Advances in Agriculture and Biology (2023) 6(1): 11-16

REVIEW PAPER

Mitigation of pest pressure in crops by the foliar application of

vegetable extract and cultivation of marigold as a companion crop: A
review
Muhammad Qasim1*, Abdul Ahad Qureshi2*, Muhammad Farhan Akhtar2 and Muhammad Zeeshan Altaf2
1
Rural Education and Economic Development Society, Better Cotton Initiative, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
2
Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

Received: 12 February 2023
Accepted: 6 May 2023

Abstract The article provides an extensive overview of various botanical

extracts and synthetic insecticides tested in pest management.
Tomato cultivation in Pakistan, particularly in Punjab These include Eucalyptus, Bakayan (Melia azedarach), Chilli
region, faces challenges due to extreme weather conditions (Capsicum annum), Thyme (Thymus volgaris), Onion (Allium
and pest attacks, impacting growth and production. This cepa), and Steward 150 EC (Indoxicarb). The efficacy of these
review explores strategies to mitigate pest pressure in botanical extracts in controlling pests in crops like tomato,
tomato crops including allelopathy, botanical sprays, and marigold, basil, and celery is evaluated, emphasizing the
companion planting with marigold. Companion planting potential of certain botanical extracts, such as marigold, owing
with marigold effectively controls fruit borers and manages to their allelopathic properties. Additionally, the practice of
Meloidogyne incongnita, a root-knot nematode. The article companion cropping with mint, okra, and leek is highlighted as
also discusses challenges in the Capsicum genus due to an effective strategy in curbing whitefly infestations in
pests like whiteflies, thrips, and jassid. Botanical extracts, tomatoes. The current manuscript also examines the use of
such as ginger, have proven effective in managing jassid botanical fungicides like cinnamon and clove extracts to
infestations. Additionally, companion cropping with combat plant diseases. Conclusively, the botanical extracts
marigold has shown to bolster tomato production by including onion, bakayan, and chilli, hold promise as
diminishing pest attacks on the roots and exhibiting substitutes for synthetic insecticides due to their accessibility,
positive effects on - crops such as cabbage and chili. safety, and their minimal adverse effects on natural enemies
However, when chili was cultivated alongside maize and and non-target species. © 2023 The Author(s)
sweet potato, it causes reduction in the production of chili.
These insights underscore the significance of innovative Keywords: Allelopathy, Botanical spray, Companion crop,
approaches, such as companion planting, for sustainable Marigold, Pest pressure, Tomato
pest management, while aiming to augment crop yields.

Citation: Qasim, M., Qureshi, A. A., Akhtar, M. F., & Altaf, M. Z. (2023). Mitigation of pest pressure in crops by the foliar
application of vegetable extract and cultivation of marigold as a companion crop: A review. Advances in Agriculture and
Biology, 6(1), 11-16.

Introduction 2017). In Pakistan 35.6 kg per capita is average vegetable use.

World Health Organization (WHO) recommended 73 kg of
Tomato is being grown on all over Pakistan mainly in vegetable consumption on per capita. Fruit of tomato is used as
Punjab during the month of November to December. a fresh vegetable and being processed in different products
Extreme summer of Punjab compel tomatoes to be grown (Lal & Lal, 1996; Hussain & Bilal, 2007). No cooking
on high altitudes. Tomato is unable to produce flower preparation is complete without tomato. Tomato is very
below 15 °C because it is very sensitive to frost. It also famous around the world due to its high usage. Among top 15
does not grow well over 35 °C because it is sensitive to vegetables listed by FAO, tomato ranks 6th in total annual
extreme heat. It grows well between temperatures 21 to 24 production of world. Tomato is among 40 types of vegetables
°C. Tomato is most susceptible to diseases, weeds and that could be grown in Pakistan (Ishtiaq & Panhwar, 2017).
pests in May and July-August (Pakistan Agricultural Tomato contains potassium, vitamin C, vitamin A and other
Research Council [PARC], 2007). Fresh tomatoes annual elements like fiber. Tomatoes can thrive in a variety of
production of world is almost 159 million tonnes. environments, whether they are cultivated with the support of
Although, processing industry covers more than half of this modern agricultural practices or grown under sub-optimal
159 million tonnes of tomatoes, which make tomatoes conditions through subsistence farming. Biological pest control
world’s largest vegetable to be processed. Tomatoes are methods offer a more balanced and environmentally
planted on vast area of 63602 hectares as in year 2017-18 responsible approach to managing pests in tomato cultivation.
annual yield of Pakistan was about 601098 tonnes (Faostat, They reduce the harm to non-target species and decrease the
https://aabinternational.com/ Advances in Agriculture and Biology (2023) 6(1): 11-16

