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A Review of Plastic Bricks as a Construction Material

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 The OCEM Journal of Management, Technology and Social Sciences
Volume 2, Issue 2, 103-114
ISSN Print: 2705-4845
Issue online: 2705-48
A Review of Plastic Bricks as a Construction Material

Authors: Muktta Narayan Shrestha1, Jamuna Kandel1, Pawan KC1, Amar Bhatta1,
Swastika Paudyal1 (Seventh Semester BCE, OCEM)

Co-authors: Associate Prof. Dr Basanta Prasad Adhikari2 (Research Department OCEM)

& Er. Ashish Poudel (Department of Civil Engineering, OCEM)
Received: November 20, 2022 Abstract
Revised: December 21, 2022
Plastic brick is the form of brick manufactured from the
Accepted: January 05, 2023
Published: January 29, 2023 combination of non-recyclable waste plastic with other
constituents (sand, aggregate, cement, water, stone dust, fly
How to cite this paper:
ash, etc.) This study aimed to examine the research findings
Shrestha, M.N., Kandel, J, KC, P,
Bhatta, A, Paudyal, S, Poudel, A on transforming waste plastic into bricks that might be used to
& Adhikari, B.P (2022). A Review replace traditional bricks. Different journal articles were reviewed
of Plastic Bricks as a Construction entitled the transformation of waste plastic into bricks to replace
Material traditional clay bricks. Different open-access journal articles were
The OCEM Journal of searched to fit the topic of this study. The results indicate that
Management, Technology & Social the concrete blocks made with plastic bottles have 57% higher
Sciences, 2(2), 103-114 compressive strength and which was cited seventy-nine times by
Copyright @2022 by authors the other researchers (n = 79) "Use of recycled plastic water bottles
and the OCEM Journal of in concrete blocks". The results further show that the compressive
Management, Technology & Social strength and other properties can be increased significantly when
Sciences plastic is used as a binder with sand. But when it is used as filler, it
This work is licensed under a produces competitive strength as ordinary bricks and can be used
Research Department of OCEM without any restrictions or hesitation. The main reflection of this
Journal.oxfordcollege.edu.np review is to conduct primary research on a large scale to find an
Licensed by innovative model to transform waste plastic into environmentally
Oxford College of Engineering and friendly bricks. The implication of this study would be beneficial
Management
to students, future researchers, the Engineering Department of
Originality: This paper is original Oxford College of Engineering and Management, Gaindakot 2 in
and has not been published Nawalparasi district and young academicians.
anywhere else
Paper type: Research paper Keywords: Plastic bricks, Construction materials, Conventional
J.E.L. Classification: I (2), I (29) Bricks, filler, binder

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Management, Technology & Social Sciences 103
1. INTRODUCTION
Plastic bricks are the types of bricks that are manufactured using plastic waste. These
bricks are not only cost-effective and eco-friendly but also have low water absorption
value and high compressive strength and will not have problems like efflorescence in
future. Plastic waste is increasing due to an increase in pollution, organization, and
development. Since the rate of plastic production is projected to double the value
every ten years, a more sustainable and safer way is needed to be taken (Prasanth,
Gopalakrishnan, G Thanigainathan & Kathiravan, 2018, Kulkarni, Ravekar, Rama
Rao, Waigokar & Hingankar, 2022. Plastic brick gives better temperature resistance
than conventional brick even after 30 minutes of heating in the corners and the centre
of the modal brick (Shrimali and Shikhar, 2017).
Bricks made by recycling soft plastic waste had high pressure withstand capacity
and were very lightweight compared to conventional bricks. (Kognole, Shipkule and
Survase, 2019) Plastic replaced the clay as a binder, which was much cheaper than
ordinary brick, and water absorption capacity was zero percent when crushed waste
(0.75 kg) and red soil (2 kg) were mixed. (Kumar, Biswas and Nath, 2020) Bricks
made from plastic waste have minimal water absorption compared to conventional
bricks (Prasanth, Gopalakrishnan, Thanigainathan, and Kathiravan, 2018). The water
absorption capacity of fly ash bricks decreases from 12.714% to 1.8% when plastic waste
significantly increases to the fly ash (Belay Wendimu, NeguseFurgasa, & Mohammed
Hajji, 2021). The bricks made of plastic met the standard referred by the ASTM and
Ethiopian, but it was not recommended on using in the places like kitchens, chimneys
and walling purposes because of its low melting capacity. (Manas, 2022) reveals that
water absorption and compression strength are more than ordinary bricks (Kadhone,
Rajput, Deshmukh, Narkhede & Dhivare, 2022). Plastic bottles had beneficial use on
optimization in energy by reducing the degradation of the environment with sustainable
waste management. The primary objective of this study was to analyze an efficient way
to effectively utilize waste plastic which is a more significant threat to the sustainment
of ecological balance, give the knowledge of replacing the traditional construction
brocks and compare the properties of the bricks with other construction material.

