Yuimaru” which means ‘the circle of the
people’ or the ‘spirit of cooperation’. It represents the warm-hearted cooperative effort to take
care of one’s counterparts to ensure that all members of the community feel connected and
valued. After the unprecedented COVID19 pandemic which made us all realise the value of
human connections and how even the most mundane facilities like groceries and healthcare can
be inaccessible, the Mediation Bombay International Dispute Resolution Competition 2023
hopes to reflect the spirit of yuimaru in its larger theme of Connectivity and Accessibility. We
hope that this competition will further the spirit of mediation because by using soft words and
hard arguments, we can accomplish the most unimaginable goals. As mediators and
negotiators, you hold the power to transform conflicts into opportunities for growth and
resolution, nurturing the potential for a brighter future. At Mediation Bombay, we wish to help
you to unleash this power and collectively create a global impact.

After 4 long years, we welcome you all to the City of Dreams and ironically, the city that never
sleeps. As we at the Mediation Bombay love to say, “Mumbai is a city but Bombay is an
emotion”. Whether it is in terms of its meticulous local train network or the numerous career
opportunities found here, Bombay strives to connect people from all over India who come here
to make their dreams a reality and welcomes them with open arms. In the same way, Mediation
Bombay wishes to promote the Bombay experience of resilience and collaboration.
Beyond this competition, we hope this event serves as a platform for personal growth and
mutual learning. Let the theme of Connectivity and Accessibility inspire you to unlock your
true potential and embrace the virtuous qualities of fairness, integrity and compassion!

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 I. DEFINITIONS

The terms and phrases used in this rule book shall have the meaning as defined hereunder,
unless specified otherwise in a particular Rule:

1. “Caucus” is an individual session in which only one Negotiating Pair converses with the
Mediator in the absence of the opposing Negotiating Pair.
2. “Competition Problem” refers to a problem framed by the Problem Drafting Committee,
to be used in the Competition Sessions.
3. “Competition” refers to the 2023 edition of Mediation Bombay – International Dispute
Resolution Competition.
4. “Confidential Information” [CI] refers to the key points of information provided to
Negotiating Teams regarding the party they represent [Requesting or Responding Party].
5. “Confidential Information Session” [CI Session] refers to the time period in which
Negotiating Teams are provided access to Confidential Information. During this time the
Mediators can prepare their strategy for the round.
6. “Expert Assessor/s” refers to persons(s) nominated and/or selected by the Organizing
Committee, who evaluates and scores the performance of the Negotiating Team and the
Mediator(s), during a mediation session in accordance with the Competition Rules. All
assessors shall provide to the Organizing Committee a Statement of Trust declaring their
neutrality, impartiality and independence to assess the teams of the Competition; and
disclosing any conflict of interests with the participants, or the university, if it may cause
a hindrance to the assessment of the round.
7. “Feedback Session” refers to the critique provided by Expert Assessors to the
Competition Session Participants, in relation to each of their performances in the Main
Session.
8. “General Information” refers to factual information related to a Competition Session,
which shall be accessible to all Participating Teams.
9. “Host Institution” refers to Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai.
10. “Institution/s” refers to all Colleges and Universities across the world.

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11. “Main Session” refers to the stage of Competition Session immediately following the
Confidential Information Session, where the Teams are tasked to mediate on the
Competition Problem.
12. “Mediation Round” includes the CI Session, the Main Session, the Reflection Session,
the Feedback Session, and the Scoring Session.

13. “Mediation Problem” shall consist of General Information for all Parties, and Confidential
Information for each Negotiating Pair.

14. “Mediator” refers to a participant who has registered or is designated as a Mediator.