risk of pesticide resistance development. These methods this natural support and stimulate root growth (Jesikha, 2013).
promote healthier ecosystems and contribute to the long- Chemical control methods are widely employed to combat
term sustainability of tomato farming while minimizing the aphids, effectively reducing their numbers. However, they
impact on the environment (Adedipe, 2018). come with environmental risks and increased costs due to
Many alternative techniques which are eco-friendly are repeated use of synthetic aphicides (Foster et al., 2002). The
assessed as companion cropping which ultimately put a extensive use of synthetic chemicals also leads to pesticide
break on aphid population and reduce their damage to low residue buildup and resistance among pests. Hence, there is a
level (Dahlin et al., 2015). A specific kind of poly culture growing trend towards more eco-friendly techniques, such as
when two plants are planted together because it is trap cropping management (Fitt, 1989; Mehrotra, 1989). The
supposed to have a useful, synergistic enhancement on the heavy reliance on chemical methods for pest control has led to
growth of both plants is called companion cropping. It a decline in the effectiveness of certain insecticides, especially
should not be confused with intercropping, which is the synthetic pyrethroids (Dilbagh & Narang, 1990). Whitefly
efficient use of area by growing vegetables near to each infestations can cause extensive damage, including up to 100%
another or in close arrangement (Kourik, 2005). crop loss, and can transmit the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl
Companion planting is a technique which includes growing Virus. To combat whitefly infestations, a variety of
different type of crops to getting better biodiversity, use insecticides, including carbamates, organophosphates, and
space economically, getting mutual benefits to achieve a organochlorines, are commonly used in many crop
balance of nutrition and management of site to increase management systems. However, these insecticides can harm
number of friendly natural predators for getting higher fruits and foliage by leaving toxic residues (Gupta & Dikshit,
yield and managing other biological hazard as nematodes, 2010). Growers heavily rely on chemical solutions for effective
weeds, disease causing pathogens and insect pests. It could pest control, but the declining effectiveness of certain
give lots of benefits as giving shade to those plants which insecticides and the environmental impact of these chemicals
loves to grow in shade, to repel damaging insects, to attract call for a shift towards more sustainable and eco-friendly pest
crop friendly insects, or to provide other important soil management methods.
supplies to those planted in this system. Companion plants
could easily repel pests, increase nitrogen fixation, deter
adult pests, attract beneficial insects, destroy weeds, Enhancing tomato yield and quality through eco-friendly
prevent and eradicate root nematodes, conserve and protect pest management strategies
soil moisture, used in trap cropping to trap insects, and
plant roots to prevent from soil-borne insects and other Pests that commonly infest tomatoes include thrips and aphids,
