Lecture Presentation

Chapter 13

Properties of
Solutions

Week 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solutions
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances.
• In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
• Each of the substances in a mixture is called a component of the
solution.
• The solvent:
– the component present in the greatest amount and
– Determines the state of matter in which the solution exists.
Solutions
• Solutions have variable composition and is described by its
– components (solute and solvent) and
– their relative amounts
• Terms: Dilute and concentrated are qualitative descriptions of the
amount of solute in solution.
– Concentration is the amount of solute in a given amount of
solvent to make the solution.

• The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent or its SOLUBILITY

depends the following factors:
– nature’s tendency toward mixing (thermodynamics), and
– the types of intermolecular attractive forces
• Solvents and solutes MUST be compatible; otherwise, a
solution will not form.
– Meaning they must have similar polarities
 Four ways to express
concentration in quantitative terms:

•Mass percent, ppm and ppb

•Mole fraction

•Molarity

•Molality
 Expressing Concentrations of Solutions
Mass percentage
• One of the simplest quantitative expressions of concentration.
Mass of component A
Mass % of A = × 102
Total mass of solution
where: Total mass of solution = mass solvent + mass solute

Parts per million (ppm)

• Concentrations of very dilute solutions are often expressed in parts per
million.
Mass of component A
ppm = × 106
Total mass of solution
➢ 1 ppm corresponds to 1 mg of solute per liter of solution

Parts per billion (ppb)

• For solutions that are even more dilute parts per billion (ppb) are used
Mass of component A
ppb = × 109
Total mass of solution
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Mole Fraction (X)
• Concentration expressions can also be based on the number of
moles of one or more components in solution.
• The mole fraction of a component in a solution can be given by:
moles of component A
𝑋A =
Total mass of all components
Molarity (M)
• Is the moles of solute per volume (in liters) of solution.
moles of solute
Molarity =
Liters of solution

Molality (m)
• Is the number of moles of solute per mass (in kilogram) of solvent.
moles of solute
Molality =
kilogram of solvent
Since both moles and mass do not change with temperature, molality (unlike
molarity) is not temperature-dependent.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Changing Molarity to Molality
If we know the density
of the solution, we can
calculate the molality
from the molarity, and
vice versa.
masssoln= masssolvent + masssolute

masssolvent = masssoln - masssolute

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solutions
• The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent or its
SOLUBILITY depends the following factors:
– nature’s tendency toward mixing (thermodynamics), and
– the types of intermolecular attractive forces
• Solvents and solutes MUST be compatible; otherwise, a
solution will not form.
– Meaning they must have similar polarities
 Solutions
• Other factors affecting the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent are:
– Temperature
– Pressure (gas)
– Volume of solvent to amount of solute (ratio)
• Solubility is generally given in grams of solute that will dissolve per 100
grams of water (solvent).
• Solubility curves:
– Used to predict whether a
solution having a particular
amount of solute will
dissolved in water is
saturated (on the line),
unsaturated (below the
line), or supersaturated
(above the line).
Types of solutions
• Saturated solution
– The solvent holds as much solute
as is possible at that temperature.
– KNO3(s) ⇆ KNO3(aq)

• Unsaturated solution
– Less solute than can dissolve in the
solvent at that temperature is
dissolved in the solvent.

• Supersaturated solution
– The solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temp.
– These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually be stimulated by
adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side of the flask.
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Types of Solutions

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Solutions
• Attracted by solvent
(H2O) molecules,
ions leave the
surface of the solid
and dissolve as
hydrated species.
• Any dissolved ion
that collides with the
solute surface can
lose its water of
hydration and rejoin
the solid. Solutions
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How Does a Solution Form?
As a solution forms, the solvent pulls solute particles apart and surrounds,
or solvates, them.

The intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles (ion-dipole

interactions) must be strong enough to compete with those between solute
particles (ionic bonding) and those between solvent particles ( H-bonding for
H2O) .
Solutions
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The Solution Process
• If an ionic salt is soluble in water, it is because
the ion-dipole interactions are strong enough to
overcome the lattice energy of the salt crystal.
(Energy required to separate completely the ions
in an ionic solid)
• The negative ends of the water dipoles point
toward the positive ion
• The positive end points toward the negative ion

Solutions
Energy Changes and Solution Formation
• Simply put, three processes affect the
energetics of the process:
– Separation of solute particles,
ΔH1 = ΔHsolute

– Separation of solvent particles,

ΔH2 = Δhsolvent

– New interactions between solute and

solvent, ΔH3 = ΔH mix

Such that the overall energy change ( or the

enthalpy) of solution is:
∆Hsoln = ∆H1 + ∆H2 + ∆H3
= ∆Hsolute + ∆Hsolvent + ∆Hmix
Solutions
 Energy Changes in Solution
• The three processes
on an energy level
diagram:
– Separation of solute
particles,
(endothermic)
– Separation of solvent
particles,
(endothermic)
– New interactions
between solute and
solvent. (exothermic) Solutions
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Energy Changes in Solution
The enthalpy change
of the overall process
depends on H for
each of these steps.
H soln = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3

H soln is negative
An exothermic
solution process

Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Solution
The enthalpy change of the overall process depends on H for each of
these steps. H soln = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3
▪ H soln is negative: An exothermic solution process

Why do endothermic processes occur?

• Things do not tend to occur spontaneously
(i.e., without outside intervention) unless the
energy of the system is lowered.
➢ For instance, the dissolution of NH4NO3 in
water, heat is absorbed, not released. H soln is
positive.

Increasing the disorder or randomness (known as

entropy) of a system tends to lower the energy of the system.
Endothermic processes that occur spontaneously are characterized by a more
dispersed state, i.e. a densely ordered solid separates into its ions: NH4+ and NO3-

Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Endothermic
Processes Occur?
We know that in some
processes, like the
dissolution of NH4NO3
in water, heat is
absorbed, not
released.
H soln = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3
H soln is positve
An endothermic
solution process
Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enthalpy Is Only Part of the Picture
The reason is that
increasing the disorder or
randomness (known as
entropy) of a system
tends to lower the energy
of the system.
Endothermic processes
that occur spontaneously
are characterized by a
more dispersed state.
The densely ordered solid
separates into its ions:
NH4+ and NO3- Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enthalpy Is Only Part of the Picture
The effect of this increase in
randomness of the system is
enough to offset the fact that
ΔH1 + ΔH2 ˃ ΔH3
So even though enthalpy may
increase, the overall energy of
the system can still decrease
if the system becomes more
disordered.

Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Solution Formation,
Spontaneity and Disorder
• A homogenous solution of CCℓ4 and C6H14 forms,
when the barrier separating the two liquids is
removed.
• Each CCℓ4 molecule of the solution in (b) is more
dispersed in space than it was in the left compartment
in (a). (The volume increases to 1 000 mℓ)
• Each C6H14 molecule in (b) is more dispersed than it
was in the right compartment in (a).
(Volume increase)
• Two distinct factors are involved in processes that
occur spontaneously.
• The most obvious is energy and the other is the
distribution of each component into a larger volume.
Solutions
 Solution Formation,
Spontaneity and Disorder
• Processes occurring at a constant
temperature in which the randomness
or dispersal in space (entropy) of a
system increases, tends to occur
spontaneously.
• Processes in which the energy
content of the system (enthalpy)
decrease tend to occur
spontaneously.
• In most cases, formation of solutions
is favored by the increase in entropy
that accompanies mixing. Solutions
 Student, Beware!

Ni(s) + HCℓ (aq) → H2(g) + NiCℓ2(aq)

𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
NiCℓ2(aq) NiCℓ2 6H2O (s)
Just because a substance disappears when it comes in contact
with a solvent, it doesn’t mean the substance dissolved. Solutions
It
may have reacted. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Student, Beware!

