Metals and Non-Metals AAllclements and their large number of compounds are very important in our everyday life. Atpresent about 118 chemical elements are known. On the basis oftheir properties, all of them can be divided into two main groups, ie. metals and non-metals. Apart from these, some elements show properties of bth metals and non-metals. These are called metallois. Metals ‘Those elements which form positive ions by losing electrons are called metals. eg. copper, ton, aluminium, sodium etc Physical Properties of Metals The various physical properties of metals are as follows : (@ Metalic lustre In pure stare, metals havea bright shining surface. This property is called metallic lustre. Metals like gold, silver and platinum are known for their shining surface. (ii) Hardness Most of the metals are hard. The hardness varies from metal to: metal. Some alkali metals like lithium, sodium and porassium are so soft that they can be casily cut with a knife. (ii) Ductility Metals are generally ductile, Iti the property duc to which a metal can be drawn into thin wires. Gold is the most ductile metal. (2) Malleability Most of che metal are malleable. Itis the property of metal due to which ican be beaten into thin sheets. Gold and silver are the most malleable metas. () Electrical conductivity Most ofthe metals are good conductors of electricity in solid state, However, conductivity may vary from one metal to another. ‘The conduction of electricity or flow of electric current occurs due to the flow of free clectrons present in the metal. (i) Good conductor oFheat Generally metals are good conductors of heat, except lead and mercury, which are poor conductors of heat. Metals like copper and silver are the best conductors of heat. Metals ‘The Reactivity Series of Metals Non-Metals Reaction between Metals and Non-Metals (Ionic Bond Formation) Occurrence of Metals Corrosion(vii) Melting and boiling points Metals generally have ie high melting and boiling points. Tungren bebe highest melting point among metals, wile gait and caesium have very low melting points. These metals will melt if we keep them on our palm. ' viii) Sonority The metals that produce a sound on ‘ ane ‘ahard surface are said ro be sonorous. Using this property, school bells are made up of metals. Note All metals except mercury) exist as solid at room temperature. Chemical Properties of Metals “The different chemical properties of metals are as follows : 1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (Burning in Air or Formation of Oxides! Almost all metals combine with oxygen (or air) to form metal oxides. Metal + Oxygen —> Metal oxide eg. Aluminium forms aluminium oxide, when heated in air. 4Al(s) +30, (g) 79 2A1,0, () Alumina — OFpED Air ode Similarly, when copper is heated in ai, it combines with oxygen to form copper (II) oxide, a black oxide. 2Cu(s)+O, (g) +4 2Cu0H) Soe) Oe re Generally, metal oxides are basic in nature. Exception Some metal oxides such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide show both acidic and basic behaviour, such metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are called amphoteric oxides. cg. Aluminium oxide reacts with acids and bases in the following manner: AL,0,(0)+ 6HCI(aq) eed Arielle it — 2c, (ag)+3H,0() Alypinigm Water ‘slende ALO, (s)+2NaOH (ag) —+ 2NaAlO, (aq) +H,0 () A Sodium, Sodiuen Water one sesh onde) aluminate Metallic oxides are insoluble in water but some of these dissolve in water to form hydroxides known as alkali, Sodium oxide and potassium oxide © sce alkalies as follows : produce Na,0()+H,0) — 2NaOH lym Wee od see ‘aint diol i 5 K,00) +H00— 2Ko}4 Porasiumoxide Water Povatian 44) ‘a ote Alkalies are the bases that dissolve in waye, folution ofa metal (baste) oxide turn eq blue. “order of Reactivity of Metals with Oxygan Different metals react with OxyBCn at differen sodium (Na) and potassium (K) react so yj, oxygen that they catches ire iff in the open pe) are the most reactive metals, Therefore, to prey 4 fires, chee metals are kepe immersed in kerosene temperature, the surfaces of magnesium and 4, cu covered with a thin layer