15. “Negotiating Team” refers to a team comprising of two participants - one Counsel and
one Client - from the same institution.
16. “Official Website” refers to the official website of the Competition
https://www.mediationbombay.com/
17. “Organizing Committee” – The Organizing Committee for the Competition refers to all
the members of the organizing committee of Mediation Bombay 2023.
18. “Penalty” refers to the reduction in marks or disqualification of participants or any other
disciplinary action taken by the Organizing Committee on account any violation of these
rules.
19. “Problem Drafting Committee” refers to the Problem Drafting Committee of Mediation
Bombay 2023, responsible for drafting and contributing to the Competition Problem(s).
20. “Reflection Session” refers to the session wherein, the Judges will ask a set of questions
to the participants in order to analyse their plans and strategies and their overall
performance in the Main Session.
21. “Registration Fee” refers to the fee to be paid by Selected Teams for participation in the
Competition.
22. “Room Coordinator” refers to a member/s of the Host Institution designated to each
room who is in charge of overseeing the smooth conduct of a particular room.
23. “Rule” refers to a particular individual rule contained in this Rulebook, along with the
sub-rules/ points thereunder. The Participants are deemed to know and accept these rules
on the account of their registration in the Competition.

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 II. GENERAL

1. The fourth edition of Mediation Bombay: International Dispute Resolution Competition,

2023, organized by Maharashtra National Law University Mumbai will be held offline from
6th October to 8th October 2023.
2. All the rules contained herein are mandatory in nature, and Penalties for non-compliance,
where existent, are provided for in the relevant Rule/s.
3. The Competition aims to provide an international platform for students from the world’s
top universities to improve their mediation and negotiation skills, step out of their comfort
zone, and realise the many benefits of mediation. It provides a platform for law students to
develop several skills that one requires to be a successful legal practitioner. By exposing
the participants to complex, contemporary simulations, the Competition is structured in a
manner to encourage prospective lawyers to adapt to real life situations.
4. The Competition comprises two separate segments:

• The “Negotiating Team” Mediation Competition.

• The “Mediator” Mediation Competition.

III. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

1. The Following is the Eligibility Criteria for the respective segments:

a) Negotiating Pair:
• Participation is open to law students who are currently pursuing a degree of law from
any recognized law college/university across the world.
• A participant who has graduated from the aforesaid course not less than 6 months ago,
as on the date of the Competition, is an eligible participant for the purposes of these
Rules.

b) Mediator:
• Participation is open to law students who are currently pursuing a degree of law from
any recognized law college/university across the world.

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 • A participant who has graduated from the aforesaid course not less than 6 months ago,
as on date of the Competition, is an eligible participant for the purposes of these Rules.
• A certified mediator/ person who has mediated settlements professionally is not an
eligible participant for the purposes of these Rules.
A person who has previously been a participant in one segment, in a previous edition of the
Competition is not an eligible participant, for that same segment, for the purposes of these Rules.

IV. REGISTRATION & SELECTION PROCEDURE.

[A] PROVISIONAL REGISTRATION

1. Teams shall provisionally register here via their University, in a group of 3, i.e., a
Negotiating Pair (2 participants) and a Mediator (1 participant).
2. Teams shall submit an application form with the relevant information as requested by
the form.
3. No payment is required to provisionally register a team.
4. A maximum of two teams from each university are permitted to provisionally register
unless an exception is provided.
5. Cross-University teams are not permitted to register.
[B] SELECTION
1. Only 24 teams shall be selected by the Organizing Committee.
2. The Organizing Committee, in consultation with the Convenor, will select the teams on
the basis of the following criteria at their discretion.
• Achievements of the applying University in Negotiation and Mediation
Competitions.
• Achievements of the individual participants applying for the Competition.
• Mediation and Negotiation Courses available at the Applying Institution.
• ADR Events hosted by the Institution.

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 [C] REGISTRATION FEE
1. Only Selected Teams are required to pay the Registration Fees.
2. The Registration Fees for the Team is Rs. 24,000/- for Indian Teams and 300 USD for
International Teams.
3. The Registration Fees includes the following:
• Admission to all the events of the Competition, including all training, the opening
ceremony and the valedictory ceremony.
• Admission to Networking Sessions organized during the Competition.
• Accommodation and Food for the dates of the Competition for the Participating
Team only (Refer to Rule IX).