pathogens (Reddy, 2017). It could be a pest management leading to yield losses ranging from 5% to 80% (Dong &
technique to intercrop companions with horticultural crops. Zhang, 2011). The application of vegetable extracts on various
Aphid infestation could be reduced by organic volatile crops has shown promising results. Modern scientists favor
compounds emitted by companion plants (Dardouri et al., biopesticides due to their advantages over chemical
2017). Intercropping is a proven approach for getting alternatives. The annual global production of biopesticides has
higher amount of sustainability in vegetable growing. So reached 3,000 tonnes, with a continuous upward trend (Gupta
this system helps in reducing diseased pests, and weeds & Dikshit, 2010). The use of plant extracts for pest
also (Galea et al., 2017). Diversification may help to management is gaining prominence, and there is a growing
expand the abundance of helpful insects due to giving need to shift towards eco-friendly methods for safeguarding
expanded botanical flora, substitute prey and hosts, also plant growth against pests and diseases (Zarins et al., 2009).
more and best suited sites for hibernation, mating and Many plant species contain natural compounds, such as
oviposit ion to counter natural enemies of crop pests allelochemicals, that can attract or repel pests and beneficial
(Alignier et al., 2014). When, we plant it in a correct insects. Some plants enhance the growth of companion plants,
method, many plant species have the power of producing thereby improving overall fruit quality and yield (Tringovska,
mutualistic association in which every species get benefits 2015). Research has shown that plant-derived chemicals are
(Kourik, 2005). specific in their action, environmentally friendly, and ideal for
Marigolds are successfully used as a trap crop to integrated pest management (IPM). Approximately 2,000
combat fruit borers in tomato plants (Srinivasan et al., medicinal plants and herbs possess insecticidal properties
1994). Marigolds effectively dominate soil-dwelling (Ghosh, 2013). Traditional insecticides are facing resistance
pathogenic nematodes, specifically Meloidogyne and from insect pests worldwide (Cahill et al., 1996). To enhance
Pratylenchus penetrans, owing to their abundance of the abundance of beneficial insects, herbal extracts have been
heterocyclic sulfur compounds called thiophenes (Topp et incorporated into pesticides, offering a safer alternative
al., 1998). Fruit worms and their adult counterparts prefer (Hanssen et al., 2010). Plant extracts are used as antifeedants,
laying eggs on young marigold flowers over tomato fruits, repellents, insecticides, acaricides, and oviposition deterrents.
resulting in reduced H. armigera infestations in tomatoes These natural sources do not contain toxic materials and
(Srinivasan et al., 1994). While chemical fertilizers may decompose rapidly, making them a sustainable alternative to
boost yield, they lack the natural support that organic synthetic pesticides (Garcia et al., 2004).
fertilizers provide. Compost, on the other hand, can offer
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https://aabinternational.com/ Advances in Agriculture and Biology (2023) 6(1): 11-16