of oxide which p from further oxidation. Magnesium (Mg) ang burns in air only by heating. Zine (Zn) burns only on strong heating while on not burnin the form of rod or block but burnin. fling only. Copper (Cu) does not burn on heating copper burns. Silver and gold do not react with at high temperatures. Hence, the order of racing metals with oxygen is Na>Mg> Zn > Fe> Cu>Ag Ma ima a Anodising Its the process of forming a thick oxide ayer onthe: aluminium. Aluminium develops a thin layer of oxide, wi in air. This oxide layer is protective and prevents the meat further oxidation. This layer can be made more thick anodising. In this process, clean alurminiur aril is taken anode and dil H,SO, as an electrolyte. When elect assed, O, gas get liberated, which reacts with metal a to forma thicker layer of oxide on its surface. 2. Reaction of Metals with Water Metals react with water and produce a metal ort hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that are soluble in wate in it further to form meral hydroxide, All metas dom wich water as the metals placed lower in the react are less reactive towards water, ‘Metal + Water —> Metal oxide +Hydrog* Metal oxide + Water —> Metal hOU All‘none Metals and Non-Metals 61 or ai () Meals like potassium and sodium react violently with cold water. In case of sodium and potassium, the reaction is very violent and exothermic. 2K) +240) —2KOH(ag)+ Hi) +Hear Ratt Hrogs 2Na()+2H,0. a ely OO 2NIOHCag)+ He) + Hea hydroxide moe. ‘The heat evolved is sufficient for hydi r ¢ hydrogen to catch fire. Thats why, Na and K catch fire when kept in water. Therefore, both these metals are kept in ‘kerosene? in order to avoid contact with both air and water. (i) The reaction of calcium with water is les violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. Cali) +2H,0) —+ Ca(OH), (eg)+H,(g) Sea SAS, Briones Calcium (Ca) floats over water because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick on the surface ofthe metal. (ii) Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not react either with cold or hot water, They react with steam and form the metal oxide and hydrogen. 2Al() +3H,0(g) — Al,0, ()+3H,(¢) Alain — (Seam) ‘Alunighum — Hydrogen 3Fe (5) + 4H,O(g) —> Fe, 0, (3) + 4H, (¢) Iron (Steam) Fertous oxide Hydrogen (ia) Lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water at al Thus, the reactivity order of metals toward water is K>Na> Ca>Mg>Al> Fe> Pb> Cu>Ag> Au 3. Reaction of Metals with Acids ( Reaction of metals with dil. HCI Except a few less reactive metals (such as Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Pr etc), all metals react with dilute sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Meral+ Diluce acid —+ Salt+ Hydrogen eg, Zn()+2HCI (ag) —> ZnCl, (ag)+ Hot Zine (Dil) pc 4 Note. The rate of formation of hydrogen gas bubbles decreases in the order Mg> Al> Zn > Fe This shows the decreasing chemical reactivity of the given metals with dilute hydrochloric acid (ii) Reaction of metals with dil HNO,, Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a mecal reacts with nitric acid. This is due to strong oxidising nature of nitric acid. It onidises the H, produced to water and itself get reduced to any of the nitrogen oxide (N,O,NO,NO,). But magnesium (Mg) and ‘manganese (Mn) react with very dil. HNO, to evolve H, gas. Metal+ HNO, —> Salt+ NO, /N,O1+ H,O wi) Exceptional case (Only for Mn and Mg) ‘Metal (Mn/Mg)+HNO, —> Salt+H, 7 oi Aqua-regia (Latin for ‘royal water’) Ieis a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in the ratio of 3:1. Iecan dissolve gold, even though neither ofthese acids can do so alone, Aqua-regia Isa highly corrosive, fuming liquid tis one ‘ofthe few reagents that is able to dissolve gold and platinum 4. Reaction of Metals with Solutions of Other Metal Salts Reactive metals can displace a comparatively less reactive metal from its compounds in aqueous salt solution or in molten form. General equation is, Metal A+ Sale solution of B — Salt solution of A+ Metal B ‘e.g. Cu(s)+2AgNO, (aq) —> Cu(NO, ), (ag) +2Ag(s) oe Ss ee = This type of reaction is called displacement reaction. 