History - Derived from the Greek word "historia" which means "knowledge

acquired through inquiry or investigation.

Historia - Became known as the account of the past of a person or a group of
people through written documents and historical evidences.

HISTORY
 History is the study of the past starting from the time period when the
writing Ing system was introduced and written records re maintained.
 Written records of the past events are the source of information
 Research on History is carried out by historians. Rare manuscripts written
on leaves, dried animais skins, and papers are some of the sources used
to study history.
 Study of History can be classified into different domains like Ancient
History, Contemporary History. Modern History, Politica: History, Military
History, Cultural History, Economic History, Environmental History, History
based on different Geographical locations, People's history, intellectual
history.
PRE - HISTORY
 Prehistory is the study of the past. even before writing was invented and
written records were maintained.
 Artifacts, Carvings on rocks etc. are the sources of information while
studying prehistory.
 Research on prehistory is carried out by archaeologists and
anthropologists who use excavation, geology, molecular genetics,
paleontology Hence a wide variety of social and natural sciences are use
to study prehistory.
 Prehistory studies 3 different time periods-stone age, bronze age and iron
age.

Traditional historians - Lived with the mantra of no document, no history.

History - progressed and opened up to the possibility of valid historical sources.
Oral Traditions - In forms of epics and songs, artifacts, architecture, and
memory.
History - became more inclusive and started collaborating with other disciplines
as its auxiliary disciplines. (ARCHAEOLOGY, LINGUISTICS BIOLOGY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY)
HISTORY - Study of the past during the invention of writing, the events. that
happened during this course of time, and the causes of such events.
HISTORIOGRAPHY - History of history. Focuses on understanding the facts and
the historian corntexts.
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE - History is conducted by historians, individuals who
take the time to research, interpret, and put past events into contest in a
recorded fashion.
NARRATIVE - History is written in to tell a story/events, and has been taught
and intended for a certain group of people.
POSITIVISM - Is the school of thought that emerged between the eighteenth
and nineteenth century. This thought requires empirical and observable
evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true.
POSTCOLONIALISM - Is the school of thought that emerged in the early
twentieth century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of
creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadow of
their colonial past.

HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN

Historian's job is not just about seeking historical evidences and facts but also to
interprets facts.
A historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context,
environment, ideology, education, and influences, among others.
History - is always subjective.
Historical methodology - comprises certain techniques and rules that historians
follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing
history.

HISTORICAL SOURCES
HISTORICAL DATA - are sourced from artifacts have been left by the fast.
These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to
the past.
Relics or remains - whose existence offers researchers a clue about the past, fur
example, the relics or remains of a prehistoric settlement.
Artifacts - can be found where relics of human happenings can be found for
example, a potsherd, a coin, a ruin, a manuscript, a book, a portrait, a stamp, a
piece of wreckage, a strand of hair, or other archeological or anthropological
remains.
Testimonies or witnesses - whether oral or written, may have been created to
serve a record or they might have been created for some purposes. All these
describe an event, such as the records of a property exchange, speeches and
commentaries.

WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY

Written sources - are an important source of history that help us to construct
past. Written sources are those which are in the form of written text. They are
used by historians to reconstruct ancient, medieval and modern history.

Written sources are usually categorized in three ways: (1) narrative or

literary (2) diplomatic or juridical and (3) social documents.
Narrative or Literature - are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form.
Written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely.
Diplomatic Sources - are understood to be those which document/record an
existing legal situation or create a new one, and it is these kinds of sources that
professional historians once treated as the purest, the "best" source.
Social Sources - are information pertaining to economic, social, political, or
judicial significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies. A few examples
are government reports, such as municipal accounts, research findings, and
documents like these, parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property
registers, and records of census.