• Dissolution/dissoving is a physical change—you can get

back the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
• If you can’t get it back, the substance didn’t dissolve, it
reacted.
Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Solute-Solvent
Interactions
Polar substances tend to dissolve in polar
solvents, e.g. sugar in water.

Nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in nonpolar

solvents, e.g. oil in petrol.

The more similar the intermolecular attractions, the

more likely one substance is to be soluble in
another. In other words:
“like dissolves like.”
Solutions
Gases in Solution- influence of
pressure
• The solubility of
liquids and solids
does not change
appreciably with
pressure.
• But the solubility of
a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional
to its pressure.
• Sg ∝ Pg
Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pressure Effects
• A gaseous solute is in
equilibrium with a solution.
• The piston is pushed in, which
increases the pressure of the
gas and the number of gas
molecules per unit volume.
• This causes an increase in the
rate at which the gas enters the
solution.
• So the dissolved gas increases.
Solutions
Pressure Effects
• The greater gas concentration in
the solution causes an increase
in the rate of escape, and a new
equilibrium is reached.
• So:the higher the pressure, the
greater the solubility of the gas
• The relationship between gas
pressure and the concentration
of dissolved gas is given by
Henry’s Law.

Solutions
 Henry’s Law
Sg ∝ Pg

Sg = kPg

where
• Sg is the solubility of the
gas,
• k is the Henry’s Law
constant for that gas in that
solvent, and
• Pg is the partial pressure of
the gas above the liquid.
Solutions
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Temperature

Generally, the
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases
with increasing
temperature.

Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Temperature

• The opposite is true

of gases.
– Carbonated soft
drinks are more
“bubbly” if stored in
the refrigerator.
– Warm lakes have
less O2 dissolved in
them than cool lakes.

Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solute Solubility: Temperature
Solute solubility is DEPENDENT on temperature of
the solvent.
Usually an INCREASE in temperature results in an
INCREASE in solubility.

The solubility of most solids increases as the

temperature increases,
Example:.
Sugar is more soluble in warm solvents.

For all gases, their solubility will decrease as the

temperature increases.
Examples:
CO2 (g) is less soluble in warm solvents.
Important distinctions: Solutions
▪ Miscible vs. ionization
▪ Miscible
▪ Solute dissolves in solvent as “whole” unit.
Ethanol and water
– Does NOT ionize
▪ Immiscible
▪ Solute and solvent do NOT mix. Oil and water
– Solution does NOT form.
▪ Ionization
▪ Solute dissolves in solvent in “pieces” – ions.
▪ NaCℓ in water
 Problem: Determine for each of the following whether the
solution is saturated, unsaturated, or
supersaturated.

a. 50 g KNO3 in 100 g H2O at 34 ºC

b. 50 g KNO3 in 100 g H2O at 50 ºC

c. 50 g KNO3 in 50 g H2O at 50 ºC
 Problem: Determine for each of the following whether the
solution is saturated, unsaturated, or
supersaturated..

a. 50 g KNO3 in 100 g H2O at 34 ºC

saturated

b. 50 g KNO3 in 100 g H2O at 50 ºC

unsaturated

c. 50 g KNO3 in 50 g H2O at 50 ºC
supersaturated
 Colligative Properties:
Physical Properties of Solution

