SUMMARY
MITOSIS : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
STAGES EVENTS/ACTIVITIES
PROPHASE Nuclear membrane of the cell is intact, and it will
disappear
In nucleus, chromatin becomes tightly coiled as it
condenses into discrete chromosomes
Condensed chromosomes appear as two identical
sister chromatids which will unite along centromere
(kinetochore)
Mitotic Spindle (composed of microtubules) in
cytoplasm starts to form.
Centrioles move away from each other and toward the
opposite poles. Through lengthening the microtubules
METAPHASE Centrioles reached respective poles
Chromosomes starts to assemble at metaphase plate
Centromeres are aligned with one another
Sister chromatids are assembled at the equator of cell
The centromere of the sister chromatids face the
opposite poles. Identical chromatids are attached to the
microtubules radiating from opposite poles.
Spindle fibers are very abundant in this stage.
ANAPHASE Paired centromeres of each chromosomes separate.
Sister chromatids move away from each other
Each sister chromatid is considered as full-fledged
chromosomes.
The sister chromatids begin to move along the
microtubules at the point of attachment.
The movement is referred as “the dancing of the
chromosomes” - some biologists
End of Anaphase : 2 poles of the cell have an equal
and complete set of chromosomes
TELOPHASE Daughter nuclei start to form at the two poles of cell.
Nuclear membranes start to reappear and are
reconstructed.
The nucleoli reappear, chromatin fiber of each
chromosome uncoils.
Division of one nucleus into two genetically identical
nuclei is complete (karyokinesis). Followed by
cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm into two, forming two
new daughter cells.
MEIOSIS
Responsible for the production of sex cells, have only half of the DNA
content of the original cell.
Reduction Division - resulting cells after division contain only half of the
chromosome number of the original cell.
2 major stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
If some chromosomes do not divide by meiosis, there will be exponential
increase in number of chromosomes per generation which will lead to
abnormality. But this may be tolerated in some plants where polyploidy is
common : bananas, potatoes, and wheat.
Meiosis is also responsible for the genetic diversity that you can observe
among living organisms.
Meiosis Stages Diagram
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What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a cell division process where a single (parent) cell divides twice to produce
four independent (daughter) cells, each having half the chromosomes as the
original cell.
The term ‘meiosis’ came from the Greek word ‘meiosis’, meaning ‘lessening’.
MEIOSIS I :This stage starts with a mature, primordial cell
with a diploid chromosome number.
STAGES EVENTS/ACTIVITIES
PROPHASE I Cell shows visible chromosomes that are already
replicated (during the preceding S phase)
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to disappear.
Centrioles starts to form spindle fibers.
Each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids
held together by centromere (called a dyad)
Synapses / Pairing of homologous chromosomes takes
place. These homologous are identical (length, staining
pattern, and position of the centromere). One
homologous chromosomes from father and another
from mother; a paired homologous chromosomes is
composed of 4 sister chromatids named tetrad.
Next; Crossing over of two non-sister chromatids (1
from father and 1 from mother) along a point called the
chiasmata; other 2 chromatids remain uncrossed. The
crossing over results in genetic recombination and
accounts for genetic variation.
METAPHASE I The paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line
along the metaphase plate / equitorial plate of the cell.
Spindle fibers increase in number. Kinetochore of
chromosome will attach to facilitate movement
Homologous chromosomes (dyads) separate ad
migrate toward their respective poles
Humans: 46 chromosomes; 23 will move to each pole.
Only half of the number of chromosomes will remain in
each cell.
ANAPHASE I Homologous chromosomes (dyads) separate and
migrate toward ther respective poles.
Humans: 46 chromosomes; 23 will move to each pole.
Only half of the number of chromosomes will remain in
each cell.
TELOPHASE I The 2 daughter cells are completely divided
Equal number of chromosomes are found in both cells
Nuclear envelope and nuclei reappear, and
chromosomes become less visible.
INTERKINESIS Short pause between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Similar to the interphase of mitosis, except that here,
there is no replication of the chromosomes.
MEIOSIS II :The 2 cells produced in Meiosis I with a haploid
chromosome number will start to undergo another division.
Meiosis II, to complete whole process.
STAGES EVENTS/ACTIVITIES
PROPHASE II Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear, chromatids
start to shorten and thicken.
Centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers
arrange in preparation for the coming metaphase.
METAPHASE II Two kinetochores of each centromere bind to spindle
fibers from opposite poles.
Chromosomes move to new equatorial metaphase
plate.
ANAPHASE II Centromere divide, allowing microtubules attached to
kinetochores to pull the sister chromatids apart.
Sister chromatids are now called sister chromosomes
as they mover toward opposite poles.
TELOPHASE II Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen.
Spindle fibers disappear.
Nuclear envelopes reform, and cell plate produces a
total of two daughter cells, each with haploid sets of
chromosomes.
Since there are 2 cells undergoing Meiosis II, a total of
4 new cells with haploid chromosomes are
produced.
CELL CYCLE : The repeating
sequence of events in a
eukaryotic cell between 1
cell division and the next.
PHASES EVENTS/ACTIVITIES
G1 PHASE (1ST 6-12 hours
GAP) Cell growths and accumulates essential protein as
DNA building block
S PHASE 6-8 hours
(SYNTHESIS Cell starts to replicates chromosomal DNA. Result in
OF DNA) pairs of chromatid at centrometric region.
G2 PHASE (2ND 3-4 hours
GAP) Known as interphase
Final preparation for mitosis phase. Cell provide energy
(ATP) and synthesize essential protein.
M (MITOSIS) 1 hour
Cell nucleus divide. Pairs of chromatid separate from
each other.
Shortest of the stages
Composed of 2 tightly related processes:
1) KARYOKINESIS
The cell’s chromosomes are equally divided
between the two daughter cells
Nuclear materials divide (1st to occur)
2) CYTOKINESIS
The cell’s cytoplasm physicall divides (after
Karyokinesis)
G0 PHASE Cells are temporarily resting from division or have
(STATE OF reversibly stopped dividing are in G0 phase.
QUIESCENSE) These cells may not divide at all, as in the case of
muscle cells.