NON-WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY

Unwritten sources - are as essential as written sources. They are two types: the
material evidence and oral evidence.
Material Evidence - also known as archaeological evidence is one of the most
important unwritten evidences. This includes artistic creation such as pottery,
jewelry, dwellings, grave, churches, roads, and others that tell a story about the
past.
Oral Evidence - an important source of information for historians. Much are told
by the tales or sagas of ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals
from the premodern period Philippine of history. During the present age,
interviews are another major form of oral evidence.

HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES - These sources are records of events or evidence as
they are first described or actually happened without any interpretation or
commentary. It is information that is shown for the first time or original materials
on which other research is based. Primary sources display original thinking,
report on new discoveries, or share fresh information.
SECONDARY SOURCES - These sources offer an analysis or restatement of
primary sources. They often try to describe or explain primary sources. They
tend to be works which summarize, interpret, reorganize, or otherwise provide
an added value to a primary source.
TERTIARY SOURCES - These are sources that index, abstract, organize,
compile, or digest other sources. Some reference materials and textbooks are
considered tertiary sources when their chief purpose is to list, summarize or
simply repackage ideas or other information. Tertiary sources are usually not
credited to a particular author.
CRITICISM - to discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or
historical context and it's literal sense or sensus literalis historicus to establish a
reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipient of the text.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM -is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence
by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical
characteristics of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the
evidence. Ex; quality of the paper, type of the ink, language and words used in
the material, appearance, handwriting.
INTERNAL CRITICISM - is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It
looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its
production. It views at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking
at the author of t the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the
knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose, among others. Ex; Noli
Me Tangere was written to expose the sufferings of the Filipino people.
 Diary, Journals, Autobiography, sound recording and interview, Letters
(Primary)
 Textbooks and biography (Secondary)
 Textbooks, edited works, books and articles that interpret or review
research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism and interpretation,
reviews of law and legislation, political analyses and commentaries.
(Tertiary)

Antonio Pigafetta (ca. 1490-ca. 1534)

  known by the name of Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta
 Famous Italian traveler (Born in Vicenza around 1490 - Died in 1584)
 Studied astronomy, geography and cartography and during his younger
years, he worked in the ships owned by the Knights of Rhodes
• Joined the Magallanes-Eleano famous expedition to the Moluccas begun in
August 1519 and finished September 1522 "The First Voyage Around the World"

This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and
navigators of the 16th Century. One of them was Italian nobleman Antonio
Pigafetta, who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation
of the world. Pigafetta's work instantly became a classic that prominent literary
men in the West like William Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne, and
Giambattista Vico referred to the book in their interpretation of the New World.

Pigafetta's travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study
of the precolonial Philippines. His account was also a major referent to the
events leading to Magellan's arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local
leaders, his death in the hands of Lapulapu's forces in the Battle of Mactan.

Examining the document reveals several insights not just in the character of the
Philippines during the precolonial period, but also on how the fresh eyes of the
Europeans regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people, and culture.
- Pigaffeta’s writing warrant, which pervaded Europe in the fifteenth and
sixteenth century.

 The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan was published after
Pigafetta returned to Italy.

In Pigafetta's account, their fleet reached what he called the Ladrones Islands or
the "Islands of the Thieves." He recounted: "These people have no arms, but
use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and
great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these three islands the
Ladrones Islands.

The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands. These

islands are located south- southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north
of New Guinea, and east of Philippines. Ten days after they reached Ladrones
Islands, Pigafetta reported that they reached what Pigafetta called the isle of
Zamal, now Samar but Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island
for greater security where they could rest for a few days.

Pigafetta recounted that after two days, March 18, nine men came to them and
showed joy and eagerness in seeing them. Magellan realized that the men were
reasonable and welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts. In turn, the natives
gave them fish, palm wine (uraca), figs, and two cochos.
 The Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination the palm tree which
bore fruits called cocho, and wine. He also described what seemed like a
coconut. (it has the taste of an almond, and if anyone dried it he might
make bread of it)

Pigafetta characterized the people as "very familiar and friendly" and willingly
showed them different islands and the names of these islands. The fleet went to
Humunu Island (Homonhon) and there they found what Pigafetta referred to as
the "Watering Place of Good Signs." It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote that
they found the first signs of gold in the island. They named the island with the
nearby islands as the archipelago of St. Lazarus.
 They left the island, then on March 25th, Pigafetta recounted that they
saw two ballanghai (balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzava/
Mazaua.