Solutions
 Colligative Properties
• Adding a solute to a solvent modifies the properties of the PURE solvent.
These changes in pure solvent properties are referred to as COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES.
• Colligative means “depending on the collection”: colligative properties depend
on the collective effect of the number of solute particles.
• Colligative properties depend ONLY on the NUMBER of solute particles
relative to solvent particles in solution and not on the TYPE/KIND of solute
particles.
• Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the
quantity (concentration) but not on the kind or identity of the solute particles.
• Changes in colligative properties depend only on the number of
solute particles present, not on the identity of the solute particles.
• Among colligative properties are
– Vapor-pressure lowering
– Boiling-point elevation
– Melting-point depression
– Osmotic pressure
Solutions
 Vapor Pressure
• Recall: A liquid in a closed
container will establish an
equilibrium with its vapor
• The pressure exerted by the vapor
is called the vapor pressure
• A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is nonvolatile.
• Whereas one that exhibits a vapor pressure is volatile.
• Adding a nonvolatile solute to a solvent, lowers the vapor pressure.
✓ Reduces the rate of vaporization.
✓ Higher concentrations of nonvolatile solutes make it harder for solvent to
escape to the vapor phase – solvent to solvent attractions.
✓ Equilibrium is reestablished with fewer molecules in the gas phase.
• Therefore, the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure
solvent.
• Extent of the decrease in the vapor pressure upon addition of the solute,
depends on the concentration of the solute.
Solutions
 Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s Law:
The partial pressure exerted by a solvent vapor above a solution, Psolution,
equals the products of the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution,
Xsolvent, times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent - P:
Psolution = Xsolvent Psolvent
Note: This is one of those times when you want to make sure you have
the vapor pressure of the solvent.
• Example: Vapour pressure of water, PA at 20℃ = 2.33 kPa
• Adding glucose to water at the same temperature until XH2O = 0.800
and Xglucose = 0.200.
• Therefore, the partial pressure exerted by water vapour
• Psolution = XsolventPsolvent
Psolution = (0.800)(2.33 kPa) = 1.87 kPa

▪ So: adding a nonvolatile solute to a solvent lowers the vapour

pressure Solutions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sample Exercise 13.7 Calculation of Vapor Pressure of a Solution
Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a
density of 1.26 g/mL at 25 C. Calculate the vapor pressure at
25 C of a solution made by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to
500.0 mL of water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25 C
is 23.8 torr (Appendix B), and its density is 1.00 g/mL.
Solution
Analyze Our goal is to calculate the vapor pressure of a solution, given the
volumes of solute and solvent and the density of the solute.

Plan We can use Raoult’s law to calculate the vapor pressure

of a solution. The mole fraction of the solvent in the solution,
Xsolvent, is the ratio of the number of moles of solvent (H2O) to
total moles of solution (moles C3H8O3 + moles H2O).

Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.7 Calculation of Vapor Pressure of a Solution
Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a density of 1.26
g/mL at 25 C. Calculate the vapor pressure at 25 C of a solution made
by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of water. The vapor pressure of
pure water at 25 C is 23.8 torr (Appendix B), and its density is 1.00 g/mL.

Solution
Solve To calculate the mole fraction of water in the solution,
we must determine the number of moles of C3H8O3 and H2O:
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
volume mass mole

Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.7 Calculation of Vapor Pressure of a Solution
Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a density of 1.26
g/mL at 25 C. Calculate the vapor pressure at 25 C of a solution made
by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of water. The vapor pressure of
pure water at 25 C is 23.8 torr (Appendix B), and its density is 1.00 g/mL.

Solution
Now use Raoult’s law to calculate the vapor pressure of water
for the solution (glycerine is non volatile):

Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.7 Calculation of Vapor Pressure of a Solution
Continued

Comment The vapor pressure of the solution has been

lowered by 23.8 torr – 23.2 torr = 0.6 torr relative to
that of pure water.
The vapor-pressure lowering ΔP is directly proportional to
the mole fraction of the solute and can be calculated
directly using Equation 13.11 together with the mole
fraction of the solute, C3H8O3:

= (0.024)(23.8 torr) = 0.57 torr.

Psoln = 23.8 torr – 0.57 torr = 23.2 torr

Notice that the use of Equation 13.11 gives one more significant figure
than the number obtained by subtracting the vapor pressure of the
Solutions
solution from that of the pure solvent.
 Raoult’s Law and Vapor Pressure Lowering
Pure solvent
• Compares vapor pressure of solution to vapor of
the pure solvent (Po)
• Vapor pressure of H2O over a solution depends on
the number of H2O molecules per solute molecule.
• Predicts that when we increase the mole fraction of
nonvolatile solute particles in a solution, the vapor
pressure over the solution will be reduced.
• Remember: vapor-pressure lowering is a colligative Solution
property so it depends on the concentration of
solute particles and not on their kind.
• An ideal gas obeys the ideal gas equation and an
ideal solution obeys Raoult’s law.
• Real solutions best approximate ideal behavior
when [solute] is low and when solute and solvent
Lower vapor pressure
have similar molecular sizes and similar types of than pure solvent
Solutions
intermolecular attractions.
 Phase Diagram
• A phase diagram is a graph of pressure vs. temperature
for a substance. It shows.
– the triple point and critical point.
– critical temperature, the temperature beyond which a
gas cannot be compressed
– critical pressure, pressure needed to compress the
liquid at critical temperature