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a member of the Harnessing marigold's allelopathic powers for pest control
Solanaceae family, originated in western South America in tomato farming
and was initially known as "Tomati" in Mexico (Kimura &
Sinha, 2008). Whiteflies are also major pests, causing Wild marigold possesses natural pest control abilities through
damage by feeding on various parts of the tomato plant allelopathy, with its root exudates containing toxic compounds
(Mutisya et al., 2016). While chemical control is effective that exhibit nematicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, antiviral, and
for aphids (Ben-Issa et al., 2017), natural pesticides are cytotoxic properties (Bhattacharyya, 2017). Integrating
gaining popularity due to their environmental friendliness marigold plants into tomato fields not only manages pests
and rapid degradation (Kumar, 2012). Mealybugs, another effectively but also increases tomato crop profits by PKR.
significant pest of the Solanaceae family, can weaken and 63,780 per hectare. Utilizing marigold as a companion plant
even kill tomato plants through defoliation. They secrete for tomatoes proves highly successful in controlling fruit borer,
honeydew, which can lead to secondary diseases like sooty such as Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Singh & Tripathi,
mold (Ibrahim et al., 2015). Mealybugs are known to infest 2017). In addition, the widespread issue of early blight in
around 200 different plant types, causing economic losses tomatoes, caused by Alternaria solani, can be mitigated by
(Gebregergis, 2018). Various strategies, including using marigold as a trap crop. Early infestations can damage
biological control, are employed to manage mealybugs tomato leaves, and later stages result in fruit damage, causing
(Canario et al., 2017). significant yield losses (Gomez-Rodrıguez et al., 2003). The
most effective approach involves a 3: 1 ratio of tomato to
marigold transplantation, reducing larval infestation and fruit
Companion planting with marigold for sustainable loss. Interplanting with specific crop spacing can enhance pest
agriculture control. High-density planting with basil, tomato, and brussels
sprout demonstrates beneficial outcomes. While companion
Modern agriculture relies on chemical insecticides to planting with basil offers advantages for brussels sprout crops,
combat pests, harming the environment (Galanihe et al., growing tomatoes and brussels sprouts together does not yield
2017). Intercropping, a long-standing agricultural practice the same benefits (Bomford, 2004). Intercropping can lead to
boosts yields and reduces diseases (Boudreau, 2013). better growth and quality of crops, as seen in celery
Planting companions offer numerous benefits, including intercropped with cauliflower, which results in longer stalks
pest control, nitrogen fixation, improved nutrient uptake, and more stalks per plant (Galea et al., 2017). Botanical
water conservation, and enhanced biodiversity (Bowen et fungicides, such as cinnamon and clove extracts, exhibit potent
al., 2016). Marigolds like Tagetes patula are excellent for antifungal properties and can match the effectiveness of
companion planting as they release pest-repelling a- chemical fungicides when used in combination. Methanol
terthienyl from their roots (Gommers & Bakker, 1988; extract of clove (S. aromaticum) shows the highest inhibition
Hooks et al., 2010). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) zone compared to other extracts (Yeole et al., 2016). Plant-
methods produce vegetables with minimal pesticide based products like chinaberry, marigold, and neem tree
residues (<0.01 ppm), surpassing conventional methods extracts are widely utilized in the production of eco-friendly
(Sharma et al., 2009). IPM ensures chemical-free bio-pesticides. These bio-pesticides are effective against
vegetables with higher productivity (Osee Muyima et al., insects and fungi without harming the environment. Extracts
2004). Companion planting optimizes space, nutrition, like neem oil demonstrate superior results in maintaining
habitat management, and pest control. Companion plants biochemical characteristics in citrus fruits (acidity pectin,
reduce pests, attract beneficial insects, fix nitrogen, ascorbic acid, and TSS) (Khursheed et al., 2022).
eliminate weeds, deter root nematodes, conserve soil
moisture, and repel soil pathogens through root exudates
(Reddy, 2017). The ideal companion plant directly benefits Botanical extracts as effective pest control solutions for
the farmer and target crop (Parker et al., 2013). Marigolds crop protection
have variable effects when intercropped with cash crops
(Hooks et al., 2010). Vermicompost benefits tomato and Tagetes erecta extracts (20% w/v, 100 ml each) from pre- and
pot marigold growth and pest control (El-Salam et al., post-blooming stem and root portions were tested for their
2015). Intercropping with French marigold enhances celery effectiveness in controlling M. incognita in infected soil (10
growth and yield (Galea et al., 2017). Marigold is highly kg) with defenseless Lycopersicon esculentum. The results
effective in reducing whitefly infestation in tomatoes showed that T. erecta extracts significantly increased plant
(Adedipe, 2018). Planting marigolds with tomatoes reduces height and leaf number compared to those grown in naturally
whitefly infestation, with limonene from marigolds being a infected soil (Anjum et al., 2016). Aqueous extracts of
key factor (McDaniel, 2017; Conboy et al., 2019). marigold demonstrated efficacy against bacterial speck in
Companion crops like mint, okra, and leek decrease tomatoes by inducing the expression of genes PPO, PAL, and
whitefly infestation in tomatoes, while carrots protect POX, making marigold extracts effective as bio-pesticides
against virus diseases (Galanihe & Madugalle, 2017). (Goel et al., 2017).

