Chapter 08
Chapter 08
Ms.S.M.Murshitha
Senior Lecturer in MIT
Department of Management and Information
Technology
Faculty of Management & Commerce
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
Management Information Systems
CHAPTER 8: SECURING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Learning Objectives
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FIGURE 8-1 The architecture of a Web-based application typically includes a Web client, a server, and corporate
information systems linked to databases. Each of these components presents security challenges and
vulnerabilities. Floods, fires, power failures, and other electrical problems can cause disruptions at any
point in the network.
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• Internet vulnerabilities
– Network open to anyone
– Size of Internet means abuses can have wide impact
– Constant connection to Internet by cable or DSL modems
creates fixed targets for hackers because they use fixed
Internet addresses where they can be easily identified.
(Dial up service – temporary address)
– Unencrypted VOIP
– E-mail, P2P, IM
• Interception
• Attachments with malicious software
• Transmitting trade secrets
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WI-FI SECURITY
CHALLENGES
Many Wi-Fi
networks can be
penetrated easily by
intruders using
sniffer programs to
obtain an address to
access the
resources of a
network without
authorization.
FIGURE 8-2
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• Malware (cont.)
– SQL injection attacks
• Hackers submit data to Web forms that exploits site’s
unprotected software and sends rogue SQL query to
database in poorly coded web application software.
(when ordering something online)
– Spyware
• Small programs install themselves surreptitiously or
secretly on computers to monitor user Web surfing
activity and serve up advertising
– Key loggers
• Record every keystroke on computer to steal serial
numbers, passwords, launch Internet attacks
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– Activities include
• System intrusion / interruption
• System damage
• Cybervandalism
– Intentional interruption, defacement, destruction
of Web site or corporate information system
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• Spoofing
– Misrepresenting oneself by using fake e-mail addresses
or masquerading as someone else (emkei.cz)
– Redirecting Web link to address different from intended
one, with site masquerading as intended destination
• Sniffer
– Eavesdropping program (Cain and Abel) that monitors
information traveling over network
– Enables hackers to steal proprietary information such as
e-mail, company files, etc.
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• Computer crime
– Defined as “any violations of criminal law that
involve a knowledge of computer technology for
their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution”
– Computer may be target of crime, e.g.:
• Breaching confidentiality of protected computerized
data
• Accessing a computer system without authority
– Computer may be instrument of crime, e.g.:
• Theft of trade secrets
• Using e-mail for threats or harassment
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• Identity theft
– Theft of personal Information (social security id,
driver’s license or credit card numbers) to
impersonate someone else
• Phishing
– Setting up fake Web sites or sending e-mail
messages that look like legitimate businesses to ask
users for confidential personal data.
• Evil twins (wireless version of the phishing scam)
– Wireless networks that pretend to offer trustworthy
Wi-Fi connections to the Internet
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• Pharming
– Redirects users to a bogus Web page, even when
individual types correct Web page address into his
or her browser
• Click fraud
– Occurs when individual or computer program
fraudulently clicks on online ad without any
intention of learning more about the advertiser or
making a purchase
• Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare
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• Software vulnerability
– Commercial software contains flaws that create security
vulnerabilities
• Hidden bugs (program code defects –open door for hackers)
– Zero defects cannot be achieved because complete testing is not
possible with large programs
• Flaws can open networks to intruders
– Patches
• Vendors release small pieces of software to repair flaws
• However exploits often created faster than patches be
released and implemented
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INTERACTIVE SESSION
WHEN ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE CRIPPLES YOUR COMPUTERS
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• Electronic evidence
– Evidence for white collar crimes often in digital form
• Data on computers, e-mail, instant messages, e-
commerce transactions
– Proper control of data can save time and money
when responding to legal discovery request
• Computer forensics:
– Scientific collection, examination, authentication,
preservation, and analysis of data from computer
storage media for use as evidence in court of law
– Includes recovery of ambient and hidden data
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• Application controls
– Specific controls unique to each computerized
application, such as payroll or order processing
– Include both automated and manual procedures
– Ensure that only authorized data are completely and
accurately processed by that application
– Include:
• Input controls
• Processing controls
• Output controls
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• Security policy
– Ranks information risks, identifies acceptable
security goals, and identifies mechanisms for
achieving these goals
– Drives other policies
• Acceptable use policy (AUP)
– Defines acceptable uses of firm’s information resources and
computing equipment
• Authorization policies
– Determine differing levels of user access to information assets
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• Identity management
– Business processes and tools to identify valid
users of system and control access
• Identifies and authorizes different categories of
users
• Specifies which portion of system users can access
• Authenticating users and protects identities
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SECURITY PROFILES
FOR A PERSONNEL
SYSTEM
These two examples represent
two security profiles or data
security patterns that might
be found in a personnel
system. Depending on the
security profile, a user would
have certain restrictions on
access to various systems,
locations, or data in an
organization.
FIGURE 8-3
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• Firewall:
– Combination of hardware and software that
prevents unauthorized users from accessing
private networks
– Technologies include:
• Static packet filtering
• Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Application proxy filtering
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A CORPORATE
FIREWALL
The firewall is
placed between the
firm’s private
network and the
public Internet or
another distrusted
network to protect
against unauthorized
traffic.
FIGURE 8-5
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• Encryption:
– Transforming text or data into cipher text
that cannot be read by unintended
recipients
– Two methods for encryption on networks
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and successor
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-
HTTP)
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FIGURE 8-6 A public key encryption system can be viewed as a series of public and private keys that lock data when
they are transmitted and unlock the data when they are received. The sender locates the recipient’s public
key in a directory and uses it to encrypt a message. The message is sent in encrypted form over the
Internet or a private network. When the encrypted message arrives, the recipient uses his or her private
key to decrypt the data and read the message.
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• Digital certificate:
– Data file used to establish the identity of users and
electronic assets for protection of online transactions
– Uses a trusted third party, certification authority (CA), to
validate a user’s identity
– CA verifies user’s identity, stores information in CA server,
which generates encrypted digital certificate containing
owner ID information and copy of owner’s public key
• Public key infrastructure (PKI)
– Use of public key cryptography working with certificate
authority
– Widely used in e-commerce
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