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Primary and Secondary

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19 views45 pages

Primary and Secondary

Uploaded by

rickynimanzano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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READINGS IN PHIL.

HISTORY
MS. JOVY F. CUADRA
 History is the study of the as it is
described in written documents left behind
by humans. The past, with all of its
complicated choices and events, participants
dead and history told, is what the general
public perceives to be the immutable bedrock
on which historians and archaeologists stand.
 But as purveyors of the past, historians
recognize that the bedrock is really quicksand,
that bits of each story are yet untold, and that
what has been told is colored by the
conditions of today.

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-history-collection-of-definitions-171282
Introduction: History as Reconstruction

 “Only a part of what was observed in the past


was remembered by those who observed it;
only a part of what was remembered was
recorded; only a part of what was recorded
has survived; only a part of what has survived
has come to the historian’s attention.”

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


 “Only a part of what is credible has been
grasped, and only a part of what has been
grasped can be expounded or narrated by the
historian.”

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


Historical Revisionism

 Historical revisionism is often decried as


“changing history,” and in some cases it is a
dangerous attempt to selectively use historical
evidence to justify a particular political or
philosophical point of view. But in most cases,
when historians change their interpretations of
history, it is because they have learned new
information or taken a fresh look at established
sources and have changed their interpretations
of a particular historical subject.
 Historical revisionism is both positive and
negative, positive when it brings to light new or
historically valid information that enlightens
readers about hitherto unknown historical
realities, and negative when historical
interpretation is changed by selectively using
historical evidence that supports a particular set
of political or cultural ideals to misuse history to
support a particular political or cultural ideal.
 Magellan and Lapu-Lapu as an example of
historical revisionism.

 Apolinario Mabini

 Ancestors of the Filipinos

 Jose P. Laurel
HIstorical Distortion

 occurs when historical accounts or narratives


are changed to suit a personal agenda. It
involves disinformation and lies to change
history.
What is the Historical
Method?

 Historians have to verify sources, to date


them, locate their place of origin and identify
their intended functions
 Historical Inquiry
In short, the Historical
Method is…

 The process of critically examining and


analyzing the records and survivals of the
past

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


Historical Sources

 Sources – an object from the past or


testimony concerning the past on which
historians depend in order to create their own
depiction of that past.
 Howell and Prevenier, From Reliable Sources an Introduction to Historical Method

 Tangible remains of the past


 Anthony Brundage, Going to Sources
Written Sources

1. Published materials
 Books, magazines, journals,
 Travelogue
 transcription of speech

2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record


that has not been printed]
 Archival materials
 Memoirs, diary
Non- written Sources

 Oral history
 Artifact
 Ruins
 Fossils
 Art works
 Videorecordings
 Audiorecordings
- materials used for the writing of
history.
They are classified into two:

1. Primary Sources

2. Secondary Sources

-
What are Primary Sources?

 Testimony of an eyewitness
 they are either participants or witnesses.
A primary source is a document or
which was written or created during the
time under study.

These sources were present during an


experience or time period and offer an inside
view of a particular event.

http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.h
- materials produced by people or
groups directly involved in the event or topic
being studied.

- these sources range from


eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal
documents, and official documents
(government or private) and even photographs
Primary sources are characterized by their
, regardless of whether they are
available in original format, in
microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in
published format.

http://www.yale.edu/collections_collaborative/primarysources/primarysources.html
Four Main Categories of
Primary Sources

 1. Written sources
 2. Images
 3. Artifacts
 4. Oral testimony
Four examples of primary sources
related to visual imagery are the
following:

1. Maps
2. Photographs
3. Sketches, Drawings, Paintings
4. Cartoons
Maps
- generally used to indicate
locations as well as topography

- reveals how space and


geography were being used to
emphasize trade routes, travel routes,
structural build up, etc.
Paintings and other art works are
visual representations based on the
artist’s expression or interpretation of
events and ideas. These become
useful historical sources when we
have to know or understand the
context of the period in which they
are made.
Photographs reflect social
conditions of historical realities
and everyday life.

It also gives us visual ideas of


places, historical events as well
as people.
Historic Structures
Minor Basilica of St. Lorenzo Ruiz (Binondo Church)

Built in the 16th century to help missionaries convert the nearby Chinese
neighborhood, the Binondo Church was also where the first Filipino saint,
Lorenzo Ruiz, served as a sacristan.
Our Lady of Remedies Parish (Malate Church)

Although a convent and a church stood on the Malate Church's grounds as


early as 1591, it had been reconstructed several times. In 1624, an image of
the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Remedies was brought from Spain to decorate
the altar.
Sto. Niño de Tondo Parish Church

This church, established by the Agustinians, has had an image of Sto. Niño or
the infant Jesus since 1572. The statue came all the way from Acapulco, Mexico
and was a gift from a rich merchant to the Archbishop of Manila.
What are Secondary Sources?

A secondary source interprets and analyzes


primary sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event.

Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes


or graphics of primary sources in them.

http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html 16
Secondary sources
are works that analyze, assess or interpret
an historical event, era, or phenomenon,
generally utilizing primary sources to do so.

- often offer a review or a critique.

- written well after the events that are


being researched
What are Secondary Sources?

 Examples:
 History textbook
 Printed materials (serials, periodicals which
interprets previous research)
However, if an individual writes about
events that he or she experienced first
hand many years after that event
occurred, it is still considered a primary
source.
HOW ABOUT TRANSLATED MATERIALS?

ARE THEY CONSIDERED PRIMARY SOURCE?


What is Historical Criticism?

In order for a source to be used as evidence in


history, basic matters about its form and
content must be settled:

 1. External Criticism
 2. Internal Criticism
What is External Criticism?

 The problem of

 To spot documents

 To distinguish a
Tests of Authenticity

1. Determine the date of the document to see


whether they are anachronistic
 e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century

2. Determine the author


 e.g. handwriting, signature, seal

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


3. Anachronistic style
 e.g. idiom, ortography, punctuation

4. Anachronistic reference to events


 e.g. too early, too late, too remote

5. Provenance or custody
 e.g. determines its genuineness

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a
text or word

7. Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


What is Internal Criticism?

 The Problem of Credibility


 Relevant particulars in the document – is it
credible?

 Verisimilar – as close as what really happened


from a critical examination of best available
sources

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


Tests of Credibility

1. Identification of the author


 e.g. to determine his reliability; mental processes,
personal attitudes

2. Determination of the approximate date


 e.g. handwriting, signature, seal

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


3. Ability to tell the truth
 e.g. nearness to the event, competence of witness,
degree of attention

4. Willingness to tell the truth


 e.g. to determine if the author consciously or
unconsciously tells falsehoods

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


5. Corroboration
 i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon
the independent testimony of two or more
reliable witnesses

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History


Reference:

 Ma. Florina Orillos-Juan, Ph.D.


Department of History
De la Salle University Manila

 Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

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