Solutions
 Phase Diagram
• A phase diagram is a graph of pressure vs. temperature
for a substance. It shows.
– the triple point, the temperature at which solid, liquid
and gas phases coexist in equilibrium

Solutions
 Boiling Point Elevation and
Freezing Point Depression

The addition of a
nonvolatile solute
lowers the vapor
pressure of the
solution.

Solutions
 Boiling Point Elevation
• The vapour-
pressure curve
of the solution
(blue line) in
this phase
diagram will be
shifted
downward
relative to the
vapour-pressure
curve of the pure
liquid (black
Solutions
line).
 Boiling Point Elevation
• At any given
temperature the
vapour pressure
of the solution is
lower than that of
the pure liquid.

▪ At the normal boiling point of the pure liquid, the vapour

pressure of the solution will be less than 1 bar.
▪ Thus, the boiling point of the solution is higher than
that of the pure liquid. Solutions
 Boiling-Point Elevation
• The change in boiling
point is proportional to
the molality of the
solution:
Tb = Kb  m

where Kb is the molal

boiling-point elevation
constant, a property of
NB! Tb is added to the the solvent.
normal boiling point of the Solutions

solvent. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Freezing Point Depression
• When a solution
freezes, crystals of
pure solvent
usually separate
out.
• The solute
molecules are not
normally soluble in
the solid phase of
the solvent.
▪ In aqueous solutions, the solid that separates
out is almost always pure ice. Solutions
 Freezing Point Depression
• The vapour-
pressure curves for
the liquid and solid
phases meet at the
triple point.
• The triple point of
the solution must
be at a lower
temperature than that of the pure liquid.
▪ therefore, the freezing point of the
solution is lower than that of the pure
liquid. Solutions
 Boiling Point Elevation
and Freezing Point
• So: Depression
• Nonvolatile
solute-solvent
interactions
cause solutions
to have higher
boiling points
and lower
freezing points
than the pure
solvent.
Solutions
 Freezing Point Depression
▪ The change in freezing point can be
found similarly:
Tf = Kf  m
▪ Here Kf is the molal freezing point
depression constant of the solvent.

Solutions
 Boiling Point Elevation and
Freezing Point Depression
Note that in both equations, T does not
depend on what the solute is, but only on
how many particles are dissolved.

Tb = Kb  m Tb is added to the normal boiling

point of the solvent to get the actual bp

Tf = Kf  m TF is subtracted from the normal freezing

point of the solvent to get the actual fp
Solutions
 Example 12.8 Freezing Point Depression
Calculate the freezing point of a 1.7 m aqueous ethylene
glycol solution.
SOLUTION

SORT You are given the

GIVEN 1.7 m solution.
molality of a solution and
FIND freezing point
asked to find its freezing
(from Tf – freezing point
point.
depression)
STRATEGIZE To solve this
CONCEPTUAL PLAN
problem, use the freezing
point depression equation.

Nivaldo J. Tro: Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example 12.8 Freezing Point Depression
Calculate the freezing point of a 1.7 m aqueous ethylene glycol solution.
SOLUTION

SOLVE Substitute into the equation to calculate Tf . Then

subtract Tf (freezing point depression) from the freezing point
of the solvent.
The actual freezing point is the freezing point of pure water
(0.00℃) – Tf.