1 What are metalloids? 2 State True or False fo the folowing statements Metalloids are the elements which shows properties of both ‘metals and non-metal 3 Filin the biank ‘Among the metals... have the highest melting point 4 Some metals melt on keeping them on palm. Why? Also give an example 5 An element X is soft and can be cut with a knife easily. This is very reactive with al and cannot be kept open with air. It reacts vigorously with water. Name the element X 6 Write a chemical reaction for metals with dl, HCL 7 Name the reagent which is able to dissolve gold and platinum.The reactviey series is alist of metals arranged their decreasing activities. On the basi tendency to lose electron and their reactive nature EE arranged in a series, this series is called activity reactivity series of metals ‘The merals that are placed above hydrogen are ed reactive metals (e.g. K, Na, Ca fe) and the metals 0 placed below hydrogen are called least reactive (eg, noble metals, i. gold and placinum). Reactivity Series (activity series) of Metals ies oF Potassium (Most oactve meta) Soctum Tresemetaisare | Ca Calcium ‘move reactive then hyeragen | Mo Magnesum A Auminisn These metas are | 4g less eacive nan As Gold Leastroactve meta!) Note Hydrogen also have non-metallic properties but, due Its c*lectropositive nature, it has been placed in the reactivity series Non-Metals ‘Those elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons are called non-metals, e.g. iodine, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen etc. The non-metals are either solids or gases except bromine which is a liquid. Physical Properties of Non-metals The various physical properties of metals areas follows : ( Malleability and ductility Non-mevals are neither malleable nor ductile, ie. they cannot be beaten into thin sheets or drawn into wires, i Non-metals are bri Brietleness late brite i) For instance, sulphur isa brea "iy hammered, it breaks into pices, “lig f the Physical state Most of the 0, (ifsolid), Only diamond, an aon can isthe arest known subway (iv) Lustre Non-metals do not have laste, Ks yh 7) surface. However, diamond, peg allotropic forms of carbon) and jo, fh even though they are non-metal, Ny ) Hletricl and thermal conductvgy (0 enealy poor conductors of he? Meg Graphite, an allotrope of carbys dl mn, conductor of electricity. is b (v) Melting and boiling points General, 5, have low melting and boiling» non-metals that are solids have Pei higher boiling points, e.g. B, Si, Cer Py Note The non metals are ehh sols oF gases ee iquid). ett, The gases lke nitrogen, oxygen, carbon gi, which constitute air are all poor conductors 9 Chemical Properties of Non-metals Non-metals do not react with wate, steam or diy, to evolve hydrogen gas. ‘The reason is that they act as an electron cannot supply electrons to the H” ions of acids them to hydrogen gas. But on heating, ready oxides or salts with cone. acids. $(0)+2H,S0, (cone.) “5 380, (g) +24 S(s)+ GHNO, (conc.) —#&*-+ H, 0, (ag) + 6NO(¢) +24, (Redd brown vapour) Non-metals also show displacement reaction like ©g. Cl, (g)+2NaBr(!) —> 2NaCl(l)+Br, Sei Chlorine Sodium Beni bromide chloride Note Most of the non-metal produces acidic oxides when dissolved in water.ee Allinone Metals and Non-Metals 63 Gm rm 1 Filinthe blank: rons 2... feactve meta than tin 2 ied Possess lust? Give Wo eicptens of tie 3 Give an example of non-metal which is (9 hardest known substance. {i).good conductor ot heat and electricity 4 Nani do ot ce ro Gs when ea wh et '5Witethe product by giving balanced chericl equation () When sulphur reacts with cone. nitric ai. {i When phosphorus reacts with conc. sulphur aid (i) When phosphorus reacts wth cone, rive acid Reaction between Metals and Non-Metals (lonic Bond Formation) ach clement wants to have a completely filed valence shel, ie it wants to have either 2 or 8 electrons in their outermost shell. Meals have a tendency to loose electrons to form cations (ve ions) and non-metals have a tendency to gain electrons to form anions (-ve ions). When metals and non-metal react wrth each other then both of them tres ro