When the king of the balangay offered a bar of gold and a chest of ginger,
Magellan declined. (Magellan sent the interpreter to the king and asked for
money for the needs of his ships and expressed that he came into the islands as
a friend and not as an enemy).
 King= Chinaware | Magellan=robes in Turkish fashion, red cap, and gave
the people knives and mirrors.

~ After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the king's brother who was also
a king of another island (Raia Calambu) king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan
and Caragua), and the first king was Raia Siagu.

On March 31st, which happened to be Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered the

chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore.
Cross= Peace & Connection

After seven days, Magellan and his men decided to move and look for islands
where they could acquire more supplies and provisions. They learned of the
islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu) and intended to go there.

 Raia Calambu offered to pilot them in going to Cebu, the largest and the
richest of the islands. By April 7th Magellan and his men reached the port
of Cebu. The king of Cebu, through Magellan's interpreter, demanded that
they pay tribute as it was customary, but Magellan refused. Magellan said
that he was a captain of a king himself

(The king of Cebu consulted his council)

April 14 - the people gathered with the king. Magellan spoke to the king and
encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning all of the idols and worship
the cross instead. The king of Cebu was then baptized as a Christian

 when he was baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles
(Carlos), and he named the prince Don Fernand (Fernando), after the
brother of the emperor, and the King of Mazavva, Jehan: to the Moor he
gave the name of Christopher, and to the others each a name of his
fancy."

After eight days, Pigafetta counted that all of the island's inhabitant were already
baptized.

 Magellan gave her an image of the Infant Jesus made by Pigafetta

himself. The king of Cebu swore that he would always be faithful to
Magellan.

On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan)
went to see Magellan and asked him for a boat full of men so that he would be
able to fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu),
 Magellan's forces arrived in Mactan in daylight.

They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to

number 1,500.
  Magellan died in that battle. The natives, perceiving that the
Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg.

 Magellan's men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain. Pigafetta

also told how Magellan's slave and interpreter named Henry betrayed
them and told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as quickly as
possible.

Pigafetta was not able to join the twenty-four men who attended because he
was nursing his battle wounds.
 Serrano was presented and shouted at the men in the ship asking them to
pay ransom so he would be spared. (The fleet departed and abandoned
Serrano).
 They left Cebu and continued their fourney around the world.

"The First Voyage around the World" was written in one of the 5 ships of the
Magallanes- Elcano expedition.

 King Charles V provided the Spanish fleet named Armada de Molucca

which was led by Magellan.

The 5 ships
Santiago - Crew: 32 (Under the command of Juan Serrano Smallest of the 5
ships ~ Called as a 'caravel'

San Antonio - Crew: 60 (Under the command of Juan De Cartagena - soon led
by Alvarado De Mesquita | Largest in the fleet.

Concepcion - Crew: 43 (Under the command of Gaspar de Quesada) Captain

was executed because of mutiny burned

Trinidad - Crew: 55 (Under the command of Ferdinand Magellan) | The Flagship

~ Was attacked by Portuguese ship - Left shipwrecked
Victoria - Crew: 43 (Under the command of Luiz Mendoza, soon led by Juan
Sebastian Elcano) |Antonio Pigafetta on board - First ship circumnavigated the
world

 Upon the advice of Pigafetta's associates, he presented his account to

Pope Clement VII Philippe de Villiers l'Isle-Adam, and to Louis of Savoy to
finance its publication. But, he was unable to find a financier

The original journal of Pigafetta did not survived throughout the history. What
was handed to us was just the manuscript that never came out of the press
during his lifetime.