STEEL INSTALLATION

ARC 426

ARC 426
TECHNIQUES
GROUP ONE

SUBMITED TO ARC. NDUKA-KALU

TABLE OF
01 Steel 03 Rivets
CONTENTS Instalation
Steel installation involves the Rivets are mechanical
precise assembly of fasteners used to join two or
structural steel components more pieces of material
to form the framework of a together by deforming and
building or structure. clamping the ends of a metal
pin.

02 Welding 04 Bolts

Welding is a fabrication Bolts are threaded fasteners

Our content today is process that involves joining used to securely join two or
divided into four parts. two or more pieces of metal more components by creating
Each part will be described together by melting and a tight connection when
with examples and pictures. fusing them at the joint. tightened with a nut.
STEEL One unique aspect of steel installation is its
adaptability to diverse environments and

INSTALLATION applications.

Steel installation encompasses the meticulous assembly of structural steel

components to form the skeleton of a building or structure. This process
involves skilled laborers meticulously fitting and securing steel beams, columns,
and other elements according to precise engineering specifications. From
skyscrapers to bridges, steel installation plays a vital role in supporting and
shaping modern infrastructure. It requires not only technical expertise but also
strict adherence to safety protocols to ensure the stability and integrity of the
steel framework. The result is a durable and resilient structure capable of
withstanding the rigors of time and environmental forces.
WHAT ARE RIVETS?

“A unique fact about rivets is that they

were commonly used in shipbuilding
during the early 20th century, notably
in constructing iconic vessels like the
RMS Titanic.”

Rivets are mechanical fasteners Rivets have been an essential

used to join two or more materials component in construction and
together by deforming and manufacturing for centuries.
permanently connecting them. During this time, rivets were
They are typically made of metal crafted from bronze and used to
and come in various shapes and assemble tools, weapons, and
sizes, including solid, semi- ceremonial objects. Their simple
tubular, and blind rivets. Rivets yet effective design created
have been utilized for centuries, durable and reliable structures
with evidence of their use dating without complex machinery.
back to ancient civilizations such
as the Bronze Age.
TYPES OF RIVETS
There are three types of rivets.

SOLID BLIND SEMI-

RIVETS RIVETS TUBULAR
RIVETS

Solid rivets consist of a Blind rivets, also known as Semi-tubular rivets are
cylindrical shaft with a pop rivets, are used when similar to solid rivets but
formed head on one end. access to only one side of have a partially hollow
They are hammered or the joint is available. They shaft. They are often used
mechanically compressed consist of a tubular shaft in applications where a less
into place and then with a mandrel inserted substantial connection is
permanently deformed to inside. Upon installation, required.
secure the materials the mandrel is pulled,
together. causing the rivet to expand
and secure the materials.
 Strong and Resistant to
durable vibration
ADVANTAGES
OF
RIVETS

Versatile Economical
 Permanent connection:
DISADVANTAGES OF RIVETS

Rivets create a permanent joint, making

disassembly and repairs difficult without
damaging the materials.

Limited aesthetics
Rivet heads may protrude from the surface,
which can affect the appearance of the
finished product.

Specialized installation
Proper installation of rivets requires specific
tools and techniques, which may not be
readily available or feasible in all situations.
INSTALLATION
PROCESS

1. Prepare the materials: Drill holes in the materials to

be joined, ensuring they are properly aligned.
2. Insert the rivet: Place the rivet through the pre-
drilled holes, ensuring the head is on the side where
accessibility is required.
3. Apply pressure: Use a rivet gun or press to deform
the rivet, securing the materials together.
4. Trim excess: For blind rivets, remove the mandrel
protruding from the rivet's tail to complete the
installation.
 Ensure the rivet material is
MATERIAL
COMPATIBILITY
1 compatible with the materials
being joined to prevent corrosion
or weakening of the connection.

Consider the structural

CONSIDERATIONS
JOINT DESIGN
2 requirements and load conditions
when selecting the type and size
of rivet for the application.

WHEN APPLYING
3
Choose the appropriate rivet
ACCESSIBILITY type based on access to the joint
RIVETS area and any space constraints.

