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XI - CHEMISTRY SPECIAL GUIDE

UNIT 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Define Relative atomic mass.

Average mass of the atom
• Relative atomic mass = ----------------------------------------
Unified atomic mass
2. Define Mole.
• One mole is the amount of substance that contains many elementary particles present
in 12g of carbon -12 isotope.

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3. Define Avogadro number.

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• The number of atoms present in 1 mole of substance.
• It's value is 6.023×1023

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4. Define Molar mass.
• The mass of 1 mole of a substance.
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5. Define Molar volume.
• The volume occupied by one mole of a gas at a given temperature and pressure.
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6. Define Gram equivalent mass.

• The mass of the substance that combines or displaces 1.008g of hydrogen or 8g of
oxygen or 35.5g of chlorine.
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7. Define Basicity.
• The number of moles of ionizable H+ ions present in one mole of an acid.
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8. Define Acidity.
• The number of moles of ionizable of OH- ions present in one mole of a base.
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9.Define Oxidation number.

• It is the imaginary charge left on the atom when all the other atoms have been
removed with their usual oxidation States assigned by a set of rules.

10. Give the difference between Oxidation and Reduction.

S.No Oxidation Reduction

1. Addition of Oxygen Removal of Oxygen

2. Removal of Hydrogen Addition of Hydrogen

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3. Removal of Electrons Addition of Electrons

4. Increase in Oxidation number Decrease in Oxidation number

11. What is Limiting and excess agents.

• The reagents which limits the further reaction to take place is called as limiting agents.
• The reagent which is present in excess is called as excess agents.

12. What is the Empirical formula of the following?

i) Fructose (C6H12O6)
ii) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2)
Compound Empirical formula

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Fructose CH2O

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Caffeine C4H5N2O

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UNIT 2. QUANTUM MECHANICS MODEL OF ATOM
2 & 3 Mark questions
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1. Describe the Aufbau principle.
• In orbitals, the electrons are filled in the order of their increasing energy.
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2. State and explain Pauli exclusion principle.

• No two electrons in an orbital can have same set of values of all four quantum
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numbers.

3. Define Hund rule.

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• Electron pairing is not possible until all the orbitals contain one electron each.

4. What are the limitation of Bohr atomic model theory.

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• This model is valid only for one electron species like Hydrogen. It fails for multi
electron atoms.

5. Define Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

• It is impossible to determine both the position and momentum of microscopic particle
simultaneously and accurately.
• Δx. Δp ≥ h/4π
• Δx - uncertainty in the position
• Δp - uncertainty in the momentum

6. How many orbitals are possible n=4?

• One s - orbital
• Three p – orbitals
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• Five d - orbitals
• Seven f - orbitals
• Total 16 orbitals

7. Define Exchange energy.

• If two electrons of same spin are present in an orbital, they may exchange their
positions.
• During the exchange, energy is released. This released energy is called as exchange
energy.

5 Mark questions

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1. Explain the Bohr atomic model theory.
• The energy of an electron is Quantized.

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• The electrons are moving around the nucleus in circular path called as stationary
orbits.
• The angular momentum of the electron is given by mvr = nh/ 2π
• As long as an electron is in a fixed orbit, it will not lose energy. But if the electron

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jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level it will emit radiation.
• If energy is supplied, the electron will jump from lower energy level to higher energy
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level.

2. Derive the De-Broglie equation of wave nature of electrons.

da

• E = mc2
• E = hν
•
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hν = mc2
• v=c/λ
• hc / λ = mc2
w.

• λ = h/mc
• λ = h/mv
ww

3. Explain Quantum numbers and its types.

a) Principle Quantum Numbers (n) :
• It represents energy level.
• The maximum number of electrons in a shell can be calculated by using formula 2n 2 .
• E = (-1312.8) Z2/ n2 KJ/ mol-1
• r = (0.529 n2) / Z A°

Shell K L M N

n- value 1 2 3 4

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b) Azimuthal or Subsidiary Quantum Number (l):
• It represents sub shell.
• The maximum number of electrons in an orbital is given by 2(2l+1).
• Angular momentum = √l(l+ 1) h/4π

Orbital s p d F

l - value 0 1 2 3

c) Magnetic Quantum Number ( m) :

• It represents different orientation of orbitals in space.
• Its value ranges from - l to + l through zero.

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• The angular momentum is given by the azimuthal quantum number and the direction
is given by the magnetic quantum number.

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d) Spin Quantum Number (ms):
• It represents the spin of the electron.
• The electron in an atom revolves around the nucleus and also spins in clockwise or in

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the anticlockwise direction.
sa
Spin direction Clockwise Anti clockwise

s – value +1/2 -1/2

da

UNIT 3. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

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2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Define Modern periodic law.