Nivaldo J. Tro: Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 • THE END

Nivaldo J. Tro: Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example 12.9 Boiling Point Elevation
How much ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), in grams, must be
added to 1.0 kg of water to produce a solution that boils at
105.0 °C?
SOLUTION

SORT You are given the desired boiling point of an

ethylene glycol solution containing 1.0 kg of water and asked
to find the mass of ethylene glycol required to achieve the
boiling point.

GIVEN Tb = 5.0 ℃, 1.0 kg H2O, Kb = 0.512℃ m-1

FIND g C2H6O2

Solutions
Example 12.9 Boiling Point Elevation
How much ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), in grams, must be
added to 1.0 kg of water to produce a solution that boils at
105.0 °C?

SOLUTION
Then use the molality you just found to determine how many
moles of ethylene glycol are needed per kilogram of water.
Finally, calculate the molar mass of ethylene glycol and use
it to convert from moles of ethylene glycol to mass of
ethylene glycol.

Solutions
Example 12.9 Boiling Point Elevation
How much ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), in grams, must be
added to 1.0 kg of water to produce a solution that boils at
105.0 °C?
SOLUTION

STRATEGIZE To solve this problem, use the boiling-point

elevation equation to find the desired molality of the solution
from Tb.
RELATIONSHIPS TO BE USED
C2H6O2 molar mass = 62.07 g/mol
Tb = m x Kb (boiling point elevation equation)

Solutions
Example 12.9 Boiling Point Elevation
Continued

SOLUTION
SOLVE Begin by solving the boiling point elevation equation
for molality and substituting the required quantities to
calculate m.

Solutions
Example 12.9 Boiling Point Elevation
Continued

SOLUTION
Then determine the mass of ethylene glycol in 1.0 kg H2O by
using the molality and the molar mass of ethylene glycol.

Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.8 Calculating Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,
CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte.
Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of a 25.0 mass%
solution of ethylene glycol in water.

Solution
Analyze We are given that a solution contains 25.0 mass %
of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute and asked to calculate
the boiling and
freezing points of the solution.
To do this, we need to calculate the
boiling-point elevation and
freezing- point depression.
Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.8 Calculating Of Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol, CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a
nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of
a 25.0 mass % solution of ethylene glycol in water.

Plan To calculate the boiling-point elevation and the freezing-

point depression using Equations 13.12 and 13.13, we must
express the concentration of the solution as molality.

Let’s assume for convenience that we have 1000 g of

solution. Because the solution is 25.0 mass % ethylene
glycol, the masses of ethylene glycol and water in the
solution are 250 and 750 g, respectively. Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.8 Calculating Of Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol, CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a
nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of
a 25.0 mass % solution of ethylene glycol in water.

Using these quantities, we can calculate the molality of the

solution, which we use with the molal boiling-point-elevation
and freezing-point-depression constants (Table 13.3) to
calculate Tb and Tf .

Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.8 Calculating Of Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol, CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a
nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of
a 25.0 mass % solution of ethylene glycol in water.
We add Tb to the boiling point and subtract Tf from the freezing
point of the solvent to obtain the boiling point and freezing point of
the solution.

Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.8 Calculating Of Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression
Continued

Solve The molality of the solution is calculated as follows:

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
mass C2H6O2 mole C2O6O2

We can now use Equations 13.12 and 13.13 to calculate the

changes in the boiling and freezing points:
Tb = Kbm = (0.51 C/m)(5.37 m) = 2.7 C (bp elevation)
Tf = Kfm = (1.86 C/m)(5.37 m) = 10.0 C (fp depression)
Solutions
Sample Exercise 13.8 Calculating Of Boiling-Point Elevation and
Freezing-Point Depression
Continued

Tb = Kbm = (0.51 C/m)(5.37 m) = 2.7 C

Tf = Kfm = (1.86 C/m)(5.37 m) = 10.0 C
Hence, the boiling and freezing points of the solution are:

Boiling point = (normal bp of solvent) + Tb

= 100.0 C + 2.7 C = 102.7 C

Freezing point = (normal fp of solvent) −Tf

= 0.0 C − 10.0 C = −10.0 C

Solutions