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Effectiveness of The Sixth Moment To Eliminate A Kurtosis Blind Spot in The Detection of Interference in A Radiometer

The document discusses using higher moments beyond kurtosis to detect interference in radiometer signals that kurtosis is blind to, specifically at a 50% duty cycle. It explores using the sixth moment and finds that the ratio of the sixth cumulant to the cube of the second cumulant does not have detection blind spots at 50% duty cycle like other ratios tested. However, this statistic has more variance than kurtosis, limiting its ability to supplement kurtosis as an interference detector in radiometer signals.

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Abdel Nasser Tawfik
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47 views2 pages

Effectiveness of The Sixth Moment To Eliminate A Kurtosis Blind Spot in The Detection of Interference in A Radiometer

The document discusses using higher moments beyond kurtosis to detect interference in radiometer signals that kurtosis is blind to, specifically at a 50% duty cycle. It explores using the sixth moment and finds that the ratio of the sixth cumulant to the cube of the second cumulant does not have detection blind spots at 50% duty cycle like other ratios tested. However, this statistic has more variance than kurtosis, limiting its ability to supplement kurtosis as an interference detector in radiometer signals.

Uploaded by

Abdel Nasser Tawfik
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Effectiveness of the sixth moment to eliminate a kurtosis blind spot in the detection of interference in a radiometer.

Roger D. De Roo, Sidharth Misra


The University of Michigan [email protected]

The kurtosis statistic has been demonstrated to be an effective detector of pulsed sinusoidal RFI in a microwave radiometer [1,2]. The kurtosis R is the 4th central moment, m4, of the predetected voltage normalized by the square of the 2nd central moment, m2 (also known as the variance, which itself is proportional to the radiometer system temperature). That is, R=m4/m22. In the absence of interference, the thermal processes of the scene and within the radiometer itself give rise to a Gaussian distribution of the voltage, for which the kurtosis is equal to 3. The kurtosis exceeds 3 when short pulses of RFI are present, and is less than 3 when CW RFI is present. When pulsed sinusoidal interference is present for exactly 50% of the radiometer integration period, however, the kurtosis is also 3, regardless of the interference strength. Thus, the kurtosis statistic is blind to the interference when it is present with a 50% duty cycle, d. In this paper, we explore the possibilities of using the voltage's sixth moment, the next higher moment which deviates from zero in the presence of interference, to eliminate this detection blind spot. To be useful interference detectors, the moments must be normalized, as the kurtosis is normalized, to remove the brightness dependence. At a duty cycle of d=50%, the first three coefficients of the expansions of the moments in terms of the pulsed sinusoid to thermal noise power, S, are the binomial coefficients. Thus, not only the usual normalization for the sixth moment, m6/m23, but also other normalizations (namely, m6/m2m4 and m62/m43) result in interference detection blind spots at d=50% as the pulsed sinusoid to noise power ratio, S, decreases towards zero. That is, these moment ratios have the same interference detection blind spots as does the kurtosis statistic. However, the ratio of the sixth cumulant, k6, to the cube of the second cumulant, k2, (in terms of moments, k6/k23=(m6-15m4m2+30m23)/m23) does not have an RFI detection blind spot at a 50% duty cycle. Instead, it has two blind spots, independent of S, at 2 , or at d=13.56% and at d=61.44%. When S=0, that is, when the d 9 33 interference is absent, this statistic has a mean value of zero. When interference is present, the mean value is proportional to S3. However, because this statistic involves a higher order moment than does the kurtosis, the variance of the statistic itself is higher than the variance of the kurtosis, limiting its ability supplement the kurtosis as a detector of RFI. We will present the performance of this statistic as a detector of pulsed sinusoidal RFI, particularly in the rare cases when the kurtosis fails to detect the presence of RFI.
[1] Roger D. De Roo, Sidharth Misra and Christopher S. Ruf, "Sensitivity of the Kurtosis Statistic as a Detector of Pulsed Sinusoidal RFI", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1938-1946, July 2007.

[2] Roger D. De Roo and Sidharth Misra, "A Demonstration of the Effects of Digitization on the Calculation of Kurtosis for the Detection of RFI in Microwave Radiometry," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 46, no. 10, October 2008.

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