achieve completely filed outermost shell by the transfer of electrons ‘This type of chemical bond formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another is called ionic bond. Such compounds ae called ionic compounds. gg, dectonic configuration of wodium which a met i £4 and in order to complet its ocet, (ie. 8 electrons in the outermost shell), it is easier for sodium to loose one cdectron from the Mshell rather chan accepting 7 electrons init Thus, it has a tendency to loose one electron to have completly filled valence shell. Similarly, if we see, the electronic configuration of chlorine (configuration 3 §,"/, 2 non-metal), we found that iis easier for chlorine to gain one electron in its M-shell rather than losing 7 electrons from it So, it has a tendency to gain electrons to have completly filled orbitals If sodium and chlorine reacts with each other then electron lost by sodium (Na*) is guined by chlorine (CI"). Na” and 1 ions being oppositely charged, attract each other and held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction 10 exist as NaCl. Thus, an ionic bond is formed berween them. Nu—> Neh 4” ash Pt) (Sodium cation) Che Gen {Chloride anion) bbc Nat 1 627 or Na’ Cl'or NaCl ‘Thus, i is also clear that ionic compounds (like sodium chloride) do not exist as discrete molecules but indeed they are the aggregates of oppositely charged ions. Formation of ionic bond can further be understood by taking an another example of magnesium chloride (where ‘magnesium is a metal and chlorine is a non-metal) Mg —> Mg* +26” a) aan se Properties of lonic Compounds () Physical nature Ionic compounds are hard crystalline solids because of strong forces of attraction between the positive and negative ions ‘These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces when pressure is applied. (ii) Melting and boiling points These compounds have high melting and boiling points as large amount of energy is required to break strong inter-ionic atraction. (ii Solubility These compounds are soluble in water (pola solvent) and insoluble in organic solvents (non-polar solvent) like kerosene, benzene, ether, petrol etc. As water is polar in nature it helps in separation of oppositely charged ions from their ionic compound. (ie) Conduction of electricity The conduction of electricity through a solution involves movement of charged particles. Ionic or electrovalent compounds are good conductors of electricity, but they conduct electricity cither in molten. form or in their aqueous solution. ‘A solution of an ionic compound in water contain ions, which move tothe oppositely charged electrode when electricity i passed through it.«ces of aeration tn maten form, the eletosatic FT Come de berween oppositely charged ions 478 £77 oye fre! PT the reson as wich on conduct and. conduct elecrriciy TRY %e lectricity in solid form because MNT, the solid. stare is not possible seructure ane to form anions: What J0 1 non-metal gains electro by this statement? Sate Tun o Faso tr he fOHownDstaMNE lots Jonic bonds are tored ony by the Parte! from one atom to another on 3 Water reps n separation of ppostoh cherae 2S oay jonie comaound. Give 78880". wy 4s lone compounds are ensaline sods ana brie, We why ons move rely andconduct lectin Occurrence of Metals 's : Sea water The earth's crust is the major source of meals. SA en conuains soluble sals lke sodium chose, magnesia”? chloride, exc. ; The elements or compounds which occur naurally i the wee Mane are known as minerals. Those minerals fom “Ghich metals can be extracted profitably ae called ore. Extraction of Metals ‘The process of obtaining pure ‘metal from its ore is called extraction of metals. ‘Some metals are found in earth’s crust tn fee scare while some are found in the form of their compounds. The metals present at the bort least reactive, so they are found in free state, -g. gold, silver, platinum, copper ete. Copper and silver are also found in the form of combined state as their sulphide or oxide ores. The metals ar the top of the reactivity series (K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al) are highly reactive, so