4. The payment of fees to be done according to the provisions of final registration form.
5. Proof of the payment must be attached to the final registration form.
6. Any and all Bank Charges/Transfer Charges must be paid by the participating team.
7. Failure to make timely payments, or full payments will result in forfeiture of the
University’s Spot in the Competition.
8. The Registration Fees is non-refundable.

V. MEDIATION ROUNDS

[A] GENERAL
1. A Mediation Round, for the purpose of this Competition, will involve two Negotiating Pairs
and a Mediator. The Negotiating Pairs will discuss the Mediation Problem and their
discussion will be facilitated by the Mediator.
2. The Negotiating Pair of the University is distinct from the Mediator of the same University.
They are completely independent.
3. As such, a Mediator of ‘X’ Institution, cannot mediate a round involving the Negotiating
Pair from ‘X’ Institution.
4. The qualification of Mediator from ‘X’ Institution to the advanced rounds is neither
dependent on nor impacted by the qualification of the Negotiating pair from ‘X’ Institution,
or vice versa.

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5. A Mediation Round includes the CI Session, the Main Session, the Reflection Session, the
Feedback Session, and the Scoring Session.

[B] MEDIATION PROBLEM

1. Each Mediation Round will be based on a Mediation Problem.
2. The Participants will receive the General Information for the Preliminary Rounds and
Elimination Rounds before the start of the Competition at a date decided and
communicated by the Organizing Committee.
3. Prior to the Rounds, the Negotiating Pairs will be informed which side of the mediation
they will represent. They will be provided with the Confidential Information
accordingly.
4. The Confidential Information is provided at short notice (minimum 30 minutes prior to
the round) to the participants. It is designed to test the Participants’ understanding of
the Problem as well as to test their quick-thinking and adaptability.
5. The Confidential Information contains crucial details regarding the respective side’s
case.
6. Accordingly, the Negotiating pairs should not disclose the Confidential Information to
anyone else at any time, between the receipt of the information and the conclusion of
the Mediation Round for which it is applicable. However, disclosure by the participating
negotiating pairs during a Main Session is allowed.
7. Clarification to the General Information so published will be provided, if deemed
necessary, on a date decided and communicated by the Organizing Committee.
8. Interpretation of the Mediation Problem:
• Teams are requested to stay within the confines of the General and Confidential
Information.
• Teams are advised not to import real world facts, news, and statistics into the
problem.
• The Problems are subject to Reasonable Interpretations.
• The reasonability of such an interpretation is to be decided at the discretion of
the Assessors.

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 • A Penalty may be levied on parties in case they deviate from facts, make up new
facts, or unreasonably infer facts. This Penalty is dependent on the discretion of
the Expert Assessors.
[C] CAUCUS
1. A Mediation round may be aided by a Caucus or Private Session.
2. A Caucus may be called by either party to the Mediation, or by the Mediator.
3. Calling a Caucus is not compulsory in this Competition.
4. A Caucus may be held for a maximum of 4 minutes per team in the Preliminary Rounds,
and a maximum of 7 minutes per team in the Elimination Rounds. This time is included
in the maximum time allowed for a Main Session.
5. A Caucus cannot be called in the last 7 minutes of the Main Session in Preliminary
Rounds and last 13 minutes of the Main Session in Elimination Rounds.
6. The Mediator is responsible for ensuring the time limits of the Caucus are not violated.

VI. ROUND STRUCTURE AND FORMAT

1. There shall be 4 preliminary Mediation Rounds

• Each Negotiating Pair will participate in 4 Mediation Rounds.
• Each Mediator will participate in 2 Mediation Rounds.
2. Based on their scores, the Negotiating Pair and Mediators will qualify to the advanced
rounds.
3. The advanced rounds consist of a Quarter-final, a Semi-final, and a Final round.
4. Details concerning the respective segments are provided under Rule VII [C] and VIII
[C].

[A] TIME OF THE ROUNDS

1. Each Preliminary Round will run for a total of 95 Minutes.
It shall have the following time composition:
• 30 Minutes: Confidential Information Session.
• 45 Minutes: Main Session (inclusive of the Caucuses).
• 5 Minutes: Reflection Session.