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104 Management, Technology & Social Sciences
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Table 1. Literature review of waste plastic transformation into bricks
Authors &
Types of Citations
Publication Topics of the articles Objective Methods Findings Future Research
journals counts
Years
Chauhan, Kumar, 1. Fabrication and To create masonry International 8 Experimental The Further research is
Shankar Singh, Testing of Plastic units to replace Journal of method compressive required for the fire
Khan, Goyal, & Sand Bricks conventional bricks Engineering strength resistance of bricks
Goyal (2019), by recycling plastic. and Applied of brick is and to improve the
2. Use of Waste
Sciences more than quality durability.
Plastic as a
conventional
Construction
UMundhe& clay brick.
Material
Dhawale (2018).
Al-Sinan Utilization of Plastic To solve plastic International 23 Experimental Plastic sand Future research
&Bubshait (2022) waste for Making waste by creating Research method. bricks are could focus on the
Bricks bricks made from Journal of useful for cost-effective model
plastic. Engineering construction of transformation
and Technology and reduce of waste plastic into
environmental bricks
pollution.
Lamba, Kaur, Raj 1. Recycling/ reuse To use plastic waste 1. 17 Literature Plastic waste Further research
&Sorout (2021) of plastic waste as as a constituent Environmental Review may produce is required to
construction material of construction Science and Method construction determine the
material Pollution bricks, optimum proportion
Ogundairo, For sustainable
Research concrete of plastic waste
development: a To produce high-
Olukann, blocks, road as a constituent
review durability and 2. I.O.P.
Akinwunmi & construction of construction
quality bricks as Conference
Adegoke 2. A review of materials, and materials.
well as to achieve Series:
(2021) plastic waste as a tiles.
optimum balance Materials
sustainable resource
in all aspects, Science and
in civil engineering
especially in Engineering
applications
terms of cost and
functionality
Al-Sinan & Using Plastic Sand To look at the Reviewed 4 Literature The Required further
Bubshait (2022) as a Construction recent studies article review compressive investigation on the
Material toward a regarding the method strength of the types of plastic used
Circular Economy: A development of brick increased and the flammability
Review plastic sand bricks by increasing used in resistance
and the different the ratio of to fire, also, their
percentages of plastic to sand. ick of standard code
plastic and sand ta o the definite
used in the bricks. proportion of sand
and plastic use in
construct use of the
rick.
Kumar Biswas & A Study of To study the . International 24 Experimental The bricks Future research
Nath (2020) Manufacturing properties of the Journal of study produced are has to focus on
Bricks Using Plastic brick manufactured Trend in lightweight, finding cost-
Wastes Plastic in using plastic waste. Scientific have a smooth effective methods to
Bricks Application Research and surface and transform the waste
Development fine edges, plastic into bricks
do not have
cracks, and
have high
crushing
strength.