• The physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic functions of the
w.

atomic numbers.

2. Define Shielding effect or Screening effect.

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• The inner shell electrons act as a shield between the nucleus and the valence
electrons, this is called shielding effect.

3. Define Electronegativity.
• Electronegativity is a tendency of an element present is covalent molecule attract the
shared pair of electrons towards itself.

4. Define Diagonal relationship.

• The similarities in the properties between the diagonally present elements are called
as diagonal relationship.
• Ex. Li and Mg.

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5. Why Noble gases (Neon) has zero electron affinity?
• Neon has Stable Fully filled np6 electronic configuration. So it will not accept electrons.
• Ne10 = 1s22s22p6

6. Define Isoelectronic ions.

• Ions having same number of electrons and same electronic configuration are called as
Isoelectronic ions.
• Ex. Na+ = 2, 8
F- = 2, 8

7. Define Effective nuclear charge.

• The net nuclear charge experienced by the valence electron in the outermost shell is

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called as effective nuclear charge.
• Zeff = Z - S

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8. Why Halogens act as oxidizing agents?
• Halogens have high electro negativity and electron affinity.
• Halogens have unstable np5 electronic configuration.

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• Hence it accepts one electron and become a stable Noble gas configuration.
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9. Give any two anomalous properties of 2nd group elements.
• Lithium and Beryllium form covalent compounds but other forms ionic compounds.
• The second period has only 4 orbitals in the valence shell. The maximum valency is 4.
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but others have higher valences.

UNIT 4. HYDROGEN
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2 & 3 Mark questions

1. What are the similarity of Hydrogen with Alkali metals.

• Hydrogen have 1s1 and Alkali metals have ns1 electronic configuration.
w.

• Like Alkali metals, Hydrogen forms unipositive ions. Ex. H+ and Na+.
• It also acts as a reducing agent.
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2. How Hydrogen differs from Halogens.

• Hydrogen has less electron affinity than halogens.
• The tendency of forming Hydride ions is low.
• But halogens easily form Halides.

3. Define Isotopes and explain the three types of isotopes of Hydrogen.

• Elements having same atomic number but different mass number is called as
isotopes.
• Hydrogen has 3 isotopes.
• Protium - 1H1
• Deuterium - 1H2
• Tritium - 1H3
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4. Explain Ortho and Para Hydrogen.
• In hydrogen molecule, if two nuclei rotates in the same direction is called as Ortho
Hydrogen.
• In hydrogen molecule, if two nuclei rotates in the opposite direction is called as Para
Hydrogen.

5. How will you convert Para Hydrogen to Ortho Hydrogen.

• By using catalyst like Iron.
• By passing electric discharge.
• By heating at 800°C.
• By mixing with paramagnetic molecules like oxygen.
• By mixing with atomic hydrogen.

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6. Explain the water gas shift reaction.

i.N
400ºC

• CO + H2O H2 + CO2

• Electron deficient
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7. Discuss the three types of covalent hydrides.
- B₂H6
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• Electron rich hydrides - Water
• Electron precise - Methane
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8. List the uses of Heavy water.

• It is used as Moderators in nuclear reactor.
• It is used as tracer element to study the mechanisms of organic reactions.
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• It is used as coolant in nuclear reactors.

9. List the uses of Deuterium.

• It is used to prepare heavy water.
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• It is used as tracer element to study the mechanisms of organic reactions.

• High speed deuterium is used in artificial radio activity.
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•
10. Explain the exchange reaction of Deuterium.
• CH4 + 2D2 CD4 + 2H2

11. Compare the structures of H2O and H2O2.

S.No H2O H2O2

1. It is bent structure. It is open book structure

2. The bond angle is 104.5° The bond angle is 90.2°

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3.

12. NH3, H2O, and HF arrange in the order of hydrogen bonding.

• HF > H2O > NH3

UNIT 5. ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS

2 & 3 Mark questions

1. What are the general characteristics of Alkali metals.

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• Their general electronic configuration is ns1.
• Their common oxidation state is +1.

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• Moving down the group the ionic radius increases.

2. What is the reason for distinctive behaviour of Lithium or Beryllium.

• Smaller in size.

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• High polarizing power and High hydration energy.
• Do not have any d-orbitals.
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3. What are the similarities (diagonal relation) between Lithium and Magnesium.
• Both lithium and Magnesium are Hard.
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• Both lithium and Magnesium reacts slowly with water.

• Both do not form Super oxides.
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4. Explain the important common features of group 2 elements.