they are not found in nature as free elements. ‘The metals in the middle of the reactivity series (Zn, Fe, Pb, exc.) are moderately reactive and they are found as oxides, sulphides or carbonates in the earth's crust. Ores of many metals are oxide, as oxygen is very reactive element and is very abundant on the earth, Thus, the different techniques used for extraction of metals depend upon their position in the activity series and is divided into three categories : () Metals of low reactivity (ii) Metals of medium reactivity of ion ment 0 their "gl yyoun@an com of the reactivity series are Metals of high reactivity i) ‘ i wef several 8 in¥olved in amma cic ore isiven below in clit dette dig owed by o ’ Concertino Metals of igh Met of maun ect reactty ity. Ny, Y joctroys' O! coor cxonae Si _ puefnetal _Calcination Peating Oxide of metai Reduction to meta Purtication of metal steps involved in, PS SP tesla tears exertion Enrichment of Ores “The undesirable impurities like sol, sand are called gangue or matrix. Removal of are is called enrichment or concentration oe ‘The processes used for the removing the ge se Posed on the differences between the 4 hemical properties of the gangue and theo Depending upon the nature of different-separation techniques for entichmen, employed. Extraction of Metals (Present at the the Activity Series) of Low Reactivity These metals, being less reactive, can be reducing their oxides to metals by heating ane. ( Cinnabar (Hg) It is an ore ‘of mercury. in air, ic first changes into its oxide, Hg0 reduced into mercury metal on further be e.g. 2HgS (5)+30, (g) —> 2He06 Cinnabar (From air) Mery 2HgO () —*> 2Hg (+8 ‘Mercury (II) oxide ‘Mercury metal (i Copper glance (Cu,S) When partially gets oxidised and then reacts with the remaining copper metal. it is b the onde glance ofEEE AllinOne Wetels ond Non-tetols 65 ———————— 2a, © Cone 26a ,01)+ Cu, i) 44 (Copp enite S14 + 30, (g) 45 204.04 ‘ CuO (1) + 250, () Ks) + $0, W) + $0, G 7 ag) Edraction of Metals (Present at the Middle of the Activity Series) of Mediurn Reactivity The metals in the middle of the activity seties such a iron, Coemical reactions involved inthe roasting and calcination ‘enc res are as follows: cee (7 Roasting It is che process in which 2 sulphide ore is bezted below its melting point inthe presence e oon icioao ced oo, eee ne ade | eg 2ZaSU)+ 30,9 Ey 2700 +250, (g) Za 2 2 a 2 a | (i Calcination Ie is a process in which 2 carbonate ore is taxed below ite melting point in the absence of coma lan ced oe oan eg ZaC0,) ~* , 20014}+ C0, (g) Tae Sei Zae om (Cale cartons =. deme (i Reduction of oxide ore It isthe process of conversion of | sezal oxide ore into metal. It can be done by heating the cides with suitable reducing agents like carbon in the of coke. | ZnO (3)+C ()—> Zn (s)+ COL) Znconide Coke Zee Caton — Sometime displacement reactions can also be used to reduce | eal oxides to metals. The highly reactive metals such a8 sodium, calcium, aluminium etc., are used as agents because they can displace metals of lower reactivity ffom their compounds, -g Reaction of manganese dioxide with aluminium powder. | 3Mn0, (+ 4Al() —+ 3Mn{l)+2Al,0, (s)+Heat Magee Abniniam Henge Aen pr | These displacement reactions are hi | ST ase (Fe 0) with aluminium to produce iron is used to join caway tracks or cracked machine pars. This proces is called | thermite welding, Fe,0, (0) + 2Ay). —+ 2ell)+ Al,O, 0)+ Heat fake Meme hie This soncion of mad oxide oo form teed by wing sJurinium powder asx reducing agent is kearn se therming feaction. Extraction of Metals (A! the Top of the Activity Series) of High Reactivity ‘The mexllic compounds at the top of the sctviny vets cannot be reduced by carbon or any other reducing agent due to their high affinity with onygen. Therdlore, decseolpic Atanode 20° —+ C1, +2" (Oxidation) Similarly, aluriniuen is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of molten aluminium oxide also (called alumina). Refining of Metals It is the process of purification of the metal obtained after reduction. Various methods for refining are employed, but the most common ont