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Management, Technology & Social Sciences 105
 Authors &
Types of Citations
Publication Topics of the articles Objective Methods Findings Future Research
journals counts
Years
Yusof (2018) Plastic in Brick To outline Trends in Civil 2 Literature Plastic Require further
Application the utilization Engineering review waste can be investigation on
of municipal and its method substituted increasing the
plastic waste Architecture either partially durability and
in construction or completely quality of bricks
industries in brick
production.
Al-Sinan and Using Plastic Sand To look at the Journal of 4 Literature Plastic More research is
Bubshait, (2022) as a Construction recent studies substantiality Review brick can be required on the
Material toward a regarding the and Method used as an physical issue
Circular Economy: A development of development alternative to (fire resistance,
Review plastic sand bricks ordinary brick, commercial aspects
and the different which shows of plastic brick)
percentages of competitive
plastic and sand results in terms
used in the bricks. of physical
properties (e.g.,
compressive
strength)
Safinia & Use of recycled To research the use Procedia 80 Experimental The results Further research
Alkalbani (2016) plastic water bottles of plastic water Engineering show, Concrete is required for
Method
in concrete blocks bottles in concrete blocks made concrete mix design
blocks. with plastic and the feasibility
bottles have of production in the
57% higher industry to reduce
compressive cost.
strength.
Velmurugan Rebuilding of Plastic To recycle rich International 6 Experimental The result Future research
(2019) Waste to Pavement plastic for the Research Method shows that the could examine
Bricks concrete block. Journal of best ratio to the cost-effective
Engineering construct the methods of
and Technology plastic brick transforming waste
is 30% plastic plastic into bricks
and 70% sand.
Sahani et al., Mechanical To utilize unused Advances 35 Experimental The results The future
(2022) Properties of plastic to prepare in Civil Method show that the researcher may
Plastic Sand Brick plastic sand bricks. Engineering best ratio to be interested in
Containing Plastic prepare plastic finding cost-
Waste sand brick is effective methods of
1:4, which has transforming waste
the maximum plastic into bricks
compressive
strength and
split tensile
strength.
User (2019) Utilization of To the properties of International 24 Experimental Plastic On further research,
Waste Plastic in the plastic-made brick. Research methods sand bricks the manufacturing
Manufacturing of Journal of provide more cost could be
Paver Blocks Engineering advantages reduced by
and Technology compared to replacing river sand
continental with fly ash, quarry
brick in dust, or other waste
terms of cost products.
efficiency,
ultimately
removing
plastic waste.

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106 Management, Technology & Social Sciences
Our review study can create a platform for scholars who might be interested in plastic
waste management. The review essay about bricks is significant since it can potentially
increase readers' or students' understanding. It provides information on the various
processes used in various countries to convert plastic waste into bricks. Among other
things, it provides a concept for lowering or regulating the environmental pollution
caused by plastics. The main thing that attracted us to this topic was the current context
that the entire world is facing regarding plastic waste management. With a limited
understanding of waste management, we realized that the waste plastic might be turned
into many other construction materials without creating environmental deterioration.

Objective
• To analyze the highly cited articles on the related topics of bricks
• To find key models of the transformation of waste plastic into bricks.
• To analyze the review's main findings, which are based on the literature in Table
one.
• To find the research gaps in the models used in converting the waste plastic into
bricks
• To compare the properties of bricks with other construction materials.

Scope of the study

• To give new knowledge, replace the binding material of ordinary brick with plastic.
• To enhance the knowledge of how to minimize the cost of bricks compared to
ordinary bricks.
• To find efficient ways of managing the non-degradable plastic waste
• To compare the properties of bricks with other construction materials.