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 • 5 Minutes: Scoring Session.
• 10 Minutes: Feedback Session.

2. Each Quarter-Final Round will run for 135 Minutes.

It shall have the following time composition:
• 45 Minutes: Confidential Information Session.
• 60 Minutes: Main Session (inclusive of the Caucuses).
• 10 Minutes: Reflection Session.
• 10 Minutes: Scoring Session.
• 10 Minutes: Feedback Session.

3. Each Semi-Final Round will run for 150 Minutes.

It shall have the following time composition:
• 45 Minutes: Confidential Information Session.
• 75 Minutes: Main Session (inclusive of the Caucuses).
• 10 Minutes: Reflection Session.
• 10 Minutes: Scoring Session.
• 10 Minutes: Feedback Session.

4. The Final Round will run for a total of 205 Minutes.

It shall have the following time composition:
• 60 Minutes: Confidential Information Session.
• 90 Minutes: Main Session (inclusive of the Caucuses).
• 20 Minutes: Reflection Session.
• 20 Minutes: Scoring Session.
• 15 Minutes: Feedback Session.

5. The Time allotted to the Mediation Rounds may be subject to change at the discretion
of the Organizing Committee and will be notified to participants if required in a timely
manner.
6. Time will be kept by the Room Coordinator and no electronic devices will be permitted
for the purpose of time keeping.

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VII. NEGOTIATING TEAM COMPETITION

[A] TEAM COMPOSITION

1. A Participating Team in this segment shall mean a Negotiating Pair (2 Participants).
2. In any round, one participant will play the role of the client (or equivalent), and the
other participant shall play the role of a counsel (or equivalent).
3. The team CANNOT disclose its university to the Expert Assessor.

[B] NATURE AND SCHEME OF THE ROUND

1. Prior to the Rounds, based on the General Information, teams shall be informed which
sides they represent in a Mediation Round.
2. Each Team will compete in 4 Preliminary Rounds.
3. Teams will compete with one another with an aim to resolve a dispute/secure a
transaction as is required by the General and Confidential Information.
4. As mentioned before, each round shall have a common General Information and a
separate Confidential Information available to each side, which they shall not disclose
to the other side, before the Main Session commences.
5. Mediators shall only be privy to the General Information. Teams shall not share
Confidential Information with Mediators before the round.
6. The Negotiating Pair Scoresheet is provided as an accompanying document.

[C] ROUND PROGRESSION

1. After the conclusion of the 4 Preliminary Rounds, the 12 teams with the highest
cumulative score shall progress to the Quarter Finals Round.
2. In case of any tie in the absolute scores, the marks scores in the category of
‘Management of Negotiation Process’ shall be the tie-breaker. Further tiebreakers are
to be notified at the discretion of the Organizing Committee.
3. The Quarter Final Rounds:
• 12 teams to qualify.
• Match ups to be made on the basis of “reverse power” i.e. (1st v 12th; 2nd v 11th,
etc.).

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 • Side allocation to be done via draw of lots (unless provided otherwise).
• Winners to be decided by a majority of the panel of Expert assessors on
Knockout basis.
4. The Semi Final Rounds:
• 6 winners of the Quarter Finals to qualify.
• Matchups and side allocations to be done via draw of lots (unless otherwise
provided).
• Winners to be decided by a majority of the panel of Expert assessors on
Knockout basis.
5. The Tri-Party Grand Finale
• 3 Winners of Semi Finals to Qualify.
• Side allocation to be done via draw of lots (unless provided otherwise).
• Winners to be decided by a majority of the panel of assessors.
• An external professional mediator will act as the Mediator for the final round

VIII. MEDIATOR COMPETITION

[A] TEAM COMPOSITION

1. A Participating Team in this section shall mean a Mediator (1 participant).
2. The team CANNOT disclose its university to the Expert Assessor.

[B] ROUND FORMAT & STRUCTURE.