is the eleculytic refining, Electrolytic Refining Many metals like Cu, Zn, Ni, Ag Au etc. are refined decrolyticaliy. Process In this process, a thick block of impure metal is used as anode and 2 thin stip of pure metal is used as cathode. A solution of metal salt (to be refined) is used as an electrolyte. When electric curtent is passed, metal ions from the electrolyte are reduced as metal which get deposited on the cathode. An equivalent amount of pure metal from the anode ges oxidised to metal ion and goes into the electrolyte and from there it goes to cathode and deposit. ines (aroce mug) Electrolytic refining of copperhe me This cycle is repeated until whole of O° OTe hod is rele it repeat ved and deposited OP Hers he impure block is dissl De soluble impurities go into, the _ “anode and ae aaah Moparts see down belOW Tr of crud known as anode mud, ¢.g; if) ‘electrolytic £ secs Here anode is impure copPet WHE racidfed copper, strip of pure copper. The electrolyte is 15 copper is GuO,, On. passing eletric curtents P deposited on the cathode. Corrosion Ceci Ieis the slow process of eating away of ecalsby the ‘of atmospheric air and moisture, “8 rusti ea ie tamishing of silver, formation of green 60: copper et. Prevention of Corrosion ‘ ing, by making Rusting of iron is prevented by gilvanisings ho, alloys, painting, greasing or oiling and tin-placing chon png Sromium plating) which are ©*P jained low = Galvanzation Iis the proces of coating iron and tel objects with a thin layer of zine. I is done by dipping the object in molten zinc. The galvani ised article is procected against rusting even if the zinc coating broken. + Alloying It is the method of imp of a metal by mixing the metal wi non-metal. + Alloying of iron Pure iron is very soft and stretches ‘easly when hot. Ie is mixed with a small amount of carbon (about 0,05%) and it becomes hard and strong. Iron is mixed with many metals to form different alloys. For e.g. when iron is mixed with nickel and chromium, stainless ste! is obtained, which is hard and does not rust. roving the properties ith another metal or Alloying of gold ue gold is very soft. Is called 24 carat gold. To increase the strength and hardness of gold and to make it suitable for making jewellery alloy of gold is made either with silver or copper, e.g. 22 carat gold means 22 parts pure gold mixed with 2 parts of Cu or Ag * Painting Rusting of iron can be easily it prevented by coating the surface wth a pine which protec iron from air and moisture. «og of Ciling When grease o + GreasinB en iron Object then air ang My fan contact with It and heres ng come machine ae Male Up ofa grease i OM ? ra ging and Chromium Pag ae are resistant co corrosion, soe < me a deposited 00 fon objec tin mand steel Obj te pre é he wen the coating of metal done w Note Warcity by making the use of mz Searpang > * ol; Alloy oy isa homogeneous mixture of A erate ‘non-metal. [tis prepared by i. amet form and then cooking the mice ‘The electrical conductivity and melting po ie ihan that of pure metals, eg, bras, a tess {(Cu and Zn) and bronze, an alloy ofp” and Sn) are not good conductors of electric Poe argo for making clectrical circuits, Soe is tin has a low melting point and is yal anc aicl wires together. [fan alloy contain my jts components, itis called amalgam, ce amalgam, silvet-mercury amalgam etc, ‘The Wonder of Ancient Indian Metallurgy The iron Pillar near Qutub Minar in Delhi wasbay 1600 years ago by the iron workers of India Thy developed a process which prevented iton fut ts due othe presence of thin layer of magneton ‘on their surface. For its quality of rust rsisanc ‘examined by sclentsts from all parts ofthe wad Pilar is 8 m high and weighs 6 Connes (6000 1 Slate Tue or Fase forthe folowing statements: () Cinabaris an ore of mercury (i) Roasting is a process in which carbons below is meting point inthe absence ofa 2 Which type of metals are extracted by eects method? 3 Filin the blanks: In electrolytic reduction of NaCl, metal is dans and chlorine is liberated at the 4 Whatis galvanisation? Name the element ssi 5 Whats the special quality of ron pila nea