Research questions
• What are the highly cited articles on the related topics of bricks?
• What are the key models of the transformation of waste plastic into bricks?
• What are the main findings of the review based on Table one?
• What research gaps exist in the models used to convert waste plastic into bricks?
• What are the different methods of comparing the properties of bricks with other
construction materials?
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Management, Technology & Social Sciences 107
3. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Different articles on converting waste plastic into bricks were studied by reviewing the
abstracts of the papers. After that, a few paragraphs of each article give us a general
introduction to their problem area. Then, we moved to the last paragraph before the
heading "Method," which is usually the first major heading in the text of a research
article (Galvan, 1987). This paragraph is a traditional way for researchers to state their
specific hypotheses, research questions, or research purposes. Then, we scanned the
rest of the article, highlighting all headings and subheadings by scanning the text in
each subsection. Our purpose at this point was to get an overview.
It should be noted that by adhering to this rule, we pretreated, which is a method that
is frequently suggested by reading specialists as the first step in reading a technical
paper. Prereading provided an overview of a report's goal and contents, which helped
us focus on the big picture as we worked through the specifics of a research report from
start to finish. As recommended in the following guideline, the knowledge we gathered
through prereading also assisted us in categorizing the articles (Galvan, 1987). We
extract several journals from different sites of google. Our review is primarily based on
published materials that examine recent or current literature that can cover a wide range
of subjects at different levels of completeness and comprehensiveness of bricks. This
literature has concluded research findings on transforming waste plastic into bricks.
Our review has primarily focused on authors & publication years, the topic of the
reviewed articles, objectives, citation counts, methods used in the articles, findings, and
the future recommendation of research on this topic of this review.

4. RESULTS
After looking through numerous papers, articles, reviews and conference papers, we
found that the plastic goods being discarded can be turned into different construction
materials that can be utilized as binders and fillers for solid and interlocking bricks
and tiles. The results highlighted that the compressive strength of brick is more than
conventional clay bricks (Chauhan et al. (2019). The result of this study is supported
by the study of Murthi et al. ( 2020), who found that the compressive strength of brick
is more than conventional clay brick.
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108 Management, Technology & Social Sciences
Research question 1. What are the highly cited articles on the related topics of plastic
bricks?
The results indicate that the concrete blocks made with plastic bottles have 57% higher
compressive strength, and it was cited 79 times. The results further highlighted that
the best ratio to prepare plastic sand brick is 1:4, which has the maximum compressive
strength and split tensile strength and was cited 35 times. Similarly, the review concludes
that Plastic sand bricks provide more advantages than continental bricks in terms of
cost efficiency, which also ultimately removes plastic waste and is cited 24 times. The
results also highlight that crushed recycled plastic heated until hot melted and mixed
with stone dust to mould brick and was cited 23 times (see Table 1).

Research question 2. What are the key models of the transformation of waste plastic
into bricks?
The results highlight that the key models of transforming waste plastic into bricks
use plastic as a partial filler or a binder material. In a plastic filler process, a small
percentage by weight of the plastic was mixed with sand or aggregate with cement, and
when plastic was used as a binder, a maximum proportion of sand could be used with
sand in brick production (see Table 1).

Research question 3. What are the main findings of the review based on Table one?
The review of different journals finds that the compressive strength and other properties
can be increased significantly when plastic is used as a binder with sand. But when it
is used as a filler, it produces competitive strength as ordinary bricks and can be used
without any restrictions or hesitation. The results highlighted that the compressive
strength of brick is more than conventional clay brick, and plastic sand bricks are useful
for construction and reduce environmental pollution. Additionally, the results show
that plastic waste may produce construction bricks, concrete blocks, road construction
materials, and tiles, and further reveal that the compressive strength of the brick
increased by increasing the ratio of plastic to sand.
It was found that the bricks produced are lightweight, have a smooth surface and
fine edges do not have cracks, and have high crushing strength. Plastic waste can be
substituted either partially or completely in brick production. It was found that plastic
The OCEM Journal of
Management, Technology & Social Sciences 109
brick can be used as an alternative to ordinary brick, which shows competitive results
in terms of physical properties (e.g., compressive strength). The results indicate that
the concrete blocks made with plastic bottles have 57% higher compressive strength.
Finally, the result shows that the best ratio to construct the plastic brick is 30% plastic
and 70% sand, and also shows that the best ratio to prepare plastic sand brick is 1:4,
which has the maximum compressive strength and split tensile strength (see Table 1).
Research question 4. What research gaps exist in the models used to convert waste
plastic into bricks?
The results highlight a research gap in examining the fire resistance of bricks to improve
the quality durability and could focus on the cost-effective model of transforming waste
plastic into bricks. There is also a research gap in determining the optimum proportion
of plastic waste as a constituent of construction materials. There is also a research gap
on what types of plastic could be used and the flammability used in resistance to fire,
also, their ick of standard code ta o the definite proportion of sand and plastic use in
construct use of the rick. There is a research gap in finding cost-effective methods to
transform waste plastic into bricks, and increasing the durability and quality of bricks
has to be conducted. The results indicate that a research gap was to conduct more
research on the physical issue (fire resistance, commercial aspects of plastic brick).
It is also expected to do further research on concrete mix design and the feasibility of
production in the industry to reduce costs. There is a research gap in examining how the
manufacturing cost could be reduced by replacing river sand with fly ash, quarry dust,
or other waste products (see Table 1).