1. Mediators will only be privy to the General Information which is provided in advance
of the rounds.
2. Each Round will have only 1 Mediator.
3. Each Mediator will compete in 2 Preliminary Rounds.
4. A Mediator competes by facilitating the discussion between the Client Attorney pairs.
5. A Mediator competes with other Mediators on an absolute score basis only since two
mediators never mediate the same Mediation Round.
6. The Mediator Scoresheet is provided as an accompanying document.

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 [C] RANKING & PROGRESSION
1. After Conclusion of the 2 Preliminary Rounds, the 6 Mediators with the highest
absolute scores shall progress to the Mediator Semi-Final (Quarter Final Round of the
Competition).
2. In case of any tie in the absolute scores, the marks scores in the category of
‘Management of Mediation Process’ shall be the tie-breaker. Further tiebreakers are to
be notified at the discretion of the Organizing Committee.

3. The Mediator Semi Final Rounds (Quarter Finals Round of the Competition)

• 6 teams to qualify.

• Round allocation to be done via draw of lots (unless provided otherwise).

• Winners to be decided by a majority of the panel of Expert assessors on

Knockout basis.

4. The Mediator Final Round (Semi Finals Round of the Competition)

• 3 winners of the Semi Finals to qualify.

• Winners to be decided by a majority of the panel of Expert assessors on

Knockout basis.

5. The Final Round of the Competition

• A Professional Mediator would act as the Mediator for the final round of the
Competition.
• Mediator does not compete in this round.

IX. ACCOMMODATION

1. All the registered team shall be provided accommodation off campus for the dates of
the competition.
2. The registration fees are inclusive of the Accommodation and Food for the days of the
competition for the Participating Teams ONLY.
3. Accommodation and Food for Coaches will be charged separately, provided that
participation of the coach is intimated well in time (Details to be notified at a later date).

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 4. Further details will be informed to the registered teams on a date notified by the
Organising Committee.

X. AWARDS

[A] MAIN AWARDS

1. Winner Trophy - Best Negotiating Pair
To be awarded to the Negotiating team declared as the winner of the Final Round of the
Competition, which will include additional benefits.
2. 1st Runner-up Trophy – Negotiating Team
To be awarded to the Negotiating Team that finishes second in the Final Round of the
Competition, which will include additional benefits.
3. 2nd Runner-up Trophy – Negotiating Team
To be awarded to the Negotiating Team that finishes third in the Final Round of the
Competition, which will include additional benefits.
4. Winner Trophy – Best Mediator
To be awarded to the Mediator declared winner of the Mediator Finals, which will
include additional benefits.
5. Runner-up Trophy – Mediator
To be awarded to the Mediator who finishes second in the Mediator Finals, which will
include additional benefits.

[B] SPECIAL AWARDS

1. Best Upcoming Negotiating Team.
2. Best Upcoming Mediator.
3. Best Opening Statement – Mediator.
• The Organizing Committee may give out additional prizes as Special Awards.
• Special awards will be calculated on the basis of the cumulative scores of Preliminary
Rounds.
• All Main Awards and Special Awards shall be accompanied by a ‘Certificate of Merit’.
• All participants of the Competition will be provided a ‘Certificate of Participation’.

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XI. DISQUALIFICATION & PENALTIES.

[A] DISQUALIFICATIONS
1. Subject to the discretion of the Organizing Committee, a Team may be disqualified:
• In case of substantial non-compliance with the rules or Equity Policy.
• If they disclose the Confidential Information of a Mediation Round, in any manner
whatsoever, which is not allowed by the Rules.
• If they disclose or insinuates to an Expert Assessor the name of the University the
team is from.
2. Any decision to disqualify a Team will be formally communicated to the University of
the concerned team by the Organization Committee.
3. For the Purpose of this Rule, Team means either a Negotiating Pair or a Mediator.
• Therefore, the disqualification of a Mediator of University X would not mean the
disqualification of the Negotiating Pair of University X.