• Their general electronic configuration is ns2.
• Their common oxidation state is +2.
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• Moving down the group the ionic radius increases.

5. Explain the diagonal relation (similarities) between Beryllium and Aluminium.

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• Beryllium carbide and Aluminium carbide give methane on hydrolysis.

• Both Beryllium and Aluminium renders passive with Nitric acid.
• Both beryllium and Aluminium Hydroxides are Amphoteric in nature.

6. List the uses of Gypsum.

• It is used to make Plaster of Paris.
• It is used in tooth paste, Shampoos and hair products.
• It is used to make Portland cement.

7. List the uses of Plaster of Paris.

• It is used in the building industry
• It is used in the treatment of bone fracture.
• It is used for making statues and casts.
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UNIT 6. GASEOUS STATE

2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Define Boyle's law.

• At constant temperature the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
• V ∝ 1/P
2. Define Charles law.
• At constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.
• V∝T

3. State Gay-Lussac's law.

• At constant volume the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.

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• P∝T

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4. Define Avogadro Hypothesis.
• Equal volume of all gases under same temperature and pressure contains equal
number of molecules.
• V∝n

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5. Define Dalton law of partial pressure.
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• The total pressure of a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of
the gases present in the mixture.
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6. Define Graham's law of diffusion.

• The Rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar
mass.
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1
• Rate of diffusion ∝ ---------
√M
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7. Define Critical temperature.

• The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied even at a high pressure.
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8. Define Critical pressure.

• The pressure required to liquefy one mole of a gas at its critical temperature.

9. Define Critical volume.

• The volume occupied by one mole of as gas at its critical temperature and pressure.

10. Define Joules Thomson effect.

• The lowering of temperature, when a gas is made to expand adiabatically form high
pressure to low pressure is called as Joules Thomson effect.

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11. What is Inversion temperature.
• The temperature below which a gas obeys Joules Thomson effect is called as
Inversion temperature.
• Ti = 2a/Rb

12. Difference between Diffusion and Effusion.

Diffusion Effusion

The movement of the gas molecules The movement of the gas

through another gas from high molecules through a small hole
concentration to low concentration is from high concentration to low
called as Diffusion. concentration is called as Effusion.

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13. What are ideal gases? Give the difference between Ideal and real gases.
• Ideal gases obey the ideal gas equation PV = nRT.

S.No Ideal Gas Real Gas

1.
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Ideal gases obey the gas law Real gases only obey at low
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under all conditions of pressure and high temperature
temperature and pressure

2. There is no force of attraction There is a force of attraction

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3. They obey Ideal gas equation They obey the Vanderwaals

PV=nRT equation.
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14. Derive the Ideal gas equation.

w.

• Boyle’s law - V ∝ 1/P

• Charles law - V∝T
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• Avogadro’s law - V ∝ n
• V ∝ nT/P
• PV = nRT.

15. Derive the critical constants from vander Waals equation constants.
• (P+an2/V2) (V-nb) = nRT
• Vc = 3b
• Pc = a/ 27b2
• Tc = 8a/ 27Rb.

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UNIT 7. THERMODYNAMICS
2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Define Extensive property.

• The properties that depends on mass is called as Extensive property.
• Ex. Volume and Mass

2. Define Intensive property.

• The property that does not depend on mass is called as Intensive property.
• Ex. Density and temperature

3. Define Reversible process.

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• The process in which the system can be restored to the initial state from the final state
is called as Reversible process.

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4. Define Irreversible process.
• The process in which the system cannot be restored to the initial state from the final
state is called as Irreversible process.

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5. Define Adiabatic process.
sa
• There is no exchange of energy, between the system and the surrounding is called as
Adiabatic process.
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6. Define Isothermal process.

• The temperature remains constant, when the system moves from initial to final state is
called as Isothermal process.
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7. Define Isobaric process.

• The Pressure remains constant, when the system moves from initial to final state is
called as Isobaric process.
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8. Define Isochoric process.

• The Volume remains constant, when the system moves from initial to final state is
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called as Isochoric process.

9. Define State function.

• Thermodynamic property of a system whose value does not depends on the path by
which the system changes from its initial to final state.
• Ex. P, V and T

10. Define Path function.

• Thermodynamic property of a system whose value depends on the path by which the
system changes from its initial to final state.
• Ex. Heat and Work.

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11. Define Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
• If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then they tend to be thermal
equilibrium with themselves.

12. Define First law of thermodynamics.

• Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, but one form of energy can be
converted in to another form.