4
Follow proper installation
INSTALLATION techniques and use the
METHOD necessary tools to achieve a
secure and reliable connection.
WHAT IS WELDING?
“One unique fact about welding is that
it has been practiced for thousands of
years, with evidence of welded gold
artifacts dating back to ancient
civilizations such as the Egyptians and
the Sumerians..”

Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, typically metals, by

melting and fusing them together. This process creates a strong bond
between the materials, forming a permanent connection. Welding has
been practiced for centuries, with evidence of its use dating back to
ancient civilizations such as the Bronze Age. However, modern welding
techniques and equipment have significantly evolved, leading to a wide
range of welding methods and applications.
TYPES OF WELDING
There are three types of welding.

SHIELDED GAS
GAS METAL
METAL ARC TUNGSTEN
ARC
WELDING ARC
WELDING
WELDING

An arc forms between a A continuously fed A non-consumable tungsten

consumable electrode consumable wire electrode electrode creates the arc
(stick) and the workpiece, melts and transfers across for melting the base metal.
creating intense heat to an arc to the weld zone. A A separate filler rod can be
melt the metals and filler shielding gas protects the added to create the weld.
rod (if used) to form the molten metal from
weld. contamination.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF WELDING

1. Economical 1. Residual Stresses

2. Speed 2. Post-Weld Treatment
3. Strength 3. Safety Hazards
4. Versatility 4. Fixturing
5. Design Freedom 5. Edge Preparation
6. Equipment Cost 6. Skilled Labor
7. Portability 7. Metallurgical Changes
8. Mechanization
 WELDING

PREPARATION Welding by qualified POST-WELDING

INSTALLATION
personnel
Material and tool Cleaning and

inspection Welding execution

Inspection
grinding
PROCESS
Assembly and fit- Painting or coating
sTEP BY STEP
up PROCEDURES OF HOW
WELDING IS CARRIED
Welding procedure OUT.
selection
 Safety
WELDING CONSIDERATIONS

Welding involves high heat, sparks, and

fumes. Welders must wear appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE) and
follow safety protocols to prevent burns,
inhalation hazards, and eye injuries.

Fire prevention
Clear the work area of flammable materials
and have fire extinguishers readily available
to address any potential fire hazards during
welding.

Sequencing and erection

The welding sequence may be planned to
minimize distortion and ensure the overall
structural integrity of the steel assembly. For
larger structures, cranes or other lifting
equipment might be necessary for positioning
and installing the steel components.
WHAT ARE BOLTS?
“One unique fact about bolts is that
they come in a wide variety of types
and sizes, each designed for specific
applications, ranging from miniature
bolts used in electronics to massive
bolts used in construction and
infrastructure projects.”

Bolts are threaded fasteners used to join components together. They

have a head at one end and a nut at the other. Initially simple, they
evolved significantly during the Industrial Revolution, with standardized
threads making mass production possible. This enabled their
widespread use in construction, transportation, and manufacturing.
Specialized types like anchor bolts and stud bolts cater to specific
needs. Modern bolts are engineered for durability and performance,
using advanced materials and coatings. From ancient wooden pegs to
precision-engineered metal fasteners, bolts have played a crucial role in
human advancement.
TYPES There are several
types of bolts, each
Hex bolts
Carriage
Eye bolts
Toggle
bolts bolts
OF
designed for specific
applications. Machine Anchor
bolts bolts

BOLTS
Stud bolts J-bolts
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF BOLTS
1. Bolted joints are easy to use
1. Types of Bolted Connection Failure
2. Bolted joints are flexible
2. Precision of Joint
3. Bolts come in many sizes and
3. Axial Tensile Strength is Lower
materials
4. Vibration Impact
4. Bolts can clamp different materials
5. More Weight
together
6. Proper Lubrication Is Necessary
5. Bolts can secure thick parts
7. More Room Is Needed
6. Bolts can operate at a wide
temperature range
INSTALLATION
PROCESS 5. Securing with Nuts

A statement that 6. Tightening the Bolts

declares the purpose 7. Checking AlignmenT
and objective of an
organization.

1. Preparation
2. Drilling Holes (if
necessary)
8. Final Inspection
3. Insertion of Bolts
9. Torque Verification
4. Placement of Washers
(optional):
(if necessary):
10. Documentation
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN
INSTALLING BOLTS

H Hole size and

placement T Tightening
procedure

B Bolt selection
W Washer
selection
THANK YOU
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