[B] PENALTIES
1. Subject to the discretion of the Organization Committee, the Assessors may impose a
maximum Penalty of 10 marks per Mediation Round, if the Participating Team:
• Imports facts or makes up facts that are not provided in the General Information or
Confidential Information, such that it causes prejudice to the other competing
teams.
• Does not adhere to the time limits set out in Rule VI (A) or otherwise intimated by
the Competition Organizers.
• Does not adhere to the Dress Code set out in Rule XIV (2).
• Does not adhere to the Official Language as per Rule XIV (6).

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XII. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL

1. All grievances regarding disqualification, penalty, other violation of these Rules, or an

Equity Policy violation shall be addressed to the Organizing Committee through the
Complaint Form provided on the Official Website of the Competition.
2. Every effort will be made to resolve the Grievance at the earliest.
3. Each aggrieved party shall have adequate opportunity to be heard.
4. Grievances other than those regarding Equity Policy violations shall have a reasonable
limitation period (a grievance of such nature may be filed within reasonable limitation
period and no later than the valedictory ceremony of the Competition).

XIII. THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE – RESIDUARY POWERS

1. The Organising Committee holds Residuary Powers on any and all matters regarding
the competition.
2. The Organizing Committee’s decision on any matter in the lead up to the Competition
and during the Competition is final and conclusive.
3. The Organizing Committee may take any other reasonable measure that may be
required for the efficient conduct of the Competition.
4. The Organizing Committee’s interpretation as to the implementation or applicability of
the Rules is final and conclusive.

XIV. MISCELLANEOUS

1. Coaches:
• Coaches are permitted to accompany teams.
• Teams must inform the Organizing Committee in case they wish to bring a Coach
at the time of final registration.
• The Registration fee does not include Accommodation & Food for Coaches. It will
be charged separately (Refer to Rule IX).
• Coaches can spectate but cannot assist the teams during the Mediation Round.

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 • Anyone may be a Coach, except a person who is also an assessor in the Competition.
• Coaches may not disclose Confidential Information to third parties.
2. Conflict of Interest
• No Expert Assessor can judge a round of a team that he/she already knows or has
judged.
• In case a conflict of interest arises, the team must immediately inform it to the
Organising Committee.
3. Dress Code:
• Members of the Participating Teams shall be dressed in formal attire for the duration
of the Competition. Both Western and Indian Formals are permitted.
• This includes the opening and valedictory ceremony.
4. Equity Policy: [To be notified at a later date]
• The Competition shall have an Equity Policy. The participating teams are expected
to comply with the Equity Policy.
• The Equity policy operates as a separate document from these Rules.
• An Equity Policy briefing will be provided to the teams on the 1st Day of the
Competition.
5. Notice:
• Notice given to the Participating Teams’ contact person, or any other individual
member shall be deemed to be notice to the entire team.
• Notice shall deemed to have been given to the Organizing Committee when a mail
is sent at [email protected], during the duration of the
Competition.
6. Official Language:
• The Language of the Competition is English.
• Use of unparliamentary language/ discriminatory language is prohibited.
• Official communication in any other language during a Mediation Round will
reflect negatively on the participants.
7. Photography and Videography:
• Participants agree to being photographed and their rounds video-taped during the
Competition.

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 • These photos shall remain the property of MNLU Mumbai.
• Participants and Coaches MAY NOT take any photos, videos, or voice recordings
of any part of the Mediation Round.
8. Score Sheets:
• Participants will get access to the score sheets of their team after the conclusion of
the competition.
9. Technology and Additional Materials:
• Use of Social Media applications like WhatsApp etc. are NOT permitted in any of
the rounds.
• The teams MAY NOT carry any electronic devices in the Mediation Room.
10. Withdrawals & Blacklisting:
• A University which has committed to participate may be blacklisted from
participation in future events, if it withdraws from the Competition after such
commitment, thereby prejudicing all other participating teams.
• A decision to do so is dependent on the discretion of the Organizing Committee, but
must be taken after giving an opportunity to the withdrawing University to provide
a justification for their withdrawal.

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