Research question 5. What are the different methods of comparing the properties of
bricks with other construction materials?
The results highlighted that plastic usage in our daily life had increased significantly due
to urbanization as it is an advantageous and popular material. The only disadvantage is
non-biodegradability. This study summarizes the work done by authors to use plastic
as construction material in bricks. The recyclable properties of plastic waste can be
utilized to recycle this waste and produce a new product having a lesser negative
impact on the environment. One of the options to recycle plastic waste is to form bricks
of plastic by mixing plastics with sand which can be used to replace traditional bricks.
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The results indicate that various authors performed a comparative study with brick
made up of other materials by using various testing methods. For example, scratch test,
compressive test, apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent porosity test, soundness
test, and efflorescence test and analyzed that further research in this field can enrich
the strength, quality and durability of these masonry bricks. These bricks absorb less
water compared to conventional bricks, which is also incredibly significant in the view
of environmental sustainability. The results highlighted that using waste materials in
construction materials had shown enormous potential. Although some properties may
decrease when the waste fibres are added, the slightly lower properties compared to the
cost and energy saved could be a sustainable and environmentally beneficial trade-off.
In some cases, the processing cost for recycling and utilizing the waste materials may
be higher than the typical cost of virgin materials, which limits their appeal for usage
(see Table 1).

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

When crushed waste plastic (0.750 kg) was melted and mixed with river sand (2kg), a
brick's compressive strength and water absorption capacity were 97.5k N/m^2 and 3%,
respectively. But on mixing the red soil (2 kg) with crushed and melted waste plastic
(0.750 kg), the compressive strength and water absorption capacity of a brick obtained
were 26 kN/m^2 and 0%, respectively (Kognole, Shipkule & Survase, 2019). The
average compressive strength and split tensile strength of a plastic sand brick of ratio
1:3,1:4, and 1:5 are 9.72 N/mm2 and 737.486 MPa, 12.28 N/mm2 and 804.53 MPa,3.39 N/
mm2 and 654.25 MPa respectively. The compressive and split tensile strength increases
with a reduction in the percentage of plastic from 25% to 20%. Sahani et al., (2022)
Our review found that the transformation of waste plastic into bricks primarily focused
on environmentally friendly solutions, which eventually reduce the cost of production
and manage our community's waste plastic. Future research is expected to examine
the topic of this study to foreground the understanding of the different models of
transforming conventional brick into plastic brick. We are reflected for the future
primary study based on the cost-effective experimental model to convert waste plastic
into bricks.
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Management, Technology & Social Sciences 111
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to recognize our family members' love and affection in the article's writing.
Our seniors kept telling us; we are a writer." It was very inspiring for our writing. Our
teachers and department always inspire us to go ahead. We express our sincere thanks
to the Department of Civil Engineering. We would also like to acknowledge the help of
the RMC of OCEM for the continuous support of our paper.

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