13. Define Third law of thermodynamics.

• The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero is zero.
14. Define Specific heat capacity.
• The amount heat absorbed by one Kg of a substance to raise its temperature by one

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Kelvin is called as Specific heat capacity.

i.N
15. Define Molar heat capacity.
• The amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a substance to raise its temperature by
one Kelvin is called as Molar heat capacity.

la
16. Define the Calorific value of food.
• The amount of heat produced when one gram of a substance is completely burnt, is
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called as calorific value of food.

17. Define Exothermic and Endothermic reactions.

da

Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

When Energy is liberated by the system When Energy is absorbed by the system
to the surrounding called as Exothermic from the surrounding called as
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Reaction Endothermic Reaction.

w.

18. Define Hess's law.

• The enthalpy change of a reaction at constant volume or pressure is same whether it
takes place in single or multiple steps provided the initial and final states are same.
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19. Define Lattice energy.

• The amount of energy required to completely remove the ions from its crystal lattice to
an infinite distance is called as lattice energy.

20. Define Gibb's free energy.

• G=H-TS
• G - Gibbs free energy
• H - Enthalpy
• S – Entropy
• T- Temperature

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21. Define spontaneous process and the condition.
• The reaction which takes place without any external driving force is called as
spontaneous process.
• Conditions for Spontaneity:
• ΔS = +ve
• ΔΗ = -ve
• ΔG = -ve

5 Mark questions

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1. What are the various statement for Second law of thermodynamics.

• Kelvin Planck statement

i.N
It is impossible to construct a machine that absorbs heat from a hot source and
converts it completely into work without transferring a part of heat to a cold sink.

la
Clausius Statement
It is impossible to transfer heat from a cold sink to a hot sink without doing some work.
sa
• Entropy statement
For a spontaneous process, the entropy of an isolated system will increase.
da

• Efficiency statement
The efficiency of a machine never be 100%
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• Efficiency
work performed
Efficiency = -----------------------
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heat absorbed

2. Give the characteristic of Internal energy.

• Extensive property.
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• State function.
• For a cyclic process, ΔU = Zero.
• The change in the internal energy is ΔU = Uf - Ui
• If Uf > Ui then ΔU = Positive
If Uf < Ui then ΔU = Negative

3. What are the characteristic of Gibb's free energy.

• G = H - TS
• Extensive property.
• State function.

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• Spontaneous process ΔG = -ve

Nonspontaneous process ΔG = +ve
Equilibrium process ΔG = 0.
• Net Work done (-ΔG) = -W -PΔV .

UNIT 8. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Why chemical equilibrium is considered as Dynamic equilibrium.

• At equilibrium the forward and the backward reactions will proceed at the same rate.
• No macroscopic changes is observed.

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2. Define Homogenous and Heterogeneous equilibrium.

i.N
• When the reactants and the products are in the same phase it is called as
Homogeneous equilibrium.
• When the reactants and the products are in the different phase it is called as
Heterogeneous equilibrium.

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3. Define Equilibrium constant.
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Product of the active masses of the products
• At equilibrium conditions Kc = --------------------------------------------------------------------
Product of the active masses of the reactants
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4. Define Reaction quotient.

Product of the active masses of the products
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• At non equilibrium conditions Q = -------------------------------------------------------------------

Product of the active masses of the reactants

5. Define Law of mass action.

w.

• At a given temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the

product of the active masses of the reactants.
• Rate ∝ [ Reactant ]x
ww

6. Define Le - chatelier Braun principle.

• If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a disturbance, then the system will move in
the direction to nullify the effect of the disturbance.

7. What is the relation between Kp and Kc when Δng = 0, +ve,-ve.

• When Δng = 0 Kp = Kc
• When Δng = +ve Kp > Kc
• When Δng = -ve Kp < Kc

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5 Mark questions

1. Derive the relation between Kp and Kc.

• aA + bB ⇔ cC + dD

[ C ]c [ D ]d
• Kc = ----------------
[ A ]a [ B ] b

PCc × PDd
• Kp = ----------------
PAa × P Bb

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• PV = nRT

i.N
n
• P = ------RT
V

•
[[C] RT]c
la [[D] RT]d
Kp = ------------- × -------------
sa
[[A] RT]a [[B] RT]b

[ C ]c [ D ]d [RT]c+d
• Kp = ---------------- x -------------
da

[ A ]a [ B ] b [RT]a+b

• Kp = Kc × [RT](c+d)-(a+b)
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• Kp = Kc × [RT] Δng
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UNIT 9. SOLUTIONS
2 & 3 Mark questions
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1.Define Molality.
Number of moles of the solute
• Molality = ---------------------------------------------
Mass of the solvent in Kg

2. Define Molarity.
Number of moles of the solute
• Molarity = ---------------------------------------------
Volume of the solution in litre

3. Define Normality.
Number of gram equivalent of the solute
• Normality = --------------------------------------------------------
Volume of the solution in litre

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4. Define Henry's law.
• The partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase is directly proportional
to the mole fraction of the solute at low concentration.

5. Define Roult's law.

• The partial vapour pressure of the solution of volatile liquids of each component is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.

6. Define Colligative property.

• The property which depends on the number of solute particles is called as Colligative
property.
• Ex. Osmotic pressure.

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7. Define Elevation in the Boiling point.

i.N
• The increase in the Boiling point of a solvent when a solute is added, is called as
Elevation in the Boiling point.

•
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8. Define Ebullioscopic constant. (mole elevation constant).
The elevation in the boiling of one molar solution is called as Ebullioscopic constant.
sa
9. Define Depression in freezing point.
• The decrease in the Freezing point of a solvent when a solute is added, is called as
da

Depression in the Freezing point.

10. Define Cryoscopic constant. (mole depression constant)

• The depression in the Freezing point of one molar solution is called as Cryoscopic
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constant.

11. Define Relative lowering of vapour pressure.

w.

• The ratio between the lowering of vapour pressure and the vapour pressure of the
pure solvent is called as Relative lowering of vapour pressure.
ww

12. Define osmosis.

• The moment of the solvent molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration
through a semi permeable membrane is called as Osmosis.

13. Define Osmotic pressure.

• The pressure applied on the solution to stop the moment solvent through a semi
permeable membrane is called as Osmotic pressure.

14. What are Isotonic solutions.

• Solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called as
Isotonic solutions.

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UNIT 10. CHEMICAL BONDING

2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Define Bond order.

• Bond order is the number of Covalent Bonds between two atoms.
Nb - Na
• Bond order = ------------
2
2. Define Hybridization.
• The mixing of atomic orbitals of same atoms with same energy to give equivalent
number of orbitals with same energy.

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3. Define σ (Sigma) bond.
• When two atomic orbitals overlap linearly it forms Sigma bond.

i.N
4. Define π (Pi) bond.
• When two atomic orbitals overlap Sideways it forms Pi-bond.

5. Define Dipole moment.

la
• The polarity of a covalent bond can be measured by using the dipole moment. Its unit
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is Debye.
• Dipole moment = q x 2d
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UNIT 11. FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2 & 3 Mark questions
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1. What are the characteristic of Organic compounds.

• They are covalent compounds.
• They are insoluble in water but soluble in Organic solvents like Benzene.
w.

• They are highly inflammable.

• They have low melting and boiling points.
• They form isomerism.
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2. Explain the Homologous Series.

• They contain a characteristics functional group.
• Successive member differs by -CH₂ group in their molecular formula.
• They are prepared by similar methods.
• They have similar chemical properties.
• They have similar general formula.
Ex. Alkane = CnH2n+2

3. What is the conditions for Optical isomerism.

• The molecule should have Chiral Carbon.

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4. Explain the (Geometrical isomerism) or Cis - Trans isomerism using 2 - butane.

• Cis isomers
Two identical groups are present on the same side it is called as Cis isomer.

• Trans isomers
Two identical groups are present on the opposite side it is called as Trans isomer.

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5. Explain the classification of organic compounds.

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UNIT 12. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC REACTIONS

2 & 3 Mark questions

1. Give the difference between Nucleophiles and Electrophiles.

Nucleophiles Electrophiles

They are attracted towards to electron They are attracted towards to

deficient centers Electron rich centers

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2. Define Inductive effect.
• The change in the polarization of a covalent bond due to the presence of a
adjacent atoms in a molecule.

3. Define Hyperconjugation.
• The delocalisation of electrons of σ-bond is called as Hyperconjugation.

4. Explain the Electromeric effect.

• Electro metric effect is a temporary effect in unsaturated compounds, in the presence
of an attacking reagent.
5. Define Resonance or mesomeric effect.
• When an organic compound is represented by more than one structure, which differs

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only in the position of bonding and lone pair of electrons are called as Resonance or
Mesomeric effect.

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UNIT 15. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
2 & 3 Mark questions

1. What is Acid Rain.

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• The oxides of sulphur and nitrogen is absorbed by the water in the clouds and
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converted into sulphuric acid and nitric acid. This is called as Acid rain.
• The pH of rain water is 5.6
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2. Define Smog.
• Smog is a combination of smoke and fog.
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3. Which is considered to be earth’s protective umbrella? Why?

• Ozone layer.
• It protects Earth from harmful UV radiations.
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4. What are particulate pollutants?

• Particulate pollutants are small particles suspended in air.
• Ex. smoke, dust, mist.
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