THE CELL
CELL
DIVISION/
CYCLE
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
CELL DIVISION/CYCLE
❖Cell division is the
process by which cells
reproduce themselves.
❖Describes series of
events that a cell goes
through from the time
it is formed until it
divides
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
CELL DIVISION/CYCLE CONT
The period between two cell
divisions is known as the
cell cycle, which has two
phases that can be seen on
light microscopy
1. Mitosis(M-phase often
termed actual cell division
in somatic cells)
2. Interphase(resting phase)
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
INTERPHASE
Resting phase of the
cell
No division occurs
It occurs immediately
before and after
division of a cell
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
INTERPHASE CONT’D
Metabolism occurs
to provide enough
energy and genetic
materials for the
next cycle of events
to take place
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
Interphase cont
It has three separate stages:
1. 1st gap phase(G1)- It’s the
longest of interphase that
follows immediately after
M-phase. In this phase, the
cell grows bigger in size and
volume. From the phase,
the cell may not continue
the cycle but enters a
permanent resting phase
called G0 to perform
specific functions such as
secretion and absorption.
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
Interphase cont
2. Synthesis of DNA(S
phase)-the chromosomes
replicate forming two
identical copies of DNA.
Following this phase, the
cell will now has 92
chromosomes ie enough
DNA for two cells and its
nearly ready to divide by
mitosis.
3. Second gap phase(G2)-
there is further growth
and preparation for cell
division.
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
MITOSIS
Mitosis is the distribution of
two sets of chromosomes into
two separate and equal nuclei.
It results in the exact
duplication of genetic
information.
Occurs in the body or somatic
cells to provide more cells for
growth and repair of worn out
tissues
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
MITOSIS CONT’D
Made up of division of
the nucleus and
division of the
cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Results in the
formation of 2
daughter cells with the
same chromosomes of
the parent cell.
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
PHASES OF MITOSIS
There are 4 phases::
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4.Telophase
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
PROPHASE
Chromatin shortens
and becomes visible,
known as
chromosome
Chromosome is seen
to have 2 strands each
called chromatid held
together by
centromere
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
PROPHASE CONT’D
Centrioles move to the
opposite poles of the
cell and release
thread-like structures
called spindle fibres
Nucleolus and nuclear
membrane disappear
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
METAPHASE
Chromosomes
arrange themselves
at the centre of the
cell and become
attached to the
spindles by their
centromere with
each chromatid
facing the opposite
poles
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
ANAPHASE
Spindle fibres
stretch and separate
the chromatids
Each chromatid
(now chromosome)
moves towards the
opposite pole with
the centromere
leading
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
ANAPHASE CON CONT’D
Constriction
(cleavage)
begins in the
cell membrane
dividing it into
2
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TELOPHASE
Chromosomes reach
the poles
Cytoplasm divides
into 2 daughter cells
The opposite of what
happens in
prophase, occurs
that is:
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TELOPHASE CONT’D
❖ Chromosomes
elongate to become
chromatid
❖ Spindle fibres
disappear
❖ Nuclear membrane
and nucleolus
reappear
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
BODY TISSUES
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
Key Terms
Histology:
the study of tissues.
Tissues:
groups of cells which are similar in
structure and which perform common or
related functions.
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
Four Basic Kinds of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Covers the body and line
cavities and tubes
Made up of closely
packed cells linked with
each other by a substance
called matrix
Cells lie on basement
membrane
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONT’D
Functions include:
absorption, protection,
filtration and secretion
Made up of 2 main types:
▪ Simple epithelium
▪ Stratified or compound
epithelium
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
Has a simple layer of cells
Mostly found on surfaces
responsible for absorption
and secretion of substances
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM CONT’D
Types are named according
to the cells found on the
free surface of the epithelial
membrane
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA
1. Simple squamous
epithelium
Made up of single
layer of closely
packed, flat cells
resting on a
basement membrane
and appearing like
floor tiles
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA CONT’D
Forms
membranes
where exchange
of substances by
rapid diffusion
occur
Found lining
walls of the
heart, blood
vessels, alveoli
(air sacs) of
lungs, lymph
vessels
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA CONT’D
2. Simple cuboidal
(cubical) epithelium
Single layer of cells
resting on a
basement membrane
Cells are cube in
shape
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE CUBIODAL EPITHELIA
CONT’D
Found in glands
and their ducts
(e.g. Salivary
glands and
pancreas), also
in tubules (e.g.
Walls of kidney
tubules) and
covers surface
of ovaries
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA CONT’D
3. Simple
columnar
epithelium
Single layer
of tall
rectangular
cells closely
fit together
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA CONT’D
Simple columnar
epithelia cont’d
Contains goblet cells
responsible for
producing mucus for
lubrication
Line the digestive
system as mucosa (from
stomach to anus)
Help to absorb products
of digestion
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA CONT’D
4. Ciliated
columnar
epithelium
Single layer of
tall rectangular
cells with hair-
like structures
(cilia)
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA CONT’D
Ciliated columnar
epithelium cont’d
Lines the
respiratory passages
to help expel foreign
bodies like dust
Also lines the
fallopian tubes to
help propel ovum or
zygote towards the
uterus
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
It has a layered
appearance(strata=layer)
Actually its not
multilayered(pseudo=false)
since each cell is in contact
with the basement
membrane, however not all
cells are exposed to the
surface.
It appear to be stratified
because the nuclei of the cells
are located at different levels
They can be located on the
trachea and bronchial tubes
hence its often called
respiratory epithelium
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
STRATIFIED EPITHELIA (COMPOUND)
Made up of two or
more layers of cells
More durable than
simple epithelia
Primary function is
to protect
underlying
structures
Top cells develop
from those beneath
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
Consist of several
layers
Cells at the free edge
are squamous
whereas those below
are cuboidal or
columnar
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS CONT’D
Basement membrane may or
may not be present
Made of 2 types:
1. Stratified squamous epithelia
2. Transitional epithelia
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS CONT’D
Line dry surfaces
that undergo wear
and tear, e.g. Skin,
nail
Cells contain
protein keratin and
the uppermost ones
have no life
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS CONT’D
Keratinised cont’d
Keratin makes the
layers tough and
waterproof
Prevents
underlying live
structures from
drying
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS CONT’D
Line on wet
surfaces that
receive great
deal of abuse
and friction,
e.g.
oesophagus,
vagina, mouth,
conjunctiva
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIA
Made up of
several layers
of modified
stratified
squamous
epithelium
Consist of
pear-shaped
cells
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIA
Line
structures that
allow
stretching.
E.g. Urinary
bladder,
ureters and
some aspect of
the urethra
APANDAGO JOEL AWAFBA NMTC-BEREKUM