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Cucumber extracts, when combined with other species, natural enemies across spatial and temporal
reduced insect pests, with onion and garlic extracts scales. Biological Control, 77, 76-82.
prepared using the citrate-buffered QuEChERS method Anjum Malik, A., Ahmed, N., Babita, C. H., & Gupta, P.
proving effective. The combination of extracts further (2016). Plant extracts in post-harvest disease management
reduced pesticide residues, with most combinations of fruits and vegetables-a review. Journal of Food
showing minimal residues (Chen et al., 2017). Bitter gourd Processing & Technology, 7, 6 doi: 10.4172/2157-
and round gourd extracts effectively reduced the 7110.1000592
population of fruit flies, especially in female fruit flies, Ben Issa, R., Gautier, H., & Gomez, L. (2017). Influence of
without affecting plant yield. These extracts were neighboring companion plants on the performance of
recommended for integrated pest management (IPM) aphid populations on sweet pepper plants under
programs (Ullah et al., 2015). Aromatic plants intercropped greenhouse conditions. Agricultural and Forest
with tomatoes demonstrated effectiveness in reducing Entomology, 19(2), 181-191.
infestations of Bemisia tabaci in field conditions and in Bhattacharyya, M. (2017). Use of marigold (Tagetes sp.) for
greenhouse experiments, making them a valuable addition the successful control of nematodes in agriculture. The
to integrated pest management (Carvalho et al., 2017). Pharma Innovation, 6(11, Part A), 1.
Bomford, M. K. (2004). Yield, pest density, and tomato flavor
Conclusion effects of companion planting in garden-scale studies
incorporating tomato, basil, and brussels sprout (Doctoral
Marigold as a companion crop with tomatoes increases dissertation, West Virginia University).
production by up to 50% while reducing root pests, Boudreau, M. A. (2013). Diseases in intercropping
especially Marigold Single Gold, which effectively systems. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 51, 499-519.
controls pests and nematodes, similar to the effects of Bowen, J. R., Overby, K., Miller, C., & Stokes, P. (2016).
CH3I foliar application. Intercropping maize with peppers Report to Local Government, VCE-Prince Edward.
significantly reduces Aphis spp. populations. The largest Cahill, M., Jarvis, W., Gorman, K., & Denholm, I. (1996).
aphid numbers were in control plots, with fewer in the Resolution of baseline responses and documentation of
pepper-maize intercropped plots (P<0.01). Pepper-maize resistance to buprofezin in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:
intercropping also boosts marketable and total pepper Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 86(2),
yields. However, intercropping chili with maize and sweet 117-122.
potato reduces chili yields by 13% and 14% compared to Canario, D. V. P., Figueiredo, E., Franco, J. C., & Guerra, R.
controls. Marigold flower extract significantly improves (2017). Detecting early mealybug infestation stages on
the growth and disease resistance (canker, early blight, tomato plants using optical spectroscopy. European
wilt, fruit spot, blossom end rot, sun scald) compared to Journal of Horticultural Science, 82(3), 341-348.
controls in tomato plants. Similarly, Cabbage crop also get Carvalho, M. G., Bortolotto, O. C., & Ventura, M. U. (2017).
benefits from companion planting with tall marigold and Aromatic plants affect the selection of host tomato plants
pot marigold, which reduced pest attacks, butterfly egg by Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Entomologia
laying, and white butterfly populations. It's particularly Experimentalis et Applicata, 162(1), 86-92.
effective against cabbage moth and diamond back moth. Chen, J., Zhang, W. T., Shu, Y., Ma, X. H., & Cao, X. Y.
Plant extracts and oils act as natural insect repellents and (2017). Detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues
insecticides, reducing pest populations and supporting in leaf lettuce and cucumber through molecularly
natural enemies. They produce fumigants, toxins, and imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled to gas
repellents, making them a valuable pest control method for chromatography. Food Analytical Methods, 10(10), 3452-
both commercial and household use. Garlic extract, rich in 3461.
volatile sulfur compounds, proteins, vitamins, minerals, Conboy, N. J., McDaniel, T., Ormerod, A., George, D.,
and flavonoids, possesses potent antimicrobial properties Gatehouse, A. M., Wharton, E., & Tosh, C. R. (2019).
and plays a vital role in fruiting processes of various fruit Companion planting with French marigolds protects
crops. Diversified cropping systems are found to be more tomato plants from glasshouse whiteflies through the
effective in controlling pests and minimizing yield losses emission of airborne limonene. PloS One, 14(3),
compared to mono-cropping. e0213071.
Dardouri, T. G. H., Costagliola, G., & Gomez